{"id":782,"date":"2020-09-02T20:17:13","date_gmt":"2020-09-02T20:17:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=782"},"modified":"2020-12-11T02:20:58","modified_gmt":"2020-12-11T02:20:58","slug":"slide-layout","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/chapter\/slide-layout\/","title":{"raw":"Slide Layout","rendered":"Slide Layout"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Recognize key principles of slide layout.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify best practices for incorporating text in your slides.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIt is easy to simply open up your slideware and start typing in the bullet points that outline your talk. If you succumb to this temptation, you will likely fall into the traps for which PowerPoint is infamous.\r\n\r\nPresentation design experts Garr Reynolds and Nancy Duarte both recommend starting with paper and pen to help you break away from the text-based, bullet-filled slide shows we all dread.[footnote]Reynolds,\u00a0Garr.\u00a0<em>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery<\/em>, Pearson Education,\u00a02007.[\/footnote][footnote]Duarte,\u00a0Nancy.\u00a0<em>Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences<\/em>. Wiley,\u00a02010.[\/footnote] Instead, consider how you can turn your words and concepts into images. Don't let the software lead you into making a mediocre slideshow.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-1836\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/141\/2016\/05\/31111020\/College-Enrollment-by-Gender.png\" alt=\"Powerpoint slide with bar graph, titled College Enrollment by Gender, 1970-2009\" width=\"300\" height=\"255\" \/>\r\nRegarding slide design, focus on simplicity. Don't overcrowd your slide with text and images. Cluttered slides are hard to understand. Leaving empty space, also known as<strong> white space<\/strong>, gives breathing room to your design. The white space actually draws attention to your focus point and makes your slide appear more elegant and professional. Using repetition of color, font, images,\u00a0and layout throughout your presentation will help tie all your slides together. This cohesion is especially important if a group is putting visuals together collaboratively. If you have handouts, they should also match this same formatting in order to convey a more professional look and tie all your pieces together[footnote]Reynolds,\u00a0Garr.\u00a0<em>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery<\/em>, Pearson Education,\u00a02007.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nAnother general principle is to use <strong>contrast<\/strong> to highlight your message. Contrast should not be subtle. Make type sizes significantly different. Make contrasting image placements, such as horizontal and vertical, glaringly obvious. A general principle to follow: if things are not the same, then make them very, very different.[footnote]Williams,\u00a0Robin.\u00a0<em>The Non-designer's Design Book: Design and Typographic Principles for the Visual Novice<\/em>. Peachpit Press,\u00a02015.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4055\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"188\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-4055\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/09\/01062731\/Figure-13-4-188x300.png\" alt=\"Both slides show a picture of a person leaping on a beach. In the centered slide, the image is cropped and centered so that the leaping figure is at the center of the slide. The quote is above the picture. In the rule-of-thirds slide, the picture takes up the entire slide. The leaping figure is on the right third of the slide, while the quote overlaps the photo in the top third of the slide.\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" \/> Centered layout and rule of thirds[\/caption]\r\n\r\nA common layout design is called the <strong>rule of thirds<\/strong>. If you divide the screen using two imaginary lines horizontally and two vertically, you end up with nine sections. The most visually interesting and pleasing portions of the screen will be at the points where the lines intersect.\u00a0Aligning your text and images with these points is preferred to centering\u00a0everything on the screen.[footnote]Kadavy,\u00a0David.\u00a0<em>Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering Beauty<\/em>.\u00a0 Wiley,\u00a02011.[\/footnote] Feel free to experiment with right- and left-aligned content for contrast and interest. Sticking with a centered layout means more work trying to make the slide interesting.[footnote]Williams,\u00a0Robin.\u00a0<em>The Non-designer's Design Book: Design and Typographic Principles for the Visual Novice<\/em>. Peachpit Press,\u00a02015.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nUnderstanding how people view images (and thus slides) can help you direct the viewer's attention to the main point of your slide. In languages that read text from left to right and top to bottom, like English-speaking contexts, people tend to also read images and slides the same way.\u00a0Starting in the upper left of the screen, they read in a <strong>Z pattern<\/strong>, exiting the page in the bottom right corner unless their vision is sidetracked by the objects they are looking at.\r\n\r\nViewers' eyes are scanning from focus point to focus point in an image, so you need to consciously create <strong>visual cues<\/strong> to direct them to the relevant information. Cues can be created subtly by the placement of objects in the slide, by showing movement, or more obviously by using\u00a0a simple arrow (Ma.lamed , 2009). Make sure all people and pets are facing into your slide and preferably at\u00a0your main point, as in Figure 13.6. If\u00a0your slide contains a road, path, car, plane, etc., have them also facing into your slide. When the natural motion or gaze of your images points away from your slide, your viewers look that way too. Being aware of and addressing the natural tendencies of people when viewing images can help you select images and design slides that keep the viewer engaged in your message (Duaite, 2008).