{"id":2695,"date":"2016-06-13T15:36:23","date_gmt":"2016-06-13T15:36:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biologyxwaymakerxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2695"},"modified":"2024-04-26T00:27:59","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T00:27:59","slug":"reading-steps-of-genetic-transcription","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology1\/chapter\/reading-steps-of-genetic-transcription\/","title":{"raw":"Steps of Transcription","rendered":"Steps of Transcription"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understand the basic steps in the transcription of DNA into RNA<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe process of <strong>Transcription<\/strong> takes place in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in nucleus in eukaryotes. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA (mRNA) molecule. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA. Figure\u00a01\u00a0shows how this occurs. Eventually portions of the transcribed mRNA will be made into functional proteins.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2697\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2697 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/13153134\/transcription.png\" alt=\"Overview of transcription of DNA to mRNA\" width=\"500\" height=\"358\" \/> Figure\u00a01. Overview of Transcription. Transcription uses the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA. Triplets are groups of three successive nucleotide bases in DNA. Codons are complementary groups of bases in mRNA.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">You can\u00a0also <a href=\"http:\/\/vcell.ndsu.edu\/animations\/transcription\/movie-flash.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">watch this more detailed video\u00a0about transcription<\/a>.<\/div>\r\n<h2>Steps of Transcription<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2699\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2699\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/13153312\/steps.png\" alt=\"Steps of transcription: initiation, elongation, termination\" width=\"400\" height=\"484\" \/> Figure\u00a02. Transcription occurs in the three steps\u2014initiation, elongation, and termination\u2014all shown here.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTranscription takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. The steps are illustrated in Figure\u00a02.\r\n<h3>Step 1: Initiation<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Initiation<\/strong> is the beginning of transcription. It occurs when the enzyme <strong>RNA polymerase<\/strong> binds to a region of a gene called the <strong>promoter<\/strong>. This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can \u2018\u2018read\u2019\u2019 the bases in one of the DNA strands. The enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases.\r\n<h3>Step 2: Elongation<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Elongation<\/strong> is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.\u00a0 During this process, an adenine (A) in the DNA binds to an uracil (U) in the RNA.\r\n<h3>Step 3: Termination<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Termination<\/strong> is the ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a <strong>stop (termination) sequence<\/strong> in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nThis video provides a review of these steps. You can stop watching the video at 5:35. (After this point, it discusses translation, which we'll discuss in the next outcome.)\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/h3b9ArupXZg\r\n\r\nVisit this BioStudio animation to see the process of prokaryotic transcription.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/WsofH466lqk\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0cbef88d-c15a-480a-b771-0780747a1c96\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand the basic steps in the transcription of DNA into RNA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The process of <strong>Transcription<\/strong> takes place in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes and in nucleus in eukaryotes. It uses DNA as a template to make an RNA (mRNA) molecule. During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA. Figure\u00a01\u00a0shows how this occurs. Eventually portions of the transcribed mRNA will be made into functional proteins.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2697\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2697\" class=\"wp-image-2697 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/13153134\/transcription.png\" alt=\"Overview of transcription of DNA to mRNA\" width=\"500\" height=\"358\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2697\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a01. Overview of Transcription. Transcription uses the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA. Triplets are groups of three successive nucleotide bases in DNA. Codons are complementary groups of bases in mRNA.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">You can\u00a0also <a href=\"http:\/\/vcell.ndsu.edu\/animations\/transcription\/movie-flash.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">watch this more detailed video\u00a0about transcription<\/a>.<\/div>\n<h2>Steps of Transcription<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_2699\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2699\" class=\"wp-image-2699\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/110\/2016\/06\/13153312\/steps.png\" alt=\"Steps of transcription: initiation, elongation, termination\" width=\"400\" height=\"484\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2699\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a02. Transcription occurs in the three steps\u2014initiation, elongation, and termination\u2014all shown here.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Transcription takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. The steps are illustrated in Figure\u00a02.<\/p>\n<h3>Step 1: Initiation<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Initiation<\/strong> is the beginning of transcription. It occurs when the enzyme <strong>RNA polymerase<\/strong> binds to a region of a gene called the <strong>promoter<\/strong>. This signals the DNA to unwind so the enzyme can \u2018\u2018read\u2019\u2019 the bases in one of the DNA strands. The enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mRNA with a complementary sequence of bases.<\/p>\n<h3>Step 2: Elongation<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Elongation<\/strong> is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs.\u00a0 During this process, an adenine (A) in the DNA binds to an uracil (U) in the RNA.<\/p>\n<h3>Step 3: Termination<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Termination<\/strong> is the ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a <strong>stop (termination) sequence<\/strong> in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>This video provides a review of these steps. You can stop watching the video at 5:35. (After this point, it discusses translation, which we&#8217;ll discuss in the next outcome.)<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Transcription and Translation\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/h3b9ArupXZg?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Visit this BioStudio animation to see the process of prokaryotic transcription.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Transcription\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WsofH466lqk?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_0cbef88d-c15a-480a-b771-0780747a1c96\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0cbef88d-c15a-480a-b771-0780747a1c96?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_0cbef88d-c15a-480a-b771-0780747a1c96\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2695\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Transcription of DNA to RNA. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK-12. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA\/lesson\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA-BIO\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA\/lesson\/Transcription-of-DNA-to-RNA-BIO\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Transcription and Translation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Bozeman Science. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/h3b9ArupXZg\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/h3b9ArupXZg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Transcription of DNA to 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