{"id":86,"date":"2018-01-18T16:49:48","date_gmt":"2018-01-18T16:49:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/chapter\/scientific-inquiry\/"},"modified":"2024-04-26T17:40:25","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T17:40:25","slug":"scientific-inquiry","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-nmbiology2\/chapter\/scientific-inquiry\/","title":{"raw":"Scientific Inquiry","rendered":"Scientific Inquiry"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Compare inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the process of scientific inquiry<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nOne thing is common to all forms of science: an ultimate goal \u201cto know.\u201d Curiosity and inquiry are the driving forces for the development of science. Scientists seek to understand the world and the way it operates. Two methods of logical thinking are used: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.\r\n\r\n<strong>Inductive reasoning<\/strong> is a form of logical thinking that analyzes trends or relationships in\u00a0 data to arrive at a general conclusion. A scientist makes observations and records them. These data can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (consisting of numbers), and the raw data can be supplemented with drawings, pictures, photos, or videos. From many observations, a scientist can draw conclusions based on evidence. In other words, inductive reasoning involves making generalizations from careful observation and the analysis of a large amount of individual data points. Generalizations arrived at through inductive reasoning are not always correct.\r\n\r\n<strong>Deductive reasoning<\/strong>\u00a0is another form of logical thinking that begins from a general principle or law and applies it to a specific circumstance to predict specific results.\u00a0 From a set of general principles, a scientist can extrapolate and predict specific results that will always be correct as long as the general principles they start from are correct.\r\n\r\nDeductive reasoning and inductive reasoning move in opposite directions - inductive reasoning goes from individual observations to broad generalizations while deductive reasoning goes from general principles to specific decisions or predictions.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290784557240425778\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\nBoth types of logical thinking are related to the two main pathways of scientific study: descriptive science and hypothesis-based science. <strong>Descriptive science<\/strong> (or discovery science) aims to observe, explore, and discover, while <strong>h<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\"><strong>ypothesis-based science<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested. Inductive reasoning is used most often in descriptive science, while deductive reasoning is used most often in hypothesis-based science. The boundary between these two forms of study is often blurred, because most scientific endeavors combine both approaches. Observations lead to questions, questions lead to forming a hypothesis as a possible answer to those questions, and then the hypothesis is tested. Thus, descriptive science and hypothesis-based science are in continuous dialogue.<\/span>\r\n<h2>Hypothesis Testing<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1082\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"250\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1082\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/198\/2016\/11\/23205843\/1-1-4.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting depicts Sir Francis Bacon in a long cloak.\" width=\"250\" height=\"410\" \/> Figure 1. Sir Francis Bacon is credited with being the first to document the scientific method.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nBiologists study the living world by posing questions about it and seeking science-based responses. This approach is common to other sciences as well and is often referred to as the scientific method. The scientific method was used even in ancient times, but it was first documented by England\u2019s Sir Francis Bacon (1561\u20131626) (Figure 1), who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry. The scientific method is not exclusively used by biologists but can be applied to almost anything as a logical problem-solving method.\r\n\r\nThe scientific process typically starts with an observation (often a problem to be solved) that leads to a question. Let\u2019s think about a simple problem that starts with an observation and apply the scientific method to solve the problem. One Monday morning, a student arrives at class and quickly discovers that the classroom is too warm. That is an observation that also describes a problem: the classroom is too warm. The student then asks a question: \u201cWhy is the classroom so warm?\u201d\r\n\r\nRecall that a hypothesis is a suggested explanation that can be tested. To solve a problem, several hypotheses may be proposed. For example, one hypothesis might be, \u201cThe classroom is warm because no one turned on the air conditioning.\u201d But there could be other responses to the question, and therefore other hypotheses may be proposed. A second hypothesis might be, \u201cThe classroom is warm because there is a power failure, and so the air conditioning doesn\u2019t work.