\r\n<h3>Backgrounds and Effects<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4195\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4195 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/09\/01170050\/Screen-Shot-2020-12-01-at-9.00.37-AM-300x169.png\" alt=\"Slide with a busy patterned background\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/> This background makes the text hard to read[\/caption]\r\n\r\nPowerPoint and other slideware have a variety of templates containing backgrounds that are easy to implement for a consistent slideshow. Most of them, however, contain distracting graphics that are counter to the simplicity you are aiming for in order to produce a clear message. It is <strong>best to use solid colors<\/strong>, if you even need a background at all. For some slideshows, you can make the slides with\u00a0full-screen images, thus eliminating the need for a background color.\r\n\r\nShould you choose to use a background color, make sure you are <strong>consistent<\/strong> throughout your presentation. Different colors portray different meanings, but much of this is cultural and contextual, so there are few hard and fast rules about the meaning of colors. Bright colors, such as yellow, pink, and orange, should also be avoided as background colors as they are too distracting. Black, on the other hand, is generally associated with sophistication and can be a very effective background as long as there is sufficient contrast with the other elements on your slide.[footnote]Kadavy, David. <i>Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering<\/i> Beauty. Wiley, 2011.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nWhen designing your presentation, it is tempting to show off your tech skills with glitzy transitions, wipes, fades, moving text, sounds, and a variety of other actions. <strong>These effects are distracting to your audience and should be avoided<\/strong>. They draw attention away from you and your message, instead focusing the audience's attention on the screen.\r\n<h3>Colors<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4201\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4201 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/09\/01170710\/Screen-Shot-2020-12-01-at-9.06.45-AM-300x167.png\" alt=\"A slide with garish colors\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" \/> These colors make this slide hard to look at![\/caption]\r\n\r\nThere are complicated and fascinating biological and psychological processes associated\u00a0with color and color perception that are beyond the scope of this chapter. Because color can have such a huge impact on the ability to see and understand your visuals, this section will explore basic rules and recommendations for working with color.\r\n\r\nMuch of what we perceive in terms of a color is based on what color is next to it. Be sure to use colors that contrast so they can be easily distinguished from each other. High contrast improves visibility, particularly at a distance, and is more accessible. If you're concerned about insufficient contrast, try <a href=\"https:\/\/contrastchecker.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">using a contrast checker like this one<\/a>.\r\n\r\nAvoid using red and green closely together. Red-green color blindness is the predominate form of color blindness, meaning that the person cannot distinguish between those two colors. There are other forms of color blindness, and you can easily check to see if your visuals will be understandable to everyone using an online tool such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.color-blindness.com\/coblis-color-blindness-simulator\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coblis Color Blindness Simulator<\/a>\u00a0to preview images as a color-blind person would see it. Certain red-blue pairings can be difficult to look at for the non-color\u00a0blind. These colors appear to vibrate when adjacent to each other and are distracting and sometimes unpleasant to view.\r\n\r\nWith all these rules in place, selecting a color palette (the group of colors to use throughout your presentation) can be daunting. Some color pairs, like complementary colors or analogous colors, are naturally pleasing to the eye and can be easy options for the color novice. There are also online tools for selecting pleasing color palettes using standard color pairings including <a href=\"https:\/\/kuler.adobe.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuler<\/a>\u00a0and <a href=\"https:\/\/colorschemedesigner.com\/csd-3.5\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Color Scheme Designer<\/a>. You can also use websites like <a href=\"https:\/\/colorbrewer2.org\/#type=sequential&amp;scheme=PuBuGn&amp;n=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colorbrewer<\/a>\u00a0to help identify an appropriate palette of colors that are visually distinct, appropriate for the colorblind, and that will photocopy well, should you decide to also use a handout.\r\n<h3>Fonts<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4197\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"size-medium wp-image-4197\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/09\/01170204\/fonts-300x169.jpeg\" alt=\"Slide with fancy, illegible font\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/> Fancy fonts are hard to read.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThere are thousands of fonts available today. Despite many beautiful options, it is best to stick to standard fonts that are considered screen-friendly. These include the <strong>serif<\/strong> fonts Times New Roman, Georgia, and Palatino, and the <strong>sans serif<\/strong> fonts Ariel, Helvetica, Tahoma, and Veranda.[footnote]Kadavy, David. <i>Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering<\/i> Beauty. Wiley, 2011.