{"id":491,"date":"2018-01-18T19:09:13","date_gmt":"2018-01-18T19:09:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/chapter\/plant-cells\/"},"modified":"2024-04-26T18:19:44","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T18:19:44","slug":"plant-cells","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/chapter\/plant-cells\/","title":{"raw":"Plant Cells","rendered":"Plant Cells"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Discuss features of plant cells&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:14720,&quot;10&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;14&quot;:[null,2,0],&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Discuss features of plant cells<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1937\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"352\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1937\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190859\/cells.jpg\" alt=\"Notice how all the cells seem to stack on each other, with no spaces in between. Might this allow the cells to form structures that can grow upright?\" width=\"352\" height=\"264\" \/> Figure 1. A section of a pine embryo.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWhy do plant cells look like little rectangles? Look at Figure 1 and notice how all the cells seem to stack on each other, with no spaces in between. Might this allow the cells to form structures that can grow upright?\r\n<h2>Organs in Plants?<\/h2>\r\nYour body includes organ systems, such as the digestive system, made of individual organs, such as the stomach, liver, and pancreas, which work together to carry out a certain function (in this case, breaking down and absorbing food). These organs, in turn, are made of different kinds of tissues, which are groups of cells which work together to perform a specific job. For example, your stomach is made of muscle tissue to facilitate movement and glandular tissue to secrete\u00a0enzymes for chemical breakdown of food molecules. These tissues, in turn, are made of cells specialized in shape, size, and component organelles, such as mitochondria for energy and microtubules for movement.\r\n\r\nPlants, too, are made of organs, which in turn are made of tissues. Plant tissues, like ours, are constructed of specialized cells, which in turn contain specific organelles. It is these cells, tissues, and organs that carry out the dramatic lives of plants.\r\n<h2>Plant Cells<\/h2>\r\nPlant cells resemble other eukaryotic cells in many ways. For example, they are enclosed by a plasma membrane and have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. A typical plant cell is represented by the diagram in Figure 2.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1938\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"800\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-1938\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190902\/plantcell.png\" alt=\"Parts of a plant cell\" width=\"800\" height=\"568\" \/> Figure 2. Plant cells have all the same structures as animal cells, plus some additional structures. Can you identify the unique plant structures in the diagram?[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Plant Cell Structures<\/h2>\r\nStructures found in plant cells but not animal cells include a large central vacuole, cell wall, and plastids such as chloroplasts.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The large <strong>central vacuole <\/strong>is surrounded by its own membrane and contains water and dissolved substances. Its primary role is to maintain pressure against the inside of the cell wall, giving the cell shape and helping to support the plant.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The <strong>cell wall <\/strong>is located outside the cell membrane. It consists mainly of <strong>cellulose <\/strong>and may also contain <strong>lignin <\/strong>, which makes it more rigid. The cell wall shapes, supports, and protects the cell. It prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and bursting. It also keeps large, damaging molecules out of the cell.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Plastids <\/strong>are membrane-bound organelles with their own DNA. Examples are chloroplasts\u00a0and chromoplasts. <strong>Chloroplasts <\/strong>contain the green pigment <strong>chlorophyll <\/strong>and carry out\u00a0<strong>photosynthesis<\/strong>. Chromoplasts make and store other pigments. They give flower petals their bright colors.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Types of Plant Cells<\/h2>\r\nThere are three basic types of cells in most plants. These cells make up ground tissue, which will be discussed in another concept. The three types of cells are described in table below. The different types of plant cells have different structures and functions.\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Type of Cell<\/th>\r\n<th>Structure<\/th>\r\n<th>Functions<\/th>\r\n<th>Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Parenchymal<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>cube-shaped\r\n\r\nloosely packed\r\n\r\nthin-walled\r\n\r\nrelatively unspecialized\r\n\r\ncontain chloroplasts<\/td>\r\n<td>photosynthesis\r\n\r\ncellular respiration\r\n\r\nstorage<\/td>\r\n<td>food storage tissues of potatoes\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-1939\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190905\/plants.jpg\" alt=\"potatoes for sale at a grocery store\" width=\"250\" height=\"332\" \/><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Collenchymal<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>elongated\r\n\r\nirregularly thickened walls<\/td>\r\n<td>support\r\n\r\nwind resistance<\/td>\r\n<td><em>strings <\/em>running through a stalk of celery\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-1940\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190908\/celery.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of celery\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" \/><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Sclerenchymal<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>very thick cell walls containing lignin<\/td>\r\n<td>support\r\n\r\nstrength<\/td>\r\n<td>tough fibers in jute (used to make rope)\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-1941\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190912\/fibers.jpg\" alt=\"a frayed rope showing the thick fibers found in jute\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" \/><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6c137dfc-fc59-4ab9-86a0-3ef2ab676d32\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Discuss features of plant cells&quot;}\" data-sheets-userformat=\"{&quot;2&quot;:14720,&quot;10&quot;:0,&quot;11&quot;:4,&quot;14&quot;:[null,2,0],&quot;15&quot;:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;16&quot;:10}\">Discuss features of plant cells<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1937\" style=\"width: 362px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1937\" class=\"wp-image-1937\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190859\/cells.jpg\" alt=\"Notice how all the cells seem to stack on each other, with no spaces in between. Might this allow the cells to form structures that can grow upright?