{"id":147,"date":"2015-08-21T17:59:32","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T17:59:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory1os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=147"},"modified":"2022-07-25T19:16:27","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T19:16:27","slug":"the-french-and-indian-war","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/the-french-and-indian-war\/","title":{"raw":"Wars for Empire (1689-1763)","rendered":"Wars for Empire (1689-1763)"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the significant conflicts between the British, French, and Spanish during the 17th- and 18th-century Wars for Empire<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe 17th-18th century\u00a0Wars for Empire (1689-1763) solidified the links between the European and North American components of the British Empire. Great Britain fought four separate wars against French Imperial and colonial forces\u00a0for control of portions of modern-day Canada and the Ohio Valley.\u00a0The War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear (1739-1748), pitted Britain against Spain in North America. These conflicts for control of North America also forced colonists to forge alliances or establish enmity with Native Americans, as different tribes aligned themselves with embattled European powers.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4882\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"762\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2015\/08\/29015135\/1200px-Imperial_Wars_timeline.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-4882\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2015\/08\/29015135\/1200px-Imperial_Wars_timeline.png\" alt=\"Timeline showing European and North American Wars associated with the Wars for Empire. King William's War\/War of the Grand Alliance in the late 1600s, then Queen Anne's War\/War of Spanish Succession, then King George's War\/War of Austrian Succession, and the French and Indian War\/Seven Years' War.\" width=\"762\" height=\"236\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. A timeline showing the major conflicts during the Wars for Empire.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm60730256\"><span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">Wars for Empire (1689-1763): Generations of Warfare<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm140976\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm17460592\">Generations of British colonists grew up when North America, especially the Northeast, was embroiled in one war or another.\u00a0In the eighteenth century, fighting was seasonal. Armies mobilized in the spring, fought in the summer, and retired to winter quarters in the fall. The British army imposed harsh discipline on its soldiers, who were typically drawn from the poorer classes, to ensure they did not step out of line during engagements. If they did, they were severely punished, humiliated, or killed (for more serious offenses such as multiple desertions). On the battlefield, armies dressed in bright uniforms to advertise their bravery and lack of fear. They stood in tight formation and exchanged volleys with the enemy.[footnote]Richard Holmes. 2001. <em>Redcoat: the British soldier in the age of horse and musket<\/em>. London: HarperCollins.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>King William's War<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm6500288\">Most imperial conflicts had both North American and European fronts, often resulting in two names for each war. For instance, the North American\u00a0conflict known as <strong>King William\u2019s War<\/strong> (1688\u20131697) was an extension of the European War of the League of Augsburg, or the War of the Grand Alliance, or Nine Year's War. In America, the bulk of the fighting in this conflict took place between New England and <strong>New France<\/strong> (modern-day Quebec, Canada, parts of New England, and the Great Lakes area). That particular war proved inconclusive, with no clear victor.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_04_05_WilliamWar\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"585\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202208\/CNX_History_04_05_WilliamWar.jpg\" alt=\"A map shows the campaigns of King William\u2019s War, as well as the French- and British-held areas, missions, forts, and settlements.\" width=\"585\" height=\"414\" \/> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong>\u00a0This map shows the French and British armies\u2019 movements during King William\u2019s War, in which there was no clear victor.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video explains some of the tensions between the British, French, and Native Americans during King William's War and Queen Anne's War.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6788503&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=mC2Sy2vI1qA&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-6ih9txmv-mC2Sy2vI1qA\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/thewarsofkingwilliamandqueenanne1689-1713transcript.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Wars of King William and Queen Anne, 1689-1737\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Queen Anne's War<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm22768096\"><strong>Queen Anne\u2019s War<\/strong> (1702\u20131713), known as the War of Spanish Succession in Europe, saw England battling both Spain and France over who would ascend the Spanish throne after the last of the <strong>Hapsburg<\/strong> rulers of Spain, Charles II, died without an heir. In North America, the fighting took place in Florida, New England, and New France. The Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1713, following a preliminary peace in 1712. France ceded the territories of Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland to Britain while retaining Cape Breton Island and other islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The victory for the English was again not decisive because they failed to take Quebec, which would have given them control of New France since it was the capital.