[\/footnote] These fonts work well with the limitations of computer screens and are legible from a distance if sized appropriately. Other non-standard fonts, while attractive and eye-catching, may not display properly on all computers. If the font isn't installed on the computer you are presenting from, the default font will be used which\u00a0alters the text and design of the slide.\r\n\r\nReadability is a top concern with font use, particularly for those at the back of your audience, who are furthest from the screen. After you have selected a font, make sure that the font size is large enough for everyone to read clearly. If you have the opportunity to use the presentation room before the event, view your slides from the back of the room. They should be clearly visible. This preview is not always possible and should not be done immediately preceding your talk, as you won't have time to effectively edit your entire presentation. Presentation guru Nancy Duarte describes an ingenious way to <strong>test visibility from your own computer<\/strong>. Measure your monitor diagonally in inches, display your slides, then step back the same number of feet as you measured on your monitor in inches. If you have a 17 inch screen, step back 17 feet to see what is legible.[footnote]Duarte,\u00a0Nancy.\u00a0<em>Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences<\/em>. Wiley,\u00a02010.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nIn addition to font style and size, there are other font \u201crules\u201d to improve your slides. Don't use decorative, script, or visually complex fonts.\r\nNever use the Comic Sans font if you want to retain any credibility with your audience. If you must use more than one font, use one serif font and one sans serif font. Use the same font(s) and size(s) consistently throughout your presentation. Don't use all upper case or all bold. Avoid small caps and all word art, shadows, outlines, stretching text, and other visual effects. Use italics and underlines only for their intended purposes (for titles or emphasis and URLs respectively), not for design.\r\n<h3>Text<\/h3>\r\nNothing is more hotly debated in slide design than the amount of text that should be on a slide. Godin says \u201cno more than six words on a slide. EVER\u201d (as cited in Reynolds, 2008, p. 20). Other common approaches include the <strong>5x5 rule<\/strong>\u2014five lines of text, five words per line\u2014and similar<strong> 6x6<\/strong> and <strong>7x7 rules<\/strong>. Even with these recommendations, it is still painfully common to see slides with so much text on them that they can't be read by the audience. The type has to be so small to fit all the words on the slide that no one can read it. Duarte points out that if you have too many words, you no longer have a visual aid. You have either a paper or a teleprompter, and she recommends opting for a small number of words.\r\n\r\nOnce you understand that the words on the screen are competing for your audience's attention, it will be easier to edit your slide text down to a minimum. The next time you are watching a presentation and the slide changes, notice how you aren't really grasping what the speaker is saying, and you also aren't really understanding what you are reading. Studies have proved this split-attention affects our ability to retain information;[footnote]Mayer, Richard E.<i> Multimedia Learning<\/i>. Cambridge University Press, 2001.[\/footnote] so when presenting, you need to give your audience silent reading time when you display a new slide. That is, talk, advance to your next slide, wait for them to read the slide, and then resume talking. If you consider how much time your audience is reading rather than listening, hopefully you will decide to reduce the text on your slide and return the focus back to you, the speaker, and your message.\r\n\r\nThere are several ways to <strong>reduce the number of words on your page<\/strong>, but don't do it haphazardly. Tufte warns against abbreviating your message just to make it fit. He says this dumbs down your message, which does a disservice to your purpose and insults your audience's intelligence.[footnote]Tufte, Edward R. <i>The cognitive style of PowerPoint<\/i>. Graphics Press, 2003.[\/footnote]\u00a0Instead, Duarte and Reynolds recommend turning as many concepts as possible into images.[footnote]Duarte,\u00a0Nancy.\u00a0<em>Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences<\/em>. Wiley,\u00a02010.[\/footnote][footnote]Reynolds, Garr. <i>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery.<\/i>\u00a0Pearson Education, 2007.[\/footnote] Studies have shown that people retain more information when they see images that relate to the words they are hearing.[footnote]Mayer, Richard E.<i> Multimedia Learning<\/i>. Cambridge University Press, 2001.[\/footnote] And when people are presented information for a very short time, they remember images better than words.[footnote]Reynolds, Garr. <i>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery.<\/i>\u00a0Pearson Education, 2007.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThe ubiquitous use of <strong>bulleted lists<\/strong> is also hotly debated. PowerPoint is practically designed around the bulleted-list format, even though is it regularly blamed for dull, tedious presentations with either overly dense or overly superficial content.[footnote]Tufte, Edward R. <i>The cognitive style of PowerPoint<\/i>. Graphics Press, 2003.[\/footnote] Mostly this format is used (incorrectly) as a presenter's outline. \u201c<em>No one can do a good presentation with slide after slide of bullet points. No One.<\/em>\u201d[footnote]Reynolds, Garr. <i>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery.<\/i>\u00a0Pearson Education, 2007, p. 130[\/footnote] Reserve bulleted lists for specifications or explaining the order of processes. In\u00a0all other cases, look for ways to use images, a short phrase, or even no visual at all.