{"id":2234,"date":"2020-10-28T16:54:51","date_gmt":"2020-10-28T16:54:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2234"},"modified":"2021-06-24T21:28:56","modified_gmt":"2021-06-24T21:28:56","slug":"needs-values-and-motivation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/chapter\/needs-values-and-motivation\/","title":{"raw":"Needs, Values, and Motivation","rendered":"Needs, Values, and Motivation"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Discuss the role of needs and values in motivation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nMotivational appeals are a type of psychological appeal used by speakers to inspire or encourage their audience to do something. Motivational appeals target an audience\u2019s emotions, needs and values.\r\n<h2>Reiss's 16 Basic Desires<\/h2>\r\nPsychology professor Steven Reiss developed a theory of sixteen needs and values that motivate human beings.[footnote]Reiss, Steven. \"Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires.\" <em>Review of general psychology<\/em> 8.3 (2004): 179\u2013193, 187.[\/footnote]\r\n<ol class=\"twocolumn\">\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3809\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/25174722\/thumbs_up2.png\" alt=\"Thumbs up icon\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Acceptance<\/strong>, the need to be appreciated<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3089\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16155917\/curiosity.png\" alt=\"A curious person.\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Curiosity<\/strong>, the need to gain knowledge<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3810\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/25174852\/soup_2.png\" alt=\"icon of bowl of soup\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Eating<\/strong>, the need for food<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3094\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16161924\/parent_child.png\" alt=\"Parent and child\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/><strong>Family<\/strong>, the need to take care of one\u2019s offspring<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3095\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16162111\/honor.png\" alt=\"A medal of honor\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Honor<\/strong>, the need to be faithful to the customary values of an individual\u2019s ethnic group, family, or clan<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3096\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16162554\/scales_of_justice.png\" alt=\"Scales of justice\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Idealism<\/strong>, the need for social justice<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3097\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16163030\/independence.png\" alt=\"A paper airplane flying out of formation\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Independence<\/strong>, the need to be distinct and self-reliant<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3098\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16163542\/clock_and_calendar.png\" alt=\"A calendar and a clock\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Order<\/strong>, the need for prepared, established, and conventional environments<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3099\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16163822\/stretching.png\" alt=\"person stretching\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Physical activity<\/strong>, the need for work out of the body<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3100\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16164137\/controller.png\" alt=\"Controller\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Power<\/strong>, the need for control of will<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3101\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16164253\/hearts.png\" alt=\"hearts\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Romance<\/strong>, the need for mating or sex<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3102\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16164421\/piggy_bank.png\" alt=\"Piggy bank\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Saving<\/strong>, the need to accumulate something<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3103\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16164919\/social_contact.png\" alt=\"Two people talking\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Social contact,<\/strong> the need for relationship with others<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3104\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16165356\/person_glowing.png\" alt=\"An important person\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Social status<\/strong>, the need for social significance<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3105\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16165532\/person-in-hammock.png\" alt=\"person in hammock\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Tranquility<\/strong>, the need to be secure and protected<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-3106\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16165653\/sword.png\" alt=\"A sword\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Vengeance<\/strong>, the need to confront or resist those who hurt or offend<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nWith these motivators in mind, we can then proceed to think about ways to appeal to an audience\u2019s emotions, needs, and values.\r\n<h3>Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs<\/h3>\r\nOne common approach when designing motivational appeals is to make use of Abraham Maslow\u2019s model of human needs. Maslow arranged human needs into a hierarchy and he insisted higher-level needs on the hierarchy cannot be achieved before lower-level needs are met. What this means for persuasion is that you cannot motivate an audience to address a higher-level need until their lower-level needs are fulfilled.\r\n\r\nMaslow's model of needs in order from low to high level:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Physiological needs<\/strong>: Food, drink, sleep, shelter.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Safety needs<\/strong>: Personal protection and safety from threat, crime, dangerous weather, loss of property, etc.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Love and belonging needs<\/strong>: Love, affection, belonging.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Esteem needs<\/strong>: Desire for stable, high-evaluation of the self and acceptance by others.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Self-actualization needs<\/strong>: The need to achieve our highest sense of who we can become.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1625\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"487\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1625 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/05192610\/CNX_Psych_10_01_Maslow.jpg\" alt=\"A triangle is divided vertically into five sections with corresponding labels inside and outside of the triangle for each section. From top to bottom, the triangle's sections are labeled: \u201cself-actualization\u201d corresponds to \u201cInner fulfillment\u201d; \u201cesteem\u201d corresponds to \u201cself-worth, accomplishment, confidence\u201d; \u201csocial\u201d corresponds to \u201cfamily, friendship, intimacy, belonging\u201d; \u201csecurity\u201d corresponds to \u201csafety, employment, assets\u201d; \u201cphysiological\u201d corresponds to \u201cfood, water, shelter, warmth.\u201d\" width=\"487\" height=\"556\" \/> Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs is illustrated here. In some versions of the pyramid, cognitive and aesthetic needs are also included between esteem and self-actualization. Others include another tier at the top of the pyramid for self-transcendence.[\/caption]","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss the role of needs and values in motivation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Motivational appeals are a type of psychological appeal used by speakers to inspire or encourage their audience to do something. Motivational appeals target an audience\u2019s emotions, needs and values.<\/p>\n<h2>Reiss&#8217;s 16 Basic Desires<\/h2>\n<p>Psychology professor Steven Reiss developed a theory of sixteen needs and values that motivate human beings.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Reiss, Steven. &quot;Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires.&quot; Review of general psychology 8.3 (2004): 179\u2013193, 187.