\u00a0Some terms were ambiguous in the treaty, and the concerns of various Native tribes were not included, thereby setting the stage for future conflicts, including Dummer's War (1722-1725), in which the British in New England fought against the Wabanaki Confederacy, who were allied with the French.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp36341360\">Queen Anne's War is best remembered in the United States for the raid against Deerfield, Massachusetts in 1704. A small French force, allied with a Native American division made up of Catholic <strong>Mohawks<\/strong> and Pocumtucs (modern-day Pocumtuc descendants have been subsumed into the Abenaki tribe), attacked the British outpost of Deerfield, killing scores of English colonists and taking 112 prisoners. Among the captives was the seven-year-old Eunice Williams, the daughter of Deerfield\u2019s minister John Williams. She lived with the Mohawks for years and became assimilated into the tribe while her family tried to find her. To the horror of the Puritan leaders, when she grew up Eunice married a Mohawk man and refused to return to New England.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\r\nClifton Johnson, an American author and photographer, published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canadiana.ca\/view\/oocihm.13500\/16?r=0&amp;s=1\">An Unredeemed Captive<\/a>, the story of Eunice Williams in 1897.[footnote]Clifton Johnson, An Unredeemed Captive (Holyoke, MA: Griffith, Axtell &amp; Cady, 1897).[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 id=\"fs-idm31575056\">War of Jenkin's Ear<\/h3>\r\nThe North American <strong>War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear<\/strong> (1739\u20131742) centered on the possession of Georgia and trade with the interior colonies. The conflict arose between over contested claims by both Britain and Spain to the land occupied by the new colony. The war got its name from an incident in 1731 in which a Spanish Coast Guard captain severed the ear of British captain Robert Jenkins as retribution for raiding Spanish ships in Panama. Jenkins fueled the growing animosity between England and Spain by presenting his ear to Parliament and stirring up British public outrage. The War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear disrupted Atlantic trade routes, which hurt both Spain and Britain and was a major reason the war ended in 1742. Georgia, founded six years earlier, remained British and worked as an effective buffer against Spanish-controlled Florida.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video explains the War of Jenkin's Ear and its connection to the larger conflicts between the British, Spanish, and then the French.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6788504&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=XRE33etwD9w&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-4zh1xflh-XRE33etwD9w\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/thewarofjenkin'searandkinggeorge'swar1739-1741.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe War of Jenkin's Ear and King George's War, 1739-1748\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>King George's War<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm41070256\"><strong>King George\u2019s War<\/strong> (1744\u20131748), known in Europe as the War of Austrian Succession (1740\u20131748), was fought mostly in the northern colonies and in New France.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202209\/CNX_History_04_05_Louisbourg.jpg\" alt=\"A painting shows British forces landing on the island of Cape Breton.\" width=\"520\" height=\"382\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. In this 1747 painting by J. Stevens, View of the landing of the New England forces in ye expedition against Cape Breton, British forces land on the island of Cape Breton to capture Fort Louisbourg.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily. Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743.\u00a0War was not formally declared between Britain and France until March 1744 and Massachusetts did not declare war against Quebec and France until June 2.\r\n\r\nThe war took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay (which included Maine as well as Massachusetts at the time), New Hampshire (which included Vermont at the time), and Nova Scotia. Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745.\u00a0However, three years later the war ended under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and Britain relinquished control of the fortress to the French. King George's War once again, the war resulted in an incomplete victory for both Britain and France.\u00a0The war took a heavy toll, especially in the northern British colonies. The losses of Massachusetts men alone in 1745\u201346 have been estimated as 8% of that colony's adult male population. The peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes.\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp50957424\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The final conflict of the Wars for Empire, the <strong>French and Indian War<\/strong> (1754\u20131763), known as the Seven Years\u2019 War in Europe, would prove to be the decisive contest between Britain and France in North America. All of these North American conflicts between the English and French are sometimes together referred to as the First, Second, Third, and Fourth French and Indian Wars. To review, the North American wars, and their associated\u00a0European\u00a0wars, in sequence, are:<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"width: 683px;\" align=\"center\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" colspan=\"3\">Table 1. <strong>Wars for Empire<\/strong><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 84.5139px;\">Years of War<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 366.632px;\">North American War<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 192.917px;\">European War<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"center\">1688\u20131697<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 366.632px;\" valign=\"top\"><b>King William's War<\/b>\r\n\r\n<i>1st Intercolonial War<\/i>\u00a0(in\u00a0French)<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192.917px;\" valign=\"top\">War of the Grand Alliance\/War of the\u00a0League of Augsburg\/Nine Years' War<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"center\">1702\u20131713<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 366.632px;\" valign=\"top\"><b>Queen Anne's War<\/b>\r\n\r\n<i>2nd Intercolonial War<\/i>\r\n\r\n<b>Dummer's War<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192.917px;\" valign=\"top\">War of the Spanish Succession<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"center\">1744\u20131748<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 366.632px;\" valign=\"top\"><b>King George's War<\/b>\r\n\r\n<i>3rd Intercolonial War<\/i>\r\n\r\n<b>War of Jenkins' Ear<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192.917px;\" valign=\"top\">War of the Austrian Succession<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"center\">1754\u20131763<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 366.632px;\" valign=\"top\"><b>The French and Indian War<\/b>\r\n\r\n<i>4th Intercolonial War<\/i>\u00a0or\u00a0<i>War of Conquest<\/i>\u00a0(in Quebec)<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n\r\n<i>6th Indian War<\/i><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\r\n\r\n<b>Father Le Loutre's War<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 192.917px;\" valign=\"top\">Seven Years' War<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a8b073a5-b2c6-497e-ad37-910f1b19b677\r\n\r\n<iframe title=\"Interactives Template\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291445542501131578\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Hapsburgs:\u00a0<\/strong>A royal house founded in 11th century Swabia, in present-day Germany. The Hapsburg family held the throne of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 until 1740 and then again from 1765 to its final dissolution in 1806. The Hapsburgs married into almost every other royal family in Europe and their line still exists today in Karl von Habsburg, an Austrian politician, who is the son of the last Crown Prince of Austria.\r\n\r\n<strong>King George\u2019s War:<\/strong> (1744\u20131748), known in Europe as the War of Austrian Succession, and the third of four French and Indian Wars fought between the French and the British. It took place mostly in the New England colonies.\r\n\r\n<strong>King William\u2019s War:<\/strong> (1688\u20131697) an extension of the European War of the League of Augsburg, or the Nine Year's War, found primarily between France and a European coalition including the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg Monarchy), the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy, and Portugal. In North America, King William's War was largely\u00a0caused by the fact that the treaties and agreements that were reached at the end of King Philip's War (1675\u20131678) were not adhered to.\r\n\r\n<strong>Mohawks:\u00a0<\/strong>An Iroquois-speaking tribe of the Northeastern U.S. and Southeastern Canada. They lived mostly in upstate New York along the Hudson River. The first Native American Catholic saint,\u00a0Kateri Tekakwitha, came from the Mohawk tribe, many of whom converted to Catholicism. The Mohawks were split during the French and Indian War, with some supporting the British and some supporting the French.\r\n\r\n<strong>New France:\u00a0<\/strong>French colonial territory in North America. In 1645, New France consisted of most of Eastern Canada, the area around the Great Lakes, and the Ohio Valley. By 1745 it had expanded south along the Mississippi River to Louisiana.\r\n\r\n<strong>Queen Anne\u2019s War<\/strong> (1702\u20131713):\u00a0the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession in which\u00a0France and Spain fought against the English, Dutch, and the Holy Roman Empire. In America, fighting happened around Florida, New England, and New France and resulted in France ceding some territories in Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland.\r\n\r\n<strong>War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear\u00a0<\/strong>(1739\u20131742): a war fought between Britain and Spain over access to trade and control of the markets in the Caribbean and Georgia.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the significant conflicts between the British, French, and Spanish during the 17th- and 18th-century Wars for Empire<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The 17th-18th century\u00a0Wars for Empire (1689-1763) solidified the links between the European and North American components of the British Empire. Great Britain fought four separate wars against French Imperial and colonial forces\u00a0for control of portions of modern-day Canada and the Ohio Valley.