\r\n\r\n<strong>Quotes<\/strong>, on the other hand, are not as offensive to design when they are short, legible, and infrequently used. They can be a very powerful way to hammer a point home or to launch into your next topic. If you do use a quote in your slide show, immediately stop and read it out loud or allow time for it to be read silently. If the quote is important enough for you to include it in the talk, the quote deserves the audience's time to read and think about it. Alternately, use a photo of the speaker or of the subject with a phrase from the quote you will be reading them, making the slide enhance the point of the quote.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>To Watch: David JP Phillips:\u00a0How to Avoid Death by PowerPoint<\/h3>\r\nIn this speech, David JP Phillips explains how to optimize your slide presentation to help your audience focus on your message and get your point across.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/Iwpi1Lm6dFo\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Public_Speaking\/transcripts\/HowToAvoidDeathByPowerPoint_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"How to avoid death By PowerPoint | David JP Phillips | TEDxStockholmSalon\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Recognize key principles of slide layout.<\/li>\n<li>Identify best practices for incorporating text in your slides.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>It is easy to simply open up your slideware and start typing in the bullet points that outline your talk. If you succumb to this temptation, you will likely fall into the traps for which PowerPoint is infamous.<\/p>\n<p>Presentation design experts Garr Reynolds and Nancy Duarte both recommend starting with paper and pen to help you break away from the text-based, bullet-filled slide shows we all dread.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Reynolds,\u00a0Garr.\u00a0Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery, Pearson Education,\u00a02007.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-1\" href=\"#footnote-782-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Duarte,\u00a0Nancy.\u00a0Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences. Wiley,\u00a02010.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-2\" href=\"#footnote-782-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> Instead, consider how you can turn your words and concepts into images. Don&#8217;t let the software lead you into making a mediocre slideshow.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1836\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/141\/2016\/05\/31111020\/College-Enrollment-by-Gender.png\" alt=\"Powerpoint slide with bar graph, titled College Enrollment by Gender, 1970-2009\" width=\"300\" height=\"255\" \/><br \/>\nRegarding slide design, focus on simplicity. Don&#8217;t overcrowd your slide with text and images. Cluttered slides are hard to understand. Leaving empty space, also known as<strong> white space<\/strong>, gives breathing room to your design. The white space actually draws attention to your focus point and makes your slide appear more elegant and professional. Using repetition of color, font, images,\u00a0and layout throughout your presentation will help tie all your slides together. This cohesion is especially important if a group is putting visuals together collaboratively. If you have handouts, they should also match this same formatting in order to convey a more professional look and tie all your pieces together<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Reynolds,\u00a0Garr.\u00a0Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery, Pearson Education,\u00a02007.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-3\" href=\"#footnote-782-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Another general principle is to use <strong>contrast<\/strong> to highlight your message. Contrast should not be subtle. Make type sizes significantly different. Make contrasting image placements, such as horizontal and vertical, glaringly obvious. A general principle to follow: if things are not the same, then make them very, very different.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Williams,\u00a0Robin.\u00a0The Non-designer's Design Book: Design and Typographic Principles for the Visual Novice. Peachpit Press,\u00a02015.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-4\" href=\"#footnote-782-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4055\" style=\"width: 198px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4055\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4055\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/09\/01062731\/Figure-13-4-188x300.png\" alt=\"Both slides show a picture of a person leaping on a beach. In the centered slide, the image is cropped and centered so that the leaping figure is at the center of the slide. The quote is above the picture. In the rule-of-thirds slide, the picture takes up the entire slide. The leaping figure is on the right third of the slide, while the quote overlaps the photo in the top third of the slide.\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4055\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Centered layout and rule of thirds<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>A common layout design is called the <strong>rule of thirds<\/strong>. If you divide the screen using two imaginary lines horizontally and two vertically, you end up with nine sections. The most visually interesting and pleasing portions of the screen will be at the points where the lines intersect.\u00a0Aligning your text and images with these points is preferred to centering\u00a0everything on the screen.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Kadavy,\u00a0David.\u00a0Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering Beauty.\u00a0 Wiley,\u00a02011.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-5\" href=\"#footnote-782-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a> Feel free to experiment with right- and left-aligned content for contrast and interest. Sticking with a centered layout means more work trying to make the slide interesting.