{"id":2140,"date":"2021-03-02T06:01:34","date_gmt":"2021-03-02T06:01:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2140"},"modified":"2022-10-19T16:45:40","modified_gmt":"2022-10-19T16:45:40","slug":"the-democratic-republicans","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/the-democratic-republicans\/","title":{"raw":"The Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans","rendered":"The Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans"},"content":{"raw":"<section id=\"fs-idp49926960\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the vision of the Democratic-Republicans and how it differed from the Federalists<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Democratic-Republican Party and the First Party System<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm73341600\">James Madison and Thomas Jefferson felt the federal government had overstepped its authority by adopting the treasury secretary\u2019s plan. Madison found Hamilton\u2019s scheme immoral and offensive. He argued that it turned the reins of government over to the class of speculators who profited at the expense of hardworking citizens.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp5961040\">Jefferson, who had returned to the United States in 1790 after serving as a diplomat in France, tried unsuccessfully to convince Washington to block the creation of a national bank. He also took issue with what he perceived as favoritism given to commercial classes in the principal American cities. He thought urban life widened the gap between the wealthy few and an underclass of landless poor workers who, because of their oppressed condition, could never be good republican property owners. Rural areas, in contrast, offered far more opportunities for property ownership and virtue. In 1783 Jefferson wrote, \u201cThose who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God, if ever he had a chosen people.\u201d Jefferson believed that self-sufficient, property-owning republican citizens or yeoman farmers held the key to the success and longevity of the American republic. (As a creature of his times, he did not envision a similar role for either women or nonwhite men.) To him, Hamilton\u2019s program seemed to encourage economic inequalities and work against the ordinary American yeoman farmer.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm123190400\">Opposition to Hamilton, who had significant power in the new federal government, including the ear of President Washington, began in earnest in the early 1790s. Jefferson turned to his friend Philip Freneau to help organize the effort through the publication of the <em>National Gazette<\/em> as a counter to the Federalist press, especially the <em>Gazette of the United States<\/em>. From 1791 until 1793, when it ceased publication, Freneau\u2019s partisan paper attacked Hamilton\u2019s program and Washington\u2019s administration. \u201cRules for Changing a Republic into a Monarchy,\u201d written by Freneau, is an example of the type of attack aimed at the national government, and especially at the elitism of the Federalist Party. Newspapers in the 1790s became enormously important in American culture as partisans like Freneau attempted to sway public opinion. These newspapers did not aim to be objective; instead, they served to broadcast the views of a particular party.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"Figure_08_01_Gazettes\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202327\/CNX_History_08_01_Gazettes.jpg\" alt=\"Image (a) shows the front page of the Gazette of the United States. Image (b) shows the front page of the National Gazette.\" width=\"520\" height=\"430\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Here, the front page of the Federalist <em>Gazette<\/em> of the United States from September 9, 1789 (a), is shown beside that of the oppositional <em>National Gazette<\/em> from November 14, 1791 (b). The <em>Gazette of the United States<\/em> featured articles, sometimes written pseudonymously or anonymously, from leading Federalists like Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. The <em>National Gazette<\/em> was founded two years later to counter their political influence.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nVisit <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.org\/1-Constitution\/cmt\/freneau\/republic2monarchy.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this website to read Philip Freneau\u2019s essay<\/a>\u00a0(or look at <a href=\"https:\/\/chroniclingamerica.loc.gov\/lccn\/sn83025887\/issues\/first_pages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">others from the <em>National Gazette<\/em><\/a>). Can you identify three instances of persuasive writing against the Federalist Party or the government?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Federalists and Democratic-Republicans<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm72020336\">Opposition to the Federalists led to the formation of Democratic-Republican societies, composed of men who felt the domestic policies of the Washington administration were designed to enrich the few while ignoring everyone else. <strong>Democratic-Republicans<\/strong> championed limited government. Their fear of centralized power originated in the experience of the 1760s and 1770s when the distant, overbearing, and seemingly corrupt British Parliament attempted to impose its will on the colonies. To opponents, the Federalists promoted aristocracy and a monarchical government\u2014a betrayal of what many believed to be the goal of the American Revolution.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm76938160\">While wealthy merchants and planters formed the core of the Federalist leadership, members of the Democratic-Republican societies in cities like Philadelphia and New York came from the ranks of artisans. These citizens saw themselves as acting in the spirit of 1776, this time not against the haughty British but by what they believed to have replaced them\u2014a commercial class with no interest in the public good. Their political efforts against the Federalists were a battle to preserve republicanism, to promote the public good against private self-interest. They published their views, held meetings to voice their opposition, and sponsored festivals and parades. In their strident newspaper attacks, they also worked to undermine the traditional forms of deference and subordination to aristocrats, as they viewed in this case the Federalist elites. Some members of northern Democratic-Republican clubs denounced slavery as well.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm143304544\">\r\n<h2>Defining Citizenship<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm40240256\">While questions regarding the proper size and scope of the new national government created a divide among Americans and gave rise to political parties, a consensus existed among men on the issue of who qualified and who did not qualify as a citizen. The 1790 Naturalization Act defined citizenship in stark racial terms. To be a citizen of the American republic, an immigrant had to be a \u201cfree white person\u201d of \u201cgood character.