\u201d\r\n\r\nOnce a hypothesis has been selected, a prediction may be made. A prediction is similar to a hypothesis but it typically has the format \u201cIf . . . then . . . .\u201d For example, the prediction for the first hypothesis might be, \u201c<em>If<\/em> the student turns on the air conditioning, <em>then<\/em> the classroom will no longer be too warm.\u201d\r\n\r\nA hypothesis must be testable to ensure that it is valid. For example, a hypothesis that depends on what a bear thinks is not testable, because it can never be known what a bear thinks. It should also be <strong>falsifiable<\/strong>, meaning that it can be disproven by experimental results. An example of an unfalsifiable hypothesis is \u201cBotticelli\u2019s <em>Birth of Venus<\/em> is beautiful.\u201d There is no experiment that might show this statement to be false. To test a hypothesis, a researcher will conduct one or more experiments designed to eliminate one or more of the hypotheses. This is important. A hypothesis can be disproven, or eliminated, but it can never be proven. Science does not deal in proofs like mathematics. If an experiment fails to disprove a hypothesis, then we find support for that explanation, but this is not to say that down the road a better explanation will not be found, or a more carefully designed experiment will be found to falsify the hypothesis.\r\n\r\nScientific inquiry has not displaced faith, intuition, and dreams. These traditions and ways of knowing have emotional value and provide moral guidance to many people. But hunches, feelings, deep convictions, old traditions, or dreams cannot be accepted directly as scientifically valid. Instead, science limits itself to ideas that can be tested through verifiable observations. Supernatural claims that events are caused by ghosts, devils, God, or other spiritual entities cannot be tested in this way.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\nYour friend sees this image of a circle of mushrooms and excitedly tells you it was caused by fairies dancing in a circle on the grass the night before. Can your friend\u2019s explanation be studied using the process of science?\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/DE\/bio\/mushrooms.png\" alt=\"There are several mushrooms growing together in the pattern of a circular ring\" width=\"350\" height=\"262\" \/>\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"665464\"]<strong>Show Answer<\/strong>[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"665464\"]In theory, you might try to observe the fairies. But fairies are magical or supernatural beings. We have never observed them using any verifiable method, so scientists agree that they cannot be studied using scientific tools. Instead, science has an explanation supported by strong evidence: \u201cfairy rings\u201d result when a single colony of fungus spreads out into good habitat over a period of many years. The core area is clear of mushrooms because the soil nutrients have been partly depleted there. This idea can be evaluated with repeated observations over time using chemical soil tests and other verifiable measurements.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nEach experiment will have one or more variables and one or more controls. A <strong>variable<\/strong> is any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment. A <strong>control<\/strong> is a part of the experiment that does not change. Look for the variables and controls in the example that follows. As a simple example, an experiment might be conducted to test the hypothesis that phosphate limits the growth of algae in freshwater ponds. A series of artificial ponds are filled with water and half of them are treated by adding phosphate each week, while the other half are treated by adding a salt that is known not to be used by algae. The variable here is the phosphate (or lack of phosphate), the experimental or treatment cases are the ponds with added phosphate and the control ponds are those with something inert added, such as the salt. Just adding something is also a control against the possibility that adding extra matter to the pond has an effect. If the treated ponds show lesser growth of algae, then we have found support for our hypothesis. If they do not, then we reject our hypothesis. Be aware that rejecting one hypothesis does not determine whether or not the other hypotheses can be accepted; it simply eliminates one hypothesis that is not valid (Figure 2). Using the scientific method, the hypotheses that are inconsistent with experimental data are rejected.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1083\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"448\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1083\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/198\/2016\/11\/23205929\/1-1-5.png\" alt=\"A flow chart shows the steps in the scientific method. In step 1, an observation is made. In step 2, a question is asked about the observation. In step 3, an answer to the question, called a hypothesis, is proposed. In step 4, a prediction is made based on the hypothesis. In step 5, an experiment is done to test the prediction. In step 6, the results are analyzed to determine whether or not the hypothesis is supported. If the hypothesis is not supported, another hypothesis is made. In either case, the results are reported.\" width=\"448\" height=\"718\" \/> Figure 2. The scientific method is a series of defined steps that include experiments and careful observation. If a hypothesis is not supported by data, a new hypothesis can be proposed.