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Williams,\u00a0Robin.\u00a0The Non-designer's Design Book: Design and Typographic Principles for the Visual Novice. Peachpit Press,\u00a02015.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-6\" href=\"#footnote-782-6\" aria-label=\"Footnote 6\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Understanding how people view images (and thus slides) can help you direct the viewer&#8217;s attention to the main point of your slide. In languages that read text from left to right and top to bottom, like English-speaking contexts, people tend to also read images and slides the same way.\u00a0Starting in the upper left of the screen, they read in a <strong>Z pattern<\/strong>, exiting the page in the bottom right corner unless their vision is sidetracked by the objects they are looking at.<\/p>\n<p>Viewers&#8217; eyes are scanning from focus point to focus point in an image, so you need to consciously create <strong>visual cues<\/strong> to direct them to the relevant information. Cues can be created subtly by the placement of objects in the slide, by showing movement, or more obviously by using\u00a0a simple arrow (Ma.lamed , 2009). Make sure all people and pets are facing into your slide and preferably at\u00a0your main point, as in Figure 13.6. If\u00a0your slide contains a road, path, car, plane, etc., have them also facing into your slide. When the natural motion or gaze of your images points away from your slide, your viewers look that way too. Being aware of and addressing the natural tendencies of people when viewing images can help you select images and design slides that keep the viewer engaged in your message (Duaite, 2008).<\/p>\n<h3>Backgrounds and Effects<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_4195\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4195\" class=\"wp-image-4195 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/09\/01170050\/Screen-Shot-2020-12-01-at-9.00.37-AM-300x169.png\" alt=\"Slide with a busy patterned background\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4195\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This background makes the text hard to read<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>PowerPoint and other slideware have a variety of templates containing backgrounds that are easy to implement for a consistent slideshow. Most of them, however, contain distracting graphics that are counter to the simplicity you are aiming for in order to produce a clear message. It is <strong>best to use solid colors<\/strong>, if you even need a background at all. For some slideshows, you can make the slides with\u00a0full-screen images, thus eliminating the need for a background color.<\/p>\n<p>Should you choose to use a background color, make sure you are <strong>consistent<\/strong> throughout your presentation. Different colors portray different meanings, but much of this is cultural and contextual, so there are few hard and fast rules about the meaning of colors. Bright colors, such as yellow, pink, and orange, should also be avoided as background colors as they are too distracting. Black, on the other hand, is generally associated with sophistication and can be a very effective background as long as there is sufficient contrast with the other elements on your slide.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Kadavy, David. Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering Beauty. Wiley, 2011.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-7\" href=\"#footnote-782-7\" aria-label=\"Footnote 7\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>When designing your presentation, it is tempting to show off your tech skills with glitzy transitions, wipes, fades, moving text, sounds, and a variety of other actions. <strong>These effects are distracting to your audience and should be avoided<\/strong>. They draw attention away from you and your message, instead focusing the audience&#8217;s attention on the screen.<\/p>\n<h3>Colors<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_4201\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4201\" class=\"wp-image-4201 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/09\/01170710\/Screen-Shot-2020-12-01-at-9.06.45-AM-300x167.png\" alt=\"A slide with garish colors\" width=\"300\" height=\"167\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4201\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">These colors make this slide hard to look at!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are complicated and fascinating biological and psychological processes associated\u00a0with color and color perception that are beyond the scope of this chapter. Because color can have such a huge impact on the ability to see and understand your visuals, this section will explore basic rules and recommendations for working with color.<\/p>\n<p>Much of what we perceive in terms of a color is based on what color is next to it. Be sure to use colors that contrast so they can be easily distinguished from each other. High contrast improves visibility, particularly at a distance, and is more accessible. If you&#8217;re concerned about insufficient contrast, try <a href=\"https:\/\/contrastchecker.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">using a contrast checker like this one<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Avoid using red and green closely together. Red-green color blindness is the predominate form of color blindness, meaning that the person cannot distinguish between those two colors. There are other forms of color blindness, and you can easily check to see if your visuals will be understandable to everyone using an online tool such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.color-blindness.com\/coblis-color-blindness-simulator\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coblis Color Blindness Simulator<\/a>\u00a0to preview images as a color-blind person would see it. Certain red-blue pairings can be difficult to look at for the non-color\u00a0blind. These colors appear to vibrate when adjacent to each other and are distracting and sometimes unpleasant to view.