{"id":414,"date":"2020-03-11T03:29:36","date_gmt":"2020-03-11T03:29:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-introductoryspanish1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=414"},"modified":"2024-04-29T19:34:43","modified_gmt":"2024-04-29T19:34:43","slug":"gramatica-ser-y-estar-i-como","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-spanish1-2\/chapter\/gramatica-ser-y-estar-i-como\/","title":{"raw":"Gram\u00e1tica: Ser y Estar I \/ \u00bfC\u00f3mo?","rendered":"Gram\u00e1tica: Ser y Estar I \/ \u00bfC\u00f3mo?"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Objetivos<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Recognize different uses of ser and estar<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ask and answer questions with \u00bfC\u00f3mo?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<em>Ser<\/em> and\u00a0<em>estar<\/em> both mean \"to be\", and both can be followed by adjectives, but they're not the same! We use different adjectives with each one, to convey different kinds of \"being\".\r\n<h4><span lang=\"es\">Adjetivos usados con <em>ser:\u00a0<\/em><\/span>Personality, general lifestyle, or qualities<\/h4>\r\nYou might remember that we used\u00a0<em>ser<\/em> to talk about the inherent, essential or identifying qualities or characteristics of a person or thing:\r\n<div class=\"twocolumn\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>alto\/a (<em>tall<\/em>) - bajo\/a (<em>short<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>amable\/a (<em>nice, amiable<\/em>) - antip\u00e1tico\/a (<em>unfriendly<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>honesto\/deshonesto (<em>honest\/dishonest<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>inteligente (<em>intelligent<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h4>Adjetivos usados con\u00a0<em>estar:<\/em>\u00a0 Conditions or states<\/h4>\r\nAnd in a previous section we used\u00a0<em>estar<\/em> to talk about the temporary, relative, or contingent condition of a person or thing:\r\n<div class=\"twocolumn\">\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>contento (<em>happy, content<\/em>) - triste (<em>sad<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>sano (<em>healthy<\/em>) - enfermo (<em>sick<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>tranquilo (<em>calm<\/em>) - preocupado (<em>worried<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cansado (<em>tired<\/em>) - en\u00e9rgico (<em>energetic<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen trying to decide between <em>ser<\/em> and <em>estar<\/em>, ask yourself: is this a <strong>characteristic<\/strong> of the person\/thing (use <em>ser<\/em>), or is it a <strong>condition<\/strong> or state (use <em>estar<\/em>)?\u00a0For this reason, emotions usually go with\u00a0<em>estar,\u00a0<\/em>while personality traits go with\u00a0<em>ser<\/em>.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4675\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-4675 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4475\/2019\/06\/09163255\/closed_sidewalk-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Sign and cones closing a sidewalk.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/> This sidewalk closure is a temporary state, not a permanent characteristic (hopefully). So the sign reads \"La acera est\u00e1 cerrada.\"[\/caption]\r\n<h4 lang=\"es\">Adjetivos usados con\u00a0<em>ser<\/em> y\u00a0<em>estar<\/em><\/h4>\r\nWith some adjectives, the meaning of the same word changes depending on whether you are trying to describe a characteristic or a condition. For instance:\u00a0<span lang=\"es\"><em>\u00c9l es aburrido<\/em> (he is <strong>boring<\/strong> [quality or characteristic]) vs. <em>\u00c9l est\u00e1 aburrido<\/em> (he is <strong>bored<\/strong> [state or condition]).\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2858\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"400\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2858\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4475\/2019\/06\/13045306\/boring.jpg\" alt=\"two people, one looking at their watch\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" \/> <span lang=\"es\">\u00c9l es aburrido.<\/span> (<i>He is boring.<\/i>) \/ <span lang=\"es\">\u00c9l est\u00e1 aburrido.<\/span> (<i>He is bored.