\" id=\"return-footnote-2234-1\" href=\"#footnote-2234-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<ol class=\"twocolumn\">\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3809\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/25174722\/thumbs_up2.png\" alt=\"Thumbs up icon\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Acceptance<\/strong>, the need to be appreciated<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3089\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16155917\/curiosity.png\" alt=\"A curious person.\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Curiosity<\/strong>, the need to gain knowledge<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3810\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/25174852\/soup_2.png\" alt=\"icon of bowl of soup\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Eating<\/strong>, the need for food<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3094\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16161924\/parent_child.png\" alt=\"Parent and child\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/><strong>Family<\/strong>, the need to take care of one\u2019s offspring<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3095\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16162111\/honor.png\" alt=\"A medal of honor\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Honor<\/strong>, the need to be faithful to the customary values of an individual\u2019s ethnic group, family, or clan<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3096\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16162554\/scales_of_justice.png\" alt=\"Scales of justice\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Idealism<\/strong>, the need for social justice<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3097\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16163030\/independence.png\" alt=\"A paper airplane flying out of formation\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Independence<\/strong>, the need to be distinct and self-reliant<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3098\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16163542\/clock_and_calendar.png\" alt=\"A calendar and a clock\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Order<\/strong>, the need for prepared, established, and conventional environments<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3099\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16163822\/stretching.png\" alt=\"person stretching\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Physical activity<\/strong>, the need for work out of the body<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3100\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16164137\/controller.png\" alt=\"Controller\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Power<\/strong>, the need for control of will<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3101\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16164253\/hearts.png\" alt=\"hearts\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Romance<\/strong>, the need for mating or sex<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3102\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16164421\/piggy_bank.png\" alt=\"Piggy bank\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Saving<\/strong>, the need to accumulate something<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3103\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16164919\/social_contact.png\" alt=\"Two people talking\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Social contact,<\/strong> the need for relationship with others<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3104\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16165356\/person_glowing.png\" alt=\"An important person\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Social status<\/strong>, the need for social significance<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3105\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16165532\/person-in-hammock.png\" alt=\"person in hammock\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Tranquility<\/strong>, the need to be secure and protected<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3106\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/16165653\/sword.png\" alt=\"A sword\" width=\"60\" height=\"60\" \/>\u00a0<strong>Vengeance<\/strong>, the need to confront or resist those who hurt or offend<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>With these motivators in mind, we can then proceed to think about ways to appeal to an audience\u2019s emotions, needs, and values.<\/p>\n<h3>Maslow\u2019s Hierarchy of Needs<\/h3>\n<p>One common approach when designing motivational appeals is to make use of Abraham Maslow\u2019s model of human needs. Maslow arranged human needs into a hierarchy and he insisted higher-level needs on the hierarchy cannot be achieved before lower-level needs are met. What this means for persuasion is that you cannot motivate an audience to address a higher-level need until their lower-level needs are fulfilled.<\/p>\n<p>Maslow&#8217;s model of needs in order from low to high level:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Physiological needs<\/strong>: Food, drink, sleep, shelter.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Safety needs<\/strong>: Personal protection and safety from threat, crime, dangerous weather, loss of property, etc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Love and belonging needs<\/strong>: Love, affection, belonging.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Esteem needs<\/strong>: Desire for stable, high-evaluation of the self and acceptance by others.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Self-actualization needs<\/strong>: The need to achieve our highest sense of who we can become.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_1625\" style=\"width: 497px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1625\" class=\"wp-image-1625 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/10\/05192610\/CNX_Psych_10_01_Maslow.jpg\" alt=\"A triangle is divided vertically into five sections with corresponding labels inside and outside of the triangle for each section. From top to bottom, the triangle's sections are labeled: \u201cself-actualization\u201d corresponds to \u201cInner fulfillment\u201d; \u201cesteem\u201d corresponds to \u201cself-worth, accomplishment, confidence\u201d; \u201csocial\u201d corresponds to \u201cfamily, friendship, intimacy, belonging\u201d; \u201csecurity\u201d corresponds to \u201csafety, employment, assets\u201d; \u201cphysiological\u201d corresponds to \u201cfood, water, shelter, warmth.\u201d\" width=\"487\" height=\"556\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1625\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maslow\u2019s hierarchy of needs is illustrated here. In some versions of the pyramid, cognitive and aesthetic needs are also included between esteem and self-actualization. Others include another tier at the top of the pyramid for self-transcendence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2234\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Maslow&#039;s Hierarchy of Needs. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax CNX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:MLADqXMi@5\/Motivation\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:MLADqXMi@5\/Motivation<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-2cefd46e68cc@5.48<\/li><li>Icons. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Noun project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Noun Pro License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Lumen Learning authored content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Needs, Values, and Motivation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Mike Randolph with Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-2234-1\">Reiss, Steven. \"Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires.\" <em>Review of general psychology<\/em> 8.3 (2004): 179\u2013193, 187. <a href=\"#return-footnote-2234-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":161083,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"lumen\",\"description\":\"Needs, Values, and Motivation\",\"author\":\"Mike Randolph with Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Maslow\\'s Hierarchy of Needs\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax CNX\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/Sr8Ev5Og@5.52:MLADqXMi@5\/Motivation\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at 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