<\/p>\n<p>With all these rules in place, selecting a color palette (the group of colors to use throughout your presentation) can be daunting. Some color pairs, like complementary colors or analogous colors, are naturally pleasing to the eye and can be easy options for the color novice. There are also online tools for selecting pleasing color palettes using standard color pairings including <a href=\"https:\/\/kuler.adobe.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kuler<\/a>\u00a0and <a href=\"https:\/\/colorschemedesigner.com\/csd-3.5\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Color Scheme Designer<\/a>. You can also use websites like <a href=\"https:\/\/colorbrewer2.org\/#type=sequential&amp;scheme=PuBuGn&amp;n=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colorbrewer<\/a>\u00a0to help identify an appropriate palette of colors that are visually distinct, appropriate for the colorblind, and that will photocopy well, should you decide to also use a handout.<\/p>\n<h3>Fonts<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_4197\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4197\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4197\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5348\/2020\/09\/01170204\/fonts-300x169.jpeg\" alt=\"Slide with fancy, illegible font\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4197\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fancy fonts are hard to read.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>There are thousands of fonts available today. Despite many beautiful options, it is best to stick to standard fonts that are considered screen-friendly. These include the <strong>serif<\/strong> fonts Times New Roman, Georgia, and Palatino, and the <strong>sans serif<\/strong> fonts Ariel, Helvetica, Tahoma, and Veranda.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Kadavy, David. Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering Beauty. Wiley, 2011.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-8\" href=\"#footnote-782-8\" aria-label=\"Footnote 8\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[8]<\/sup><\/a> These fonts work well with the limitations of computer screens and are legible from a distance if sized appropriately. Other non-standard fonts, while attractive and eye-catching, may not display properly on all computers. If the font isn&#8217;t installed on the computer you are presenting from, the default font will be used which\u00a0alters the text and design of the slide.<\/p>\n<p>Readability is a top concern with font use, particularly for those at the back of your audience, who are furthest from the screen. After you have selected a font, make sure that the font size is large enough for everyone to read clearly. If you have the opportunity to use the presentation room before the event, view your slides from the back of the room. They should be clearly visible. This preview is not always possible and should not be done immediately preceding your talk, as you won&#8217;t have time to effectively edit your entire presentation. Presentation guru Nancy Duarte describes an ingenious way to <strong>test visibility from your own computer<\/strong>. Measure your monitor diagonally in inches, display your slides, then step back the same number of feet as you measured on your monitor in inches. If you have a 17 inch screen, step back 17 feet to see what is legible.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Duarte,\u00a0Nancy.\u00a0Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences. Wiley,\u00a02010.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-9\" href=\"#footnote-782-9\" aria-label=\"Footnote 9\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In addition to font style and size, there are other font \u201crules\u201d to improve your slides. Don&#8217;t use decorative, script, or visually complex fonts.<br \/>\nNever use the Comic Sans font if you want to retain any credibility with your audience. If you must use more than one font, use one serif font and one sans serif font. Use the same font(s) and size(s) consistently throughout your presentation. Don&#8217;t use all upper case or all bold. Avoid small caps and all word art, shadows, outlines, stretching text, and other visual effects. Use italics and underlines only for their intended purposes (for titles or emphasis and URLs respectively), not for design.<\/p>\n<h3>Text<\/h3>\n<p>Nothing is more hotly debated in slide design than the amount of text that should be on a slide. Godin says \u201cno more than six words on a slide. EVER\u201d (as cited in Reynolds, 2008, p. 20). Other common approaches include the <strong>5&#215;5 rule<\/strong>\u2014five lines of text, five words per line\u2014and similar<strong> 6&#215;6<\/strong> and <strong>7&#215;7 rules<\/strong>. Even with these recommendations, it is still painfully common to see slides with so much text on them that they can&#8217;t be read by the audience. The type has to be so small to fit all the words on the slide that no one can read it. Duarte points out that if you have too many words, you no longer have a visual aid. You have either a paper or a teleprompter, and she recommends opting for a small number of words.<\/p>\n<p>Once you understand that the words on the screen are competing for your audience&#8217;s attention, it will be easier to edit your slide text down to a minimum. The next time you are watching a presentation and the slide changes, notice how you aren&#8217;t really grasping what the speaker is saying, and you also aren&#8217;t really understanding what you are reading. Studies have proved this split-attention affects our ability to retain information;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Mayer, Richard E. Multimedia Learning. Cambridge University Press, 2001.