\u00a0The War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear (1739-1748), pitted Britain against Spain in North America. These conflicts for control of North America also forced colonists to forge alliances or establish enmity with Native Americans, as different tribes aligned themselves with embattled European powers.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4882\" style=\"width: 772px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2015\/08\/29015135\/1200px-Imperial_Wars_timeline.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4882\" class=\"wp-image-4882\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2015\/08\/29015135\/1200px-Imperial_Wars_timeline.png\" alt=\"Timeline showing European and North American Wars associated with the Wars for Empire. King William's War\/War of the Grand Alliance in the late 1600s, then Queen Anne's War\/War of Spanish Succession, then King George's War\/War of Austrian Succession, and the French and Indian War\/Seven Years' War.\" width=\"762\" height=\"236\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4882\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. A timeline showing the major conflicts during the Wars for Empire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm60730256\"><span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">Wars for Empire (1689-1763): Generations of Warfare<\/span><\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idm140976\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm17460592\">Generations of British colonists grew up when North America, especially the Northeast, was embroiled in one war or another.\u00a0In the eighteenth century, fighting was seasonal. Armies mobilized in the spring, fought in the summer, and retired to winter quarters in the fall. The British army imposed harsh discipline on its soldiers, who were typically drawn from the poorer classes, to ensure they did not step out of line during engagements. If they did, they were severely punished, humiliated, or killed (for more serious offenses such as multiple desertions). On the battlefield, armies dressed in bright uniforms to advertise their bravery and lack of fear. They stood in tight formation and exchanged volleys with the enemy.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Richard Holmes. 2001. Redcoat: the British soldier in the age of horse and musket. London: HarperCollins.\" id=\"return-footnote-147-1\" href=\"#footnote-147-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>King William&#8217;s War<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm6500288\">Most imperial conflicts had both North American and European fronts, often resulting in two names for each war. For instance, the North American\u00a0conflict known as <strong>King William\u2019s War<\/strong> (1688\u20131697) was an extension of the European War of the League of Augsburg, or the War of the Grand Alliance, or Nine Year&#8217;s War. In America, the bulk of the fighting in this conflict took place between New England and <strong>New France<\/strong> (modern-day Quebec, Canada, parts of New England, and the Great Lakes area). That particular war proved inconclusive, with no clear victor.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_04_05_WilliamWar\">\n<div style=\"width: 595px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202208\/CNX_History_04_05_WilliamWar.jpg\" alt=\"A map shows the campaigns of King William\u2019s War, as well as the French- and British-held areas, missions, forts, and settlements.\" width=\"585\" height=\"414\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong>\u00a0This map shows the French and British armies\u2019 movements during King William\u2019s War, in which there was no clear victor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video explains some of the tensions between the British, French, and Native Americans during King William&#8217;s War and Queen Anne&#8217;s War.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6788503&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=mC2Sy2vI1qA&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-6ih9txmv-mC2Sy2vI1qA\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/thewarsofkingwilliamandqueenanne1689-1713transcript.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Wars of King William and Queen Anne, 1689-1737\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Queen Anne&#8217;s War<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm22768096\"><strong>Queen Anne\u2019s War<\/strong> (1702\u20131713), known as the War of Spanish Succession in Europe, saw England battling both Spain and France over who would ascend the Spanish throne after the last of the <strong>Hapsburg<\/strong> rulers of Spain, Charles II, died without an heir. In North America, the fighting took place in Florida, New England, and New France. The Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1713, following a preliminary peace in 1712. France ceded the territories of Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland to Britain while retaining Cape Breton Island and other islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The victory for the English was again not decisive because they failed to take Quebec, which would have given them control of New France since it was the capital.\u00a0Some terms were ambiguous in the treaty, and the concerns of various Native tribes were not included, thereby setting the stage for future conflicts, including Dummer&#8217;s War (1722-1725), in which the British in New England fought against the Wabanaki Confederacy, who were allied with the French.