<\/i>)[\/caption]\r\n<h4>Examples of change in meaning for specific adjectives:<\/h4>\r\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\r\n \t<li><span lang=\"es\">Vivo\r\nEl abuelo est\u00e1 vivo.<\/span> (<em>still alive<\/em>)\r\n<span lang=\"es\">El abuelo es vivo.<\/span> (<em>clever, alert<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span lang=\"es\">Listo\r\nEl ni\u00f1o es listo. <\/span>(H<em>e\u2019s clever<\/em>: personality)\r\n<span lang=\"es\">El ni\u00f1o est\u00e1 listo. <\/span>(H<em>e is ready to do some activity.<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span lang=\"es\">Verde\r\nLa fruta est\u00e1 verde. <\/span>(<em>The fruit is green,\u00a0immature, not ripe.<\/em>)\r\n<span lang=\"es\">La fruta es verde. <\/span>(<em>permanent color of the fruit<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span lang=\"es\">Joven\r\nLa abuela est\u00e1 joven para su edad. <\/span>(<em>comparative, she is old in age, but looks young<\/em>)\r\n<span lang=\"es\">Tienes diez a\u00f1os, eres muy joven para mirar esa pel\u00edcula. <\/span>(<em>age as defining characteristic<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span lang=\"es\">Rico\r\nLa mujer es rica. <\/span>(<em>wealthy<\/em>)\r\n<span lang=\"es\">La comida est\u00e1 rica.<\/span> (<em>delicious<\/em>)\r\n<span lang=\"es\"><strong>\u00a1OJO!<\/strong> Using <em>e<\/em><\/span><em>st\u00e1 rico\/a<\/em>\u00a0to refer to people has a sexual connotation, and can be offensive. \u201cHe\/she is hot looking.\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h4>A few notes to consider:<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span lang=\"es\">Muerto\r\nEl abuelo est\u00e1 muerto. <\/span>(<em>The grandfather is dead.<\/em> Even though when a person is dead it is a permanent condition, \u201cestar\u201d is used because becoming \u201cdead\u201d only takes a second to change from \u201cestar vivo\u201d.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span lang=\"es\">Embarazada\r\nMi compa\u00f1era est\u00e1 embarazada.<\/span> (<em>My roommate is pregnant.<\/em>\u00a0This adjective is only used with women. In English sometimes it is common to hear that the couple or the man is \u201cpregnant\u201d also, implying that both are parenting; however, in Spanish a man is never <span lang=\"es\">\u201cembarazado\u201d.)<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>\u00bfC\u00f3mo?<\/h3>\r\nNow it's time for a closer look at a question word that you have been using ever since the very start of this course. <em>\u00bfC\u00f3mo?<\/em> literally means \"how?\", but is not always translated that way in English. Notice in the following examples how the difference between\u00a0<em>ser<\/em> and\u00a0<em>estar<\/em>\u00a0drives a different translation of <em>\u00bfc\u00f3mo?<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"\u00a1Hola! \u00bfC\u00f3mo est\u00e1s?\"\u00a0 \"Estoy bien, gracias.\" (<em>\"<\/em><em>Hi! How are you?\"\u00a0 \"I'm fine, thanks.\"<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"\u00bfC\u00f3mo es tu novio?\"\u00a0 \"Es c\u00f3mico y muy inteligente.\" (<em>\"What is your boyfriend like?\"\u00a0 \"He's funny and very intelligent.\"<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"\u00bfC\u00f3mo vamos a aprender todo esto?\"\u00a0 \"Vamos a estudiar gradualmente, un poco cada d\u00eda.\" (<em>\"How are we going to learn all of this?\"\u00a0 \"We are going to study gradually, a little bit every day.\"<\/em>)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Objetivos<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Recognize different uses of ser and estar<\/li>\n<li>Ask and answer questions with \u00bfC\u00f3mo?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Ser<\/em> and\u00a0<em>estar<\/em> both mean &#8220;to be&#8221;, and both can be followed by adjectives, but they&#8217;re not the same! We use different adjectives with each one, to convey different kinds of &#8220;being&#8221;.