\u201d By excluding enslaved persons, free Blacks, Native Americans, and Asians from citizenship, the act laid the foundation for the United States as a republic of White men.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm136526240\">Full citizenship that included the right to vote was restricted as well. Many state constitutions directed that only male property owners or taxpayers could vote. For women, the right to vote remained out of reach except in the state of New Jersey. In 1776, the fervor of the Revolution led New Jersey revolutionaries to write a constitution extending the right to vote to unmarried women who owned property worth \u00a350. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans competed for the votes of New Jersey women who met the requirements to cast ballots. This radical innovation continued until 1807, when New Jersey restricted voting to free White males.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>WAtch IT<\/h3>\r\nThis video explains the beginning of American political parties and some of the early debates surrounding governance in the new nation.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/r161cLYzuDI?t=1s\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/WhereUSPoliticsCameFromCrashCourseUSHistory9.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWhere US Politics Came From: Crash Course US History #9\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\nWhat were the fundamental differences between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican visions?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"633597\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"633597\"] Federalists believed in a strong federal republican government led by learned, public-spirited men of property. They believed that too much democracy would threaten the republic. The Democratic-Republicans, alternatively, feared too much federal government power and focused more on the rural areas of the country, which they thought were underrepresented and underserved. Democratic-Republicans felt that the spirit of true republicanism, which meant virtuous living for the common good, depended on farmers and agricultural areas.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/589efeee-a55f-43aa-a497-c8807d38b66f\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Democratic-Republicans:\u00a0<\/strong>advocates of limited government who were troubled by the expansive domestic policies of Washington\u2019s administration and opposed the Federalists\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section id=\"fs-idp49926960\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the vision of the Democratic-Republicans and how it differed from the Federalists<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Democratic-Republican Party and the First Party System<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm73341600\">James Madison and Thomas Jefferson felt the federal government had overstepped its authority by adopting the treasury secretary\u2019s plan. Madison found Hamilton\u2019s scheme immoral and offensive. He argued that it turned the reins of government over to the class of speculators who profited at the expense of hardworking citizens.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp5961040\">Jefferson, who had returned to the United States in 1790 after serving as a diplomat in France, tried unsuccessfully to convince Washington to block the creation of a national bank. He also took issue with what he perceived as favoritism given to commercial classes in the principal American cities. He thought urban life widened the gap between the wealthy few and an underclass of landless poor workers who, because of their oppressed condition, could never be good republican property owners. Rural areas, in contrast, offered far more opportunities for property ownership and virtue. In 1783 Jefferson wrote, \u201cThose who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God, if ever he had a chosen people.\u201d Jefferson believed that self-sufficient, property-owning republican citizens or yeoman farmers held the key to the success and longevity of the American republic. (As a creature of his times, he did not envision a similar role for either women or nonwhite men.) To him, Hamilton\u2019s program seemed to encourage economic inequalities and work against the ordinary American yeoman farmer.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm123190400\">Opposition to Hamilton, who had significant power in the new federal government, including the ear of President Washington, began in earnest in the early 1790s. Jefferson turned to his friend Philip Freneau to help organize the effort through the publication of the <em>National Gazette<\/em> as a counter to the Federalist press, especially the <em>Gazette of the United States<\/em>. From 1791 until 1793, when it ceased publication, Freneau\u2019s partisan paper attacked Hamilton\u2019s program and Washington\u2019s administration. \u201cRules for Changing a Republic into a Monarchy,\u201d written by Freneau, is an example of the type of attack aimed at the national government, and especially at the elitism of the Federalist Party. Newspapers in the 1790s became enormously important in American culture as partisans like Freneau attempted to sway public opinion. These newspapers did not aim to be objective; instead, they served to broadcast the views of a particular party.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"Figure_08_01_Gazettes\">\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202327\/CNX_History_08_01_Gazettes.jpg\" alt=\"Image (a) shows the front page of the Gazette of the United States. Image (b) shows the front page of the National Gazette.\" width=\"520\" height=\"430\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Here, the front page of the Federalist <em>Gazette<\/em> of the United States from September 9, 1789 (a), is shown beside that of the oppositional <em>National Gazette<\/em> from November 14, 1791 (b). The <em>Gazette of the United States<\/em> featured articles, sometimes written pseudonymously or anonymously, from leading Federalists like Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. The <em>National Gazette<\/em> was founded two years later to counter their political influence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Visit <a href=\"https:\/\/constitution.org\/1-Constitution\/cmt\/freneau\/republic2monarchy.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this website to read Philip Freneau\u2019s essay<\/a>\u00a0(or look at <a href=\"https:\/\/chroniclingamerica.loc.gov\/lccn\/sn83025887\/issues\/first_pages\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">others from the <em>National Gazette<\/em><\/a>). Can you identify three instances of persuasive writing against the Federalist Party or the government?