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn the example below, the scientific method is used to solve an everyday problem. Which part in the example below is the hypothesis? Which is the prediction? Based on the results of the experiment, is the hypothesis supported? If it is not supported, propose some alternative hypotheses.\r\n<ol id=\"eip-356\">\r\n \t<li>My toaster doesn\u2019t toast my bread.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why doesn\u2019t my toaster work?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>There is something wrong with the electrical outlet.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If something is wrong with the outlet, my coffeemaker also won\u2019t work when plugged into it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>I plug my coffeemaker into the outlet.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>My coffeemaker works.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"41039\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"41039\"]The hypothesis is #3 (there is something wrong with the electrical outlet), and the prediction is #4 (if something is wrong with the outlet, then the coffeemaker also won\u2019t work when plugged into the outlet). The original hypothesis is not supported, as the coffee maker works when plugged into the outlet. Alternative hypotheses may include (1) the toaster might be broken or (2) the toaster wasn\u2019t turned on.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn practice, the scientific method is not as rigid and structured as it might at first appear. Sometimes an experiment leads to conclusions that favor a change in approach; often, an experiment brings entirely new scientific questions to the puzzle. Many times, science does not operate in a linear fashion; instead, scientists continually draw inferences and make generalizations, finding patterns as their research proceeds. Scientific reasoning is more complex than the scientific method alone suggests.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/65d0632c-6502-4be6-b750-a45ca627fa7d\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/030284b8-5afc-4af9-88d8-2c9adb9465e5\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Compare inductive reasoning with deductive reasoning<\/li>\n<li>Describe the process of scientific inquiry<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>One thing is common to all forms of science: an ultimate goal \u201cto know.\u201d Curiosity and inquiry are the driving forces for the development of science. Scientists seek to understand the world and the way it operates. Two methods of logical thinking are used: inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Inductive reasoning<\/strong> is a form of logical thinking that analyzes trends or relationships in\u00a0 data to arrive at a general conclusion. A scientist makes observations and records them. These data can be qualitative (descriptive) or quantitative (consisting of numbers), and the raw data can be supplemented with drawings, pictures, photos, or videos. From many observations, a scientist can draw conclusions based on evidence. In other words, inductive reasoning involves making generalizations from careful observation and the analysis of a large amount of individual data points. Generalizations arrived at through inductive reasoning are not always correct.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Deductive reasoning<\/strong>\u00a0is another form of logical thinking that begins from a general principle or law and applies it to a specific circumstance to predict specific results.\u00a0 From a set of general principles, a scientist can extrapolate and predict specific results that will always be correct as long as the general principles they start from are correct.<\/p>\n<p>Deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning move in opposite directions &#8211; inductive reasoning goes from individual observations to broad generalizations while deductive reasoning goes from general principles to specific decisions or predictions.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290784557240425778\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Both types of logical thinking are related to the two main pathways of scientific study: descriptive science and hypothesis-based science. <strong>Descriptive science<\/strong> (or discovery science) aims to observe, explore, and discover, while <strong>h<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\"><strong>ypothesis-based science<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested. Inductive reasoning is used most often in descriptive science, while deductive reasoning is used most often in hypothesis-based science. The boundary between these two forms of study is often blurred, because most scientific endeavors combine both approaches. Observations lead to questions, questions lead to forming a hypothesis as a possible answer to those questions, and then the hypothesis is tested. Thus, descriptive science and hypothesis-based science are in continuous dialogue.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Hypothesis Testing<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_1082\" style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1082\" class=\"wp-image-1082\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/198\/2016\/11\/23205843\/1-1-4.