<\/p>\n<h4><span lang=\"es\">Adjetivos usados con <em>ser:\u00a0<\/em><\/span>Personality, general lifestyle, or qualities<\/h4>\n<p>You might remember that we used\u00a0<em>ser<\/em> to talk about the inherent, essential or identifying qualities or characteristics of a person or thing:<\/p>\n<div class=\"twocolumn\">\n<ul>\n<li>alto\/a (<em>tall<\/em>) &#8211; bajo\/a (<em>short<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>amable\/a (<em>nice, amiable<\/em>) &#8211; antip\u00e1tico\/a (<em>unfriendly<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>honesto\/deshonesto (<em>honest\/dishonest<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>inteligente (<em>intelligent<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Adjetivos usados con\u00a0<em>estar:<\/em>\u00a0 Conditions or states<\/h4>\n<p>And in a previous section we used\u00a0<em>estar<\/em> to talk about the temporary, relative, or contingent condition of a person or thing:<\/p>\n<div class=\"twocolumn\">\n<ul>\n<li>contento (<em>happy, content<\/em>) &#8211; triste (<em>sad<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>sano (<em>healthy<\/em>) &#8211; enfermo (<em>sick<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>tranquilo (<em>calm<\/em>) &#8211; preocupado (<em>worried<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>cansado (<em>tired<\/em>) &#8211; en\u00e9rgico (<em>energetic<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>When trying to decide between <em>ser<\/em> and <em>estar<\/em>, ask yourself: is this a <strong>characteristic<\/strong> of the person\/thing (use <em>ser<\/em>), or is it a <strong>condition<\/strong> or state (use <em>estar<\/em>)?\u00a0For this reason, emotions usually go with\u00a0<em>estar,\u00a0<\/em>while personality traits go with\u00a0<em>ser<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4675\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4675\" class=\"wp-image-4675 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4475\/2019\/06\/09163255\/closed_sidewalk-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Sign and cones closing a sidewalk.\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4675\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This sidewalk closure is a temporary state, not a permanent characteristic (hopefully). So the sign reads &#8220;La acera est\u00e1 cerrada.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4 lang=\"es\">Adjetivos usados con\u00a0<em>ser<\/em> y\u00a0<em>estar<\/em><\/h4>\n<p>With some adjectives, the meaning of the same word changes depending on whether you are trying to describe a characteristic or a condition. For instance:\u00a0<span lang=\"es\"><em>\u00c9l es aburrido<\/em> (he is <strong>boring<\/strong> [quality or characteristic]) vs. <em>\u00c9l est\u00e1 aburrido<\/em> (he is <strong>bored<\/strong> [state or condition]).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2858\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2858\" class=\"wp-image-2858\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4475\/2019\/06\/13045306\/boring.jpg\" alt=\"two people, one looking at their watch\" width=\"400\" height=\"266\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2858\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span lang=\"es\">\u00c9l es aburrido.<\/span> (<i>He is boring.<\/i>) \/ <span lang=\"es\">\u00c9l est\u00e1 aburrido.<\/span> (<i>He is bored.<\/i>)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Examples of change in meaning for specific adjectives:<\/h4>\n<ul class=\"twocolumn\">\n<li><span lang=\"es\">Vivo<br \/>\nEl abuelo est\u00e1 vivo.<\/span> (<em>still alive<\/em>)<br \/>\n<span lang=\"es\">El abuelo es vivo.<\/span> (<em>clever, alert<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"es\">Listo<br \/>\nEl ni\u00f1o es listo. <\/span>(H<em>e\u2019s clever<\/em>: personality)<br \/>\n<span lang=\"es\">El ni\u00f1o est\u00e1 listo. <\/span>(H<em>e is ready to do some activity.<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"es\">Verde<br \/>\nLa fruta est\u00e1 verde. <\/span>(<em>The fruit is green,\u00a0immature, not ripe.<\/em>)<br \/>\n<span lang=\"es\">La fruta es verde. <\/span>(<em>permanent color of the fruit<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"es\">Joven<br \/>\nLa abuela est\u00e1 joven para su edad. <\/span>(<em>comparative, she is old in age, but looks young<\/em>)<br \/>\n<span lang=\"es\">Tienes diez a\u00f1os, eres muy joven para mirar esa pel\u00edcula. <\/span>(<em>age as defining characteristic<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"es\">Rico<br \/>\nLa mujer es rica. <\/span>(<em>wealthy<\/em>)<br \/>\n<span lang=\"es\">La comida est\u00e1 rica.<\/span> (<em>delicious<\/em>)<br \/>\n<span lang=\"es\"><strong>\u00a1OJO!<\/strong> Using <em>e<\/em><\/span><em>st\u00e1 rico\/a<\/em>\u00a0to refer to people has a sexual connotation, and can be offensive. \u201cHe\/she is hot looking.