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Federalists and Democratic-Republicans<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm72020336\">Opposition to the Federalists led to the formation of Democratic-Republican societies, composed of men who felt the domestic policies of the Washington administration were designed to enrich the few while ignoring everyone else. <strong>Democratic-Republicans<\/strong> championed limited government. Their fear of centralized power originated in the experience of the 1760s and 1770s when the distant, overbearing, and seemingly corrupt British Parliament attempted to impose its will on the colonies. To opponents, the Federalists promoted aristocracy and a monarchical government\u2014a betrayal of what many believed to be the goal of the American Revolution.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm76938160\">While wealthy merchants and planters formed the core of the Federalist leadership, members of the Democratic-Republican societies in cities like Philadelphia and New York came from the ranks of artisans. These citizens saw themselves as acting in the spirit of 1776, this time not against the haughty British but by what they believed to have replaced them\u2014a commercial class with no interest in the public good. Their political efforts against the Federalists were a battle to preserve republicanism, to promote the public good against private self-interest. They published their views, held meetings to voice their opposition, and sponsored festivals and parades. In their strident newspaper attacks, they also worked to undermine the traditional forms of deference and subordination to aristocrats, as they viewed in this case the Federalist elites. Some members of northern Democratic-Republican clubs denounced slavery as well.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm143304544\">\n<h2>Defining Citizenship<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm40240256\">While questions regarding the proper size and scope of the new national government created a divide among Americans and gave rise to political parties, a consensus existed among men on the issue of who qualified and who did not qualify as a citizen. The 1790 Naturalization Act defined citizenship in stark racial terms. To be a citizen of the American republic, an immigrant had to be a \u201cfree white person\u201d of \u201cgood character.\u201d By excluding enslaved persons, free Blacks, Native Americans, and Asians from citizenship, the act laid the foundation for the United States as a republic of White men.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm136526240\">Full citizenship that included the right to vote was restricted as well. Many state constitutions directed that only male property owners or taxpayers could vote. For women, the right to vote remained out of reach except in the state of New Jersey. In 1776, the fervor of the Revolution led New Jersey revolutionaries to write a constitution extending the right to vote to unmarried women who owned property worth \u00a350. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans competed for the votes of New Jersey women who met the requirements to cast ballots. This radical innovation continued until 1807, when New Jersey restricted voting to free White males.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>WAtch IT<\/h3>\n<p>This video explains the beginning of American political parties and some of the early debates surrounding governance in the new nation.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Where US Politics Came From: Crash Course US History #9\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/r161cLYzuDI?start=1&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/WhereUSPoliticsCameFromCrashCourseUSHistory9.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWhere US Politics Came From: Crash Course US History #9\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<p>What were the fundamental differences between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican visions?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q633597\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q633597\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\"> Federalists believed in a strong federal republican government led by learned, public-spirited men of property. They believed that too much democracy would threaten the republic. The Democratic-Republicans, alternatively, feared too much federal government power and focused more on the rural areas of the country, which they thought were underrepresented and underserved. Democratic-Republicans felt that the spirit of true republicanism, which meant virtuous living for the common good, depended on farmers and agricultural areas.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_589efeee-a55f-43aa-a497-c8807d38b66f\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/589efeee-a55f-43aa-a497-c8807d38b66f?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_589efeee-a55f-43aa-a497-c8807d38b66f\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Democratic-Republicans:\u00a0<\/strong>advocates of limited government who were troubled by the expansive domestic policies of Washington\u2019s administration and opposed the Federalists<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2140\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/8-1-competing-visions-federalists-and-democratic-republicans\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/8-1-competing-visions-federalists-and-democratic-republicans<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Where US Politics Came From: Crash Course US History #9. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Crash Course. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/r161cLYzuDI?t=1s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/r161cLYzuDI?t=1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/8-1-competing-visions-federalists-and-democratic-republicans\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Where US Politics Came From: Crash Course US History #9\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Crash Course\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/r161cLYzuDI?t=1s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"294e52bc-a46f-4bba-a0b1-fa88f08819b2,4a479ec8-6381-4d1d-8cda-90442bb572a1","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2140","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":236,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2140","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23592"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2140\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8642,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2140\/revisions\/8642"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/236"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2140\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2140"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2140"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2140"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}