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting depicts Sir Francis Bacon in a long cloak.\" width=\"250\" height=\"410\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1082\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Sir Francis Bacon is credited with being the first to document the scientific method.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Biologists study the living world by posing questions about it and seeking science-based responses. This approach is common to other sciences as well and is often referred to as the scientific method. The scientific method was used even in ancient times, but it was first documented by England\u2019s Sir Francis Bacon (1561\u20131626) (Figure 1), who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry. The scientific method is not exclusively used by biologists but can be applied to almost anything as a logical problem-solving method.<\/p>\n<p>The scientific process typically starts with an observation (often a problem to be solved) that leads to a question. Let\u2019s think about a simple problem that starts with an observation and apply the scientific method to solve the problem. One Monday morning, a student arrives at class and quickly discovers that the classroom is too warm. That is an observation that also describes a problem: the classroom is too warm. The student then asks a question: \u201cWhy is the classroom so warm?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Recall that a hypothesis is a suggested explanation that can be tested. To solve a problem, several hypotheses may be proposed. For example, one hypothesis might be, \u201cThe classroom is warm because no one turned on the air conditioning.\u201d But there could be other responses to the question, and therefore other hypotheses may be proposed. A second hypothesis might be, \u201cThe classroom is warm because there is a power failure, and so the air conditioning doesn\u2019t work.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Once a hypothesis has been selected, a prediction may be made. A prediction is similar to a hypothesis but it typically has the format \u201cIf . . . then . . . .\u201d For example, the prediction for the first hypothesis might be, \u201c<em>If<\/em> the student turns on the air conditioning, <em>then<\/em> the classroom will no longer be too warm.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>A hypothesis must be testable to ensure that it is valid. For example, a hypothesis that depends on what a bear thinks is not testable, because it can never be known what a bear thinks. It should also be <strong>falsifiable<\/strong>, meaning that it can be disproven by experimental results. An example of an unfalsifiable hypothesis is \u201cBotticelli\u2019s <em>Birth of Venus<\/em> is beautiful.\u201d There is no experiment that might show this statement to be false. To test a hypothesis, a researcher will conduct one or more experiments designed to eliminate one or more of the hypotheses. This is important. A hypothesis can be disproven, or eliminated, but it can never be proven. Science does not deal in proofs like mathematics. If an experiment fails to disprove a hypothesis, then we find support for that explanation, but this is not to say that down the road a better explanation will not be found, or a more carefully designed experiment will be found to falsify the hypothesis.<\/p>\n<p>Scientific inquiry has not displaced faith, intuition, and dreams. These traditions and ways of knowing have emotional value and provide moral guidance to many people. But hunches, feelings, deep convictions, old traditions, or dreams cannot be accepted directly as scientifically valid. Instead, science limits itself to ideas that can be tested through verifiable observations. Supernatural claims that events are caused by ghosts, devils, God, or other spiritual entities cannot be tested in this way.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<p>Your friend sees this image of a circle of mushrooms and excitedly tells you it was caused by fairies dancing in a circle on the grass the night before. Can your friend\u2019s explanation be studied using the process of science?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/textimgs\/DE\/bio\/mushrooms.png\" alt=\"There are several mushrooms growing together in the pattern of a circular ring\" width=\"350\" height=\"262\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q665464\"><strong>Show Answer<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q665464\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">In theory, you might try to observe the fairies. But fairies are magical or supernatural beings. We have never observed them using any verifiable method, so scientists agree that they cannot be studied using scientific tools. Instead, science has an explanation supported by strong evidence: \u201cfairy rings\u201d result when a single colony of fungus spreads out into good habitat over a period of many years. The core area is clear of mushrooms because the soil nutrients have been partly depleted there. This idea can be evaluated with repeated observations over time using chemical soil tests and other verifiable measurements.