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>A few notes to consider:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"es\">Muerto<br \/>\nEl abuelo est\u00e1 muerto. <\/span>(<em>The grandfather is dead.<\/em> Even though when a person is dead it is a permanent condition, \u201cestar\u201d is used because becoming \u201cdead\u201d only takes a second to change from \u201cestar vivo\u201d.)<\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"es\">Embarazada<br \/>\nMi compa\u00f1era est\u00e1 embarazada.<\/span> (<em>My roommate is pregnant.<\/em>\u00a0This adjective is only used with women. In English sometimes it is common to hear that the couple or the man is \u201cpregnant\u201d also, implying that both are parenting; however, in Spanish a man is never <span lang=\"es\">\u201cembarazado\u201d.)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u00bfC\u00f3mo?<\/h3>\n<p>Now it&#8217;s time for a closer look at a question word that you have been using ever since the very start of this course. <em>\u00bfC\u00f3mo?<\/em> literally means &#8220;how?&#8221;, but is not always translated that way in English. Notice in the following examples how the difference between\u00a0<em>ser<\/em> and\u00a0<em>estar<\/em>\u00a0drives a different translation of <em>\u00bfc\u00f3mo?<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;\u00a1Hola! \u00bfC\u00f3mo est\u00e1s?&#8221;\u00a0 &#8220;Estoy bien, gracias.&#8221; (<em>&#8220;<\/em><em>Hi! How are you?&#8221;\u00a0 &#8220;I&#8217;m fine, thanks.&#8221;<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;\u00bfC\u00f3mo es tu novio?&#8221;\u00a0 &#8220;Es c\u00f3mico y muy inteligente.&#8221; (<em>&#8220;What is your boyfriend like?&#8221;\u00a0 &#8220;He&#8217;s funny and very intelligent.&#8221;<\/em>)<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;\u00bfC\u00f3mo vamos a aprender todo esto?&#8221;\u00a0 &#8220;Vamos a estudiar gradualmente, un poco cada d\u00eda.&#8221; (<em>&#8220;How are we going to learn all of this?&#8221;\u00a0 &#8220;We are going to study gradually, a little bit every day.&#8221;<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-414\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Coffee date. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: RachelScottYoga. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/es\/photos\/mujer-fecha-caf%C3%A9-el-amor-ni%C3%B1a-2937190\/\">https:\/\/pixabay.com\/es\/photos\/mujer-fecha-caf%C3%A9-el-amor-ni%C3%B1a-2937190\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Pixabay License<\/li><li>bored. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: rawpixel.com. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1433241\">https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1433241<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Some content adapted from Athabasca University&#039;s Beginner Spanish OER. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Athabasca University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ocw.lms.athabascau.ca\/mod\/page\/view.php?id=3157\">https:\/\/ocw.lms.athabascau.ca\/mod\/page\/view.php?id=3157<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Acera cerrada. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Daniel Lobo. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/eZpN4\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/eZpN4<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Lumen Learning authored content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Gramu00e1tica: Ser y Estar I \/ u00bfCu00f3mo?. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: SUNY Oneonta with Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: SUNY Oneonta. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":161083,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Coffee date\",\"author\":\"RachelScottYoga\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/es\/photos\/mujer-fecha-caf%C3%A9-el-amor-ni%C3%B1a-2937190\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Pixabay License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"bored\",\"author\":\"rawpixel.com\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/pxhere.com\/en\/photo\/1433241\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"lumen\",\"description\":\"Gramu00e1tica: Ser y Estar I \/ u00bfCu00f3mo?\",\"author\":\"SUNY Oneonta with Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"SUNY 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