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp36341360\">Queen Anne&#8217;s War is best remembered in the United States for the raid against Deerfield, Massachusetts in 1704. A small French force, allied with a Native American division made up of Catholic <strong>Mohawks<\/strong> and Pocumtucs (modern-day Pocumtuc descendants have been subsumed into the Abenaki tribe), attacked the British outpost of Deerfield, killing scores of English colonists and taking 112 prisoners. Among the captives was the seven-year-old Eunice Williams, the daughter of Deerfield\u2019s minister John Williams. She lived with the Mohawks for years and became assimilated into the tribe while her family tried to find her. To the horror of the Puritan leaders, when she grew up Eunice married a Mohawk man and refused to return to New England.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\n<p>Clifton Johnson, an American author and photographer, published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canadiana.ca\/view\/oocihm.13500\/16?r=0&amp;s=1\">An Unredeemed Captive<\/a>, the story of Eunice Williams in 1897.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Clifton Johnson, An Unredeemed Captive (Holyoke, MA: Griffith, Axtell &amp; Cady, 1897).\" id=\"return-footnote-147-2\" href=\"#footnote-147-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"fs-idm31575056\">War of Jenkin&#8217;s Ear<\/h3>\n<p>The North American <strong>War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear<\/strong> (1739\u20131742) centered on the possession of Georgia and trade with the interior colonies. The conflict arose between over contested claims by both Britain and Spain to the land occupied by the new colony. The war got its name from an incident in 1731 in which a Spanish Coast Guard captain severed the ear of British captain Robert Jenkins as retribution for raiding Spanish ships in Panama. Jenkins fueled the growing animosity between England and Spain by presenting his ear to Parliament and stirring up British public outrage. The War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear disrupted Atlantic trade routes, which hurt both Spain and Britain and was a major reason the war ended in 1742. Georgia, founded six years earlier, remained British and worked as an effective buffer against Spanish-controlled Florida.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video explains the War of Jenkin&#8217;s Ear and its connection to the larger conflicts between the British, Spanish, and then the French.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6788504&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=XRE33etwD9w&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-4zh1xflh-XRE33etwD9w\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/thewarofjenkin'searandkinggeorge'swar1739-1741.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe War of Jenkin&#8217;s Ear and King George&#8217;s War, 1739-1748\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>King George&#8217;s War<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm41070256\"><strong>King George\u2019s War<\/strong> (1744\u20131748), known in Europe as the War of Austrian Succession (1740\u20131748), was fought mostly in the northern colonies and in New France.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202209\/CNX_History_04_05_Louisbourg.jpg\" alt=\"A painting shows British forces landing on the island of Cape Breton.\" width=\"520\" height=\"382\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. In this 1747 painting by J. Stevens, View of the landing of the New England forces in ye expedition against Cape Breton, British forces land on the island of Cape Breton to capture Fort Louisbourg.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The War of the Austrian Succession, nominally a struggle over the legitimacy of the accession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne, began in 1740, but at first did not involve either Britain or Spain militarily. Britain was drawn diplomatically into that conflict in 1742 as an ally of Austria and an opponent of France and Prussia, but open hostilities between them did not take place until 1743.\u00a0War was not formally declared between Britain and France until March 1744 and Massachusetts did not declare war against Quebec and France until June 2.<\/p>\n<p>The war took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay (which included Maine as well as Massachusetts at the time), New Hampshire (which included Vermont at the time), and Nova Scotia. Its most significant action was an expedition organized by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley that besieged and ultimately captured the French fortress of Louisbourg, on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, in 1745.\u00a0However, three years later the war ended under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and Britain relinquished control of the fortress to the French. King George&#8217;s War once again, the war resulted in an incomplete victory for both Britain and France.\u00a0The war took a heavy toll, especially in the northern British colonies. The losses of Massachusetts men alone in 1745\u201346 have been estimated as 8% of that colony&#8217;s adult male population. The peace treaty, which restored all colonial borders to their pre-war status, did little to end the lingering enmity between France, Britain, and their respective colonies, nor did it resolve any territorial disputes.