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Each experiment will have one or more variables and one or more controls. A <strong>variable<\/strong> is any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment. A <strong>control<\/strong> is a part of the experiment that does not change. Look for the variables and controls in the example that follows. As a simple example, an experiment might be conducted to test the hypothesis that phosphate limits the growth of algae in freshwater ponds. A series of artificial ponds are filled with water and half of them are treated by adding phosphate each week, while the other half are treated by adding a salt that is known not to be used by algae. The variable here is the phosphate (or lack of phosphate), the experimental or treatment cases are the ponds with added phosphate and the control ponds are those with something inert added, such as the salt. Just adding something is also a control against the possibility that adding extra matter to the pond has an effect. If the treated ponds show lesser growth of algae, then we have found support for our hypothesis. If they do not, then we reject our hypothesis. Be aware that rejecting one hypothesis does not determine whether or not the other hypotheses can be accepted; it simply eliminates one hypothesis that is not valid (Figure 2). Using the scientific method, the hypotheses that are inconsistent with experimental data are rejected.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Practice Question<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_1083\" style=\"width: 458px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1083\" class=\"wp-image-1083\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/198\/2016\/11\/23205929\/1-1-5.png\" alt=\"A flow chart shows the steps in the scientific method. In step 1, an observation is made. In step 2, a question is asked about the observation. In step 3, an answer to the question, called a hypothesis, is proposed. In step 4, a prediction is made based on the hypothesis. In step 5, an experiment is done to test the prediction. In step 6, the results are analyzed to determine whether or not the hypothesis is supported. If the hypothesis is not supported, another hypothesis is made. In either case, the results are reported.\" width=\"448\" height=\"718\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1083\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. The scientific method is a series of defined steps that include experiments and careful observation. If a hypothesis is not supported by data, a new hypothesis can be proposed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the example below, the scientific method is used to solve an everyday problem. Which part in the example below is the hypothesis? Which is the prediction? Based on the results of the experiment, is the hypothesis supported? If it is not supported, propose some alternative hypotheses.<\/p>\n<ol id=\"eip-356\">\n<li>My toaster doesn\u2019t toast my bread.<\/li>\n<li>Why doesn\u2019t my toaster work?<\/li>\n<li>There is something wrong with the electrical outlet.<\/li>\n<li>If something is wrong with the outlet, my coffeemaker also won\u2019t work when plugged into it.<\/li>\n<li>I plug my coffeemaker into the outlet.<\/li>\n<li>My coffeemaker works.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q41039\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q41039\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The hypothesis is #3 (there is something wrong with the electrical outlet), and the prediction is #4 (if something is wrong with the outlet, then the coffeemaker also won\u2019t work when plugged into the outlet). The original hypothesis is not supported, as the coffee maker works when plugged into the outlet. Alternative hypotheses may include (1) the toaster might be broken or (2) the toaster wasn\u2019t turned on.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In practice, the scientific method is not as rigid and structured as it might at first appear. Sometimes an experiment leads to conclusions that favor a change in approach; often, an experiment brings entirely new scientific questions to the puzzle. Many times, science does not operate in a linear fashion; instead, scientists continually draw inferences and make generalizations, finding patterns as their research proceeds. Scientific reasoning is more complex than the scientific method alone suggests.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_65d0632c-6502-4be6-b750-a45ca627fa7d\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/65d0632c-6502-4be6-b750-a45ca627fa7d?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_65d0632c-6502-4be6-b750-a45ca627fa7d\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><br \/>\n\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_030284b8-5afc-4af9-88d8-2c9adb9465e5\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/030284b8-5afc-4af9-88d8-2c9adb9465e5?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_030284b8-5afc-4af9-88d8-2c9adb9465e5\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-86\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Concepts of Biology. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/b3c1e1d2-839c-42b0-a314-e119a8aafbdd@9.25\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/b3c1e1d2-839c-42b0-a314-e119a8aafbdd@9.25<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/b3c1e1d2-839c-42b0-a314-e119a8aafbdd@9.25<\/li><li>Practice Question (Scientific Inquiry). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Open Learning Initiative. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" 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