\" width=\"352\" height=\"264\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1937\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. A section of a pine embryo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Why do plant cells look like little rectangles? Look at Figure 1 and notice how all the cells seem to stack on each other, with no spaces in between. Might this allow the cells to form structures that can grow upright?<\/p>\n<h2>Organs in Plants?<\/h2>\n<p>Your body includes organ systems, such as the digestive system, made of individual organs, such as the stomach, liver, and pancreas, which work together to carry out a certain function (in this case, breaking down and absorbing food). These organs, in turn, are made of different kinds of tissues, which are groups of cells which work together to perform a specific job. For example, your stomach is made of muscle tissue to facilitate movement and glandular tissue to secrete\u00a0enzymes for chemical breakdown of food molecules. These tissues, in turn, are made of cells specialized in shape, size, and component organelles, such as mitochondria for energy and microtubules for movement.<\/p>\n<p>Plants, too, are made of organs, which in turn are made of tissues. Plant tissues, like ours, are constructed of specialized cells, which in turn contain specific organelles. It is these cells, tissues, and organs that carry out the dramatic lives of plants.<\/p>\n<h2>Plant Cells<\/h2>\n<p>Plant cells resemble other eukaryotic cells in many ways. For example, they are enclosed by a plasma membrane and have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. A typical plant cell is represented by the diagram in Figure 2.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_1938\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1938\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1938\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190902\/plantcell.png\" alt=\"Parts of a plant cell\" width=\"800\" height=\"568\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1938\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Plant cells have all the same structures as animal cells, plus some additional structures. Can you identify the unique plant structures in the diagram?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Plant Cell Structures<\/h2>\n<p>Structures found in plant cells but not animal cells include a large central vacuole, cell wall, and plastids such as chloroplasts.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The large <strong>central vacuole <\/strong>is surrounded by its own membrane and contains water and dissolved substances. Its primary role is to maintain pressure against the inside of the cell wall, giving the cell shape and helping to support the plant.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>cell wall <\/strong>is located outside the cell membrane. It consists mainly of <strong>cellulose <\/strong>and may also contain <strong>lignin <\/strong>, which makes it more rigid. The cell wall shapes, supports, and protects the cell. It prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and bursting. It also keeps large, damaging molecules out of the cell.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Plastids <\/strong>are membrane-bound organelles with their own DNA. Examples are chloroplasts\u00a0and chromoplasts. <strong>Chloroplasts <\/strong>contain the green pigment <strong>chlorophyll <\/strong>and carry out\u00a0<strong>photosynthesis<\/strong>. Chromoplasts make and store other pigments. They give flower petals their bright colors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Types of Plant Cells<\/h2>\n<p>There are three basic types of cells in most plants. These cells make up ground tissue, which will be discussed in another concept. The three types of cells are described in table below. The different types of plant cells have different structures and functions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Type of Cell<\/th>\n<th>Structure<\/th>\n<th>Functions<\/th>\n<th>Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Parenchymal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>cube-shaped<\/p>\n<p>loosely packed<\/p>\n<p>thin-walled<\/p>\n<p>relatively unspecialized<\/p>\n<p>contain chloroplasts<\/td>\n<td>photosynthesis<\/p>\n<p>cellular respiration<\/p>\n<p>storage<\/td>\n<td>food storage tissues of potatoes<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1939\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190905\/plants.jpg\" alt=\"potatoes for sale at a grocery store\" width=\"250\" height=\"332\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Collenchymal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>elongated<\/p>\n<p>irregularly thickened walls<\/td>\n<td>support<\/p>\n<p>wind resistance<\/td>\n<td><em>strings <\/em>running through a stalk of celery<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1940\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190908\/celery.jpg\" alt=\"photograph of celery\" width=\"250\" height=\"188\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sclerenchymal<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>very thick cell walls containing lignin<\/td>\n<td>support<\/p>\n<p>strength<\/td>\n<td>tough fibers in jute (used to make rope)<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1941\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2840\/2018\/01\/18190912\/fibers.jpg\" alt=\"a frayed rope showing the thick fibers found in jute\" width=\"250\" height=\"166\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_6c137dfc-fc59-4ab9-86a0-3ef2ab676d32\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6c137dfc-fc59-4ab9-86a0-3ef2ab676d32?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_6c137dfc-fc59-4ab9-86a0-3ef2ab676d32\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-491\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Plant Cells. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.  and Jean Brainard, Ph.D.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CK-12. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Plant-Cells\/lesson\/Plant-Cells\/r34\/\">http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Plant-Cells\/lesson\/Plant-Cells\/r34\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Plant Cells\",\"author\":\"Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D.  and Jean Brainard, Ph.D.\",\"organization\":\"CK-12\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.ck12.org\/biology\/Plant-Cells\/lesson\/Plant-Cells\/r34\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"28c5b2c0-e14e-4117-953e-4f31d958c576, 7f8f09c0-0bbb-464f-b8d1-b608a6b67d6a","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-491","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":483,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/491","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/491\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2987,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/491\/revisions\/2987"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/483"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/491\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=491"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=491"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=491"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}