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p id=\"fs-idp50957424\"><span style=\"color: #333333;\">The final conflict of the Wars for Empire, the <strong>French and Indian War<\/strong> (1754\u20131763), known as the Seven Years\u2019 War in Europe, would prove to be the decisive contest between Britain and France in North America. All of these North American conflicts between the English and French are sometimes together referred to as the First, Second, Third, and Fourth French and Indian Wars. To review, the North American wars, and their associated\u00a0European\u00a0wars, in sequence, are:<\/span><\/p>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"width: 683px; margin: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" colspan=\"3\">Table 1. <strong>Wars for Empire<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 84.5139px;\">Years of War<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 366.632px;\">North American War<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 192.917px;\">European War<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"center\">1688\u20131697<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 366.632px;\" valign=\"top\"><b>King William&#8217;s War<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>1st Intercolonial War<\/i>\u00a0(in\u00a0French)<sup id=\"cite_ref-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 192.917px;\" valign=\"top\">War of the Grand Alliance\/War of the\u00a0League of Augsburg\/Nine Years&#8217; War<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"center\">1702\u20131713<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 366.632px;\" valign=\"top\"><b>Queen Anne&#8217;s War<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>2nd Intercolonial War<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>Dummer&#8217;s War<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 192.917px;\" valign=\"top\">War of the Spanish Succession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"center\">1744\u20131748<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 366.632px;\" valign=\"top\"><b>King George&#8217;s War<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>3rd Intercolonial War<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b>War of Jenkins&#8217; Ear<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 192.917px;\" valign=\"top\">War of the Austrian Succession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 84.5139px;\" align=\"center\" valign=\"center\">1754\u20131763<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 366.632px;\" valign=\"top\"><b>The French and Indian War<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i>4th Intercolonial War<\/i>\u00a0or\u00a0<i>War of Conquest<\/i>\u00a0(in Quebec)<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><i>6th Indian War<\/i><sup id=\"cite_ref-3\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><b>Father Le Loutre&#8217;s War<\/b><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 192.917px;\" valign=\"top\">Seven Years&#8217; War<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_a8b073a5-b2c6-497e-ad37-910f1b19b677\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a8b073a5-b2c6-497e-ad37-910f1b19b677?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_a8b073a5-b2c6-497e-ad37-910f1b19b677\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Interactives Template\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291445542501131578\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Hapsburgs:\u00a0<\/strong>A royal house founded in 11th century Swabia, in present-day Germany. The Hapsburg family held the throne of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 until 1740 and then again from 1765 to its final dissolution in 1806. The Hapsburgs married into almost every other royal family in Europe and their line still exists today in Karl von Habsburg, an Austrian politician, who is the son of the last Crown Prince of Austria.<\/p>\n<p><strong>King George\u2019s War:<\/strong> (1744\u20131748), known in Europe as the War of Austrian Succession, and the third of four French and Indian Wars fought between the French and the British. It took place mostly in the New England colonies.<\/p>\n<p><strong>King William\u2019s War:<\/strong> (1688\u20131697) an extension of the European War of the League of Augsburg, or the Nine Year&#8217;s War, found primarily between France and a European coalition including the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg Monarchy), the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy, and Portugal. In North America, King William&#8217;s War was largely\u00a0caused by the fact that the treaties and agreements that were reached at the end of King Philip&#8217;s War (1675\u20131678) were not adhered to.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mohawks:\u00a0<\/strong>An Iroquois-speaking tribe of the Northeastern U.S. and Southeastern Canada. They lived mostly in upstate New York along the Hudson River. The first Native American Catholic saint,\u00a0Kateri Tekakwitha, came from the Mohawk tribe, many of whom converted to Catholicism. The Mohawks were split during the French and Indian War, with some supporting the British and some supporting the French.<\/p>\n<p><strong>New France:\u00a0<\/strong>French colonial territory in North America. In 1645, New France consisted of most of Eastern Canada, the area around the Great Lakes, and the Ohio Valley. By 1745 it had expanded south along the Mississippi River to Louisiana.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Queen Anne\u2019s War<\/strong> (1702\u20131713):\u00a0the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession in which\u00a0France and Spain fought against the English, Dutch, and the Holy Roman Empire. In America, fighting happened around Florida, New England, and New France and resulted in France ceding some territories in Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland.<\/p>\n<p><strong>War of Jenkins\u2019 Ear\u00a0<\/strong>(1739\u20131742): a war fought between Britain and Spain over access to trade and control of the markets in the Caribbean and Georgia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-147\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: P. Scott Corbett, Volker  Janssen, John M. Lund,  Todd Pfannestiel, Paul Vickery, and Sylvie Waskiewicz. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/4-5-wars-for-empire\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/4-5-wars-for-empire<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11740\/latest\/<\/li><li>The Seven Year&#039;s War. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/index.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Join or Die. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Join,_or_Die\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Join,_or_Die<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lillian Wills for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>King George War. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: NBC News Learn. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XRE33etwD9w\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XRE33etwD9w<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>French and Indian Wars. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_and_Indian_Wars\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_and_Indian_Wars<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Queen Anne&#039;s War. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Queen_Anne%27s_War\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Queen_Anne%27s_War<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>King George&#039;s War. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King_George%27s_War\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King_George%27s_War<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Seven Years War and the Great Awakening: Crash Course US History #5. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: CrashCourse. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/5vKGU3aEGss?t=1s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/5vKGU3aEGss?t=1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>The Wars of King William and Queen Anne, 1689-1713. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: NBC News Learn. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mC2Sy2vI1qA\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mC2Sy2vI1qA<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-147-1\">Richard Holmes. 2001. <em>Redcoat: the British soldier in the age of horse and musket<\/em>. London: HarperCollins. <a href=\"#return-footnote-147-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-147-2\">Clifton Johnson, An Unredeemed Captive (Holyoke, MA: Griffith, Axtell &amp; Cady, 1897). <a href=\"#return-footnote-147-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":969,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"P. Scott Corbett, Volker  Janssen, John M. Lund,  Todd Pfannestiel, Paul Vickery, and Sylvie Waskiewicz\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax College\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/4-5-wars-for-empire\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11740\/latest\/\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Seven Year\\'s War\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/index.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Join or Die\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Join,_or_Die\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The Seven Years War and the Great Awakening: Crash Course US History #5\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"CrashCourse\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/5vKGU3aEGss?t=1s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Lillian Wills for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The Wars of King William and Queen Anne, 1689-1713\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"NBC News Learn\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mC2Sy2vI1qA\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"King George War\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"NBC News Learn\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XRE33etwD9w\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"French and Indian Wars\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_and_Indian_Wars\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Queen Anne\\'s War\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Queen_Anne%27s_War\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"King George\\'s War\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King_George%27s_War\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"95ec7668-42e7-44f3-97a0-851ec2c49338,8d8d2dec-c2ca-4d5e-a490-bb5afac02481","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-147","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":151,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/147","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/969"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/147\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8309,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/147\/revisions\/8309"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/151"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/147\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=147"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=147"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}