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-10\" href=\"#footnote-782-10\" aria-label=\"Footnote 10\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[10]<\/sup><\/a> so when presenting, you need to give your audience silent reading time when you display a new slide. That is, talk, advance to your next slide, wait for them to read the slide, and then resume talking. If you consider how much time your audience is reading rather than listening, hopefully you will decide to reduce the text on your slide and return the focus back to you, the speaker, and your message.<\/p>\n<p>There are several ways to <strong>reduce the number of words on your page<\/strong>, but don&#8217;t do it haphazardly. Tufte warns against abbreviating your message just to make it fit. He says this dumbs down your message, which does a disservice to your purpose and insults your audience&#8217;s intelligence.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Tufte, Edward R. The cognitive style of PowerPoint. Graphics Press, 2003.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-11\" href=\"#footnote-782-11\" aria-label=\"Footnote 11\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[11]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Instead, Duarte and Reynolds recommend turning as many concepts as possible into images.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Duarte,\u00a0Nancy.\u00a0Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences. Wiley,\u00a02010.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-12\" href=\"#footnote-782-12\" aria-label=\"Footnote 12\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Reynolds, Garr. Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery.\u00a0Pearson Education, 2007.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-13\" href=\"#footnote-782-13\" aria-label=\"Footnote 13\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[13]<\/sup><\/a> Studies have shown that people retain more information when they see images that relate to the words they are hearing.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Mayer, Richard E. Multimedia Learning. Cambridge University Press, 2001.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-14\" href=\"#footnote-782-14\" aria-label=\"Footnote 14\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[14]<\/sup><\/a> And when people are presented information for a very short time, they remember images better than words.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Reynolds, Garr. Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery.\u00a0Pearson Education, 2007.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-15\" href=\"#footnote-782-15\" aria-label=\"Footnote 15\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The ubiquitous use of <strong>bulleted lists<\/strong> is also hotly debated. PowerPoint is practically designed around the bulleted-list format, even though is it regularly blamed for dull, tedious presentations with either overly dense or overly superficial content.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Tufte, Edward R. The cognitive style of PowerPoint. Graphics Press, 2003.\" id=\"return-footnote-782-16\" href=\"#footnote-782-16\" aria-label=\"Footnote 16\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[16]<\/sup><\/a> Mostly this format is used (incorrectly) as a presenter&#8217;s outline. \u201c<em>No one can do a good presentation with slide after slide of bullet points. No One.<\/em>\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Reynolds, Garr. Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery.\u00a0Pearson Education, 2007, p. 130\" id=\"return-footnote-782-17\" href=\"#footnote-782-17\" aria-label=\"Footnote 17\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[17]<\/sup><\/a> Reserve bulleted lists for specifications or explaining the order of processes. In\u00a0all other cases, look for ways to use images, a short phrase, or even no visual at all.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quotes<\/strong>, on the other hand, are not as offensive to design when they are short, legible, and infrequently used. They can be a very powerful way to hammer a point home or to launch into your next topic. If you do use a quote in your slide show, immediately stop and read it out loud or allow time for it to be read silently. If the quote is important enough for you to include it in the talk, the quote deserves the audience&#8217;s time to read and think about it. Alternately, use a photo of the speaker or of the subject with a phrase from the quote you will be reading them, making the slide enhance the point of the quote.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>To Watch: David JP Phillips:\u00a0How to Avoid Death by PowerPoint<\/h3>\n<p>In this speech, David JP Phillips explains how to optimize your slide presentation to help your audience focus on your message and get your point across.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"How to avoid death By PowerPoint | David JP Phillips | TEDxStockholmSalon\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Iwpi1Lm6dFo?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Public_Speaking\/transcripts\/HowToAvoidDeathByPowerPoint_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;How to avoid death By PowerPoint | David JP Phillips | TEDxStockholmSalon&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-782\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Slide Layout. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sheila Kasperek. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Public Speaking Project. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Used by permission<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>How to avoid death By PowerPoint | David JP Phillips | TEDxStockholmSalon. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: TEDx Talks. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Iwpi1Lm6dFo\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Iwpi1Lm6dFo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-782-1\">Reynolds,\u00a0Garr.\u00a0<em>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery<\/em>, Pearson Education,\u00a02007. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-2\">Duarte,\u00a0Nancy.\u00a0<em>Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences<\/em>. Wiley,\u00a02010. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-3\">Reynolds,\u00a0Garr.\u00a0<em>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery<\/em>, Pearson Education,\u00a02007. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-4\">Williams,\u00a0Robin.\u00a0<em>The Non-designer's Design Book: Design and Typographic Principles for the Visual Novice<\/em>. Peachpit Press,\u00a02015. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-5\">Kadavy,\u00a0David.\u00a0<em>Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering Beauty<\/em>.\u00a0 Wiley,\u00a02011. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-6\">Williams,\u00a0Robin.\u00a0<em>The Non-designer's Design Book: Design and Typographic Principles for the Visual Novice<\/em>. Peachpit Press,\u00a02015. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-6\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 6\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-7\">Kadavy, David. <i>Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering<\/i> Beauty. Wiley, 2011. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-7\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 7\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-8\">Kadavy, David. <i>Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering<\/i> Beauty. Wiley, 2011. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-8\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 8\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-9\">Duarte,\u00a0Nancy.\u00a0<em>Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences<\/em>. Wiley,\u00a02010. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-9\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 9\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-10\">Mayer, Richard E.<i> Multimedia Learning<\/i>. Cambridge University Press, 2001. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-10\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 10\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-11\">Tufte, Edward R. <i>The cognitive style of PowerPoint<\/i>. Graphics Press, 2003. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-11\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 11\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-12\">Duarte,\u00a0Nancy.\u00a0<em>Resonate: Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences<\/em>. Wiley,\u00a02010. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-12\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 12\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-13\">Reynolds, Garr. <i>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery.<\/i>\u00a0Pearson Education, 2007. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-13\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 13\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-14\">Mayer, Richard E.<i> Multimedia Learning<\/i>. Cambridge University Press, 2001. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-14\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 14\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-15\">Reynolds, Garr. <i>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery.<\/i>\u00a0Pearson Education, 2007. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-15\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 15\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-16\">Tufte, Edward R. <i>The cognitive style of PowerPoint<\/i>. Graphics Press, 2003. <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-16\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 16\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-782-17\">Reynolds, Garr. <i>Presentation Zen: Simple Ideas on Presentation Design and Delivery.<\/i>\u00a0Pearson Education, 2007, p. 130 <a href=\"#return-footnote-782-17\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 17\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":161083,"menu_order":16,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Slide Layout\",\"author\":\"Sheila Kasperek\",\"organization\":\"Mansfield University, Mansfield, PA\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"Public Speaking Project\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Used by permission\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"How to avoid death By PowerPoint | David JP Phillips | TEDxStockholmSalon\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"TEDx Talks\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Iwpi1Lm6dFo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"59c205c5-7367-402c-95c5-03878a57f297, 4dede4ca-2f63-4b62-bd69-2d065af5a594, aafdd945-ec63-472f-b771-8d719a4d1436","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-782","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":679,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/782","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/161083"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/782\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4490,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/782\/revisions\/4490"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/679"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/782\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=782"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=782"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=782"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-publicspeaking\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=782"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}