{"id":2221,"date":"2021-03-04T05:59:06","date_gmt":"2021-03-04T05:59:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2221"},"modified":"2022-07-27T01:16:13","modified_gmt":"2022-07-27T01:16:13","slug":"foreign-relations-in-the-early-republic","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/foreign-relations-in-the-early-republic\/","title":{"raw":"John Adams and Foreign Relations in the Early Republic","rendered":"John Adams and Foreign Relations in the Early Republic"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe how foreign relations affected American politics during the 1790s<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp207427056\">George Washington, who had been reelected in 1792 by an overwhelming majority, refused to run for a third term, thus setting a precedent for future presidents. In the presidential election of 1796, the two parties\u2014Federalist and Democratic-Republican\u2014competed for the first time. Partisan rancor over the French Revolution and the Whiskey Rebellion fueled the divide between them, and Federalist John Adams defeated his Democratic-Republican rival Thomas Jefferson by a narrow margin of only three electoral votes. In 1800, another close election swung the other way, and Jefferson began a long period of Democratic-Republican government.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202335\/CNX_History_08_03_PrepWar.jpg\" alt=\"A print shows a group of workers assembling a large wooden ship. Men shape boards on the ground and walk up scaffolding that surrounds the ship, which towers several stories above the ground.\" width=\"390\" height=\"335\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This 1799 print, entitled \u201cPreparation for WAR to defend Commerce,\u201d shows the construction of a naval ship, part of the effort to ensure the United States had access to free trade in the Atlantic world.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>The Presidency of John Adams<\/h2>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp84536768\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp13040512\">The war between Great Britain and France in the 1790s shaped U.S. foreign policy. As a new and, in comparison to the European powers, extremely weak nation, the American republic had no control over European events, and no real leverage to obtain its goals of trading freely in the Atlantic. To Federalist president John Adams, relations with France posed the biggest problem. After the Reign of Terror, the French Directory ruled France from 1795 to 1799. During this time, Napoleon rose to power.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp30933760\">Because France and Great Britain were at war, the French Directory issued decrees stating that any ship carrying British goods could be seized on the high seas. In practice, this meant the French would target American ships, especially those in the West Indies, where the United States conducted a brisk trade with the British. France declared its 1778 treaty with the United States null and void, and as a result, France and the United States waged an undeclared war\u2014or what historians refer to as the <strong>Quasi-Wa<\/strong>r\u2014from 1796 to 1800. Between 1797 and 1799, the French seized 834 American ships, and Adams urged the buildup of the U.S. Navy, which consisted of only a single vessel at the time of his election in 1796.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm56657840\">In 1797, Adams sought a diplomatic solution to the conflict with France and dispatched envoys to negotiate terms. The French foreign minister, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, sent emissaries who told the American envoys that the United States must repay all outstanding debts owed to France, lend France 32 million guilders (Dutch currency), and pay a \u00a350,000 bribe before any negotiations could take place. News of the attempt to extract a bribe, known as the XYZ affair because the French emissaries were referred to as X, Y, and Z in letters that President Adams released to Congress, outraged the American public and turned\u00a0the American people decidedly against France. In the court of public opinion, Federalists appeared to have been correct in their interpretation of France, while the pro-French Democratic-Republicans had been misled.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"Figure_08_03_XYZ\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202336\/CNX_History_08_03_XYZ.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon, titled Property Protected \u00e1 la Fran\u00e7oise, satirizes the XYZ affair. Five Frenchmen are shown plundering the treasures of a woman representing the United States. One man holds a sword labeled \u201cFrench Argument\u201d and a sack of gold and riches labeled \u201cNational Sack and Diplomatic Perquisites,\u201d while the others collect her valuables. A group of other Europeans look on and commiserate that France treated them the same way; one says, \u201caye they left me nothing but my prayer book and Crown, and striped that of its jewels.\u201d\" width=\"520\" height=\"331\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This anonymous 1798 cartoon, Property Protected \u00e0 la Fran\u00e7oise, satirizes the XYZ affair. Five Frenchmen are shown plundering the treasures of a woman representing the United States. One man holds a sword labeled \u201cFrench Argument\u201d and a sack of gold and riches labeled \u201cNational Sack and Diplomatic Perquisites,\u201d while the others collect her valuables. A group of other Europeans look on and commiserate that France treated them the same way<span style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: left;\">.<\/span>[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>WAtch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video explains how Jay's Treaty and the XYZ Affair were evidence of American isolationist practices and efforts to establish relationships with foreign powers that could help grow the economy. President Washington had warned against the risk of\u00a0getting involved in foreign affairs and in wars with other nations in his farewell address of 1796.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6789966&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=GjYsto5_uOE&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-4rq2eci3-GjYsto5_uOE\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/jaystreatyandthexyzaffair.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cU.S. History | Jay's Treaty and the XYZ Affair\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Alien and Sedition Acts<\/h2>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm76379712\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202338\/CNX_History_08_03_Brawl.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon, titled \u201cCongressional Pugilists,\u201d shows Matthew Lyon, a Democratic-Republican representative from Vermont, fighting his opponent, Federalist Roger Griswold, in Congress Hall. A group of congressmen watch as Griswold, armed with a cane, kicks Lyon, who is armed with a massive pair of fireplace tongs and grabs Griswold\u2019s arm. Below the scene are the words: \u201cHe in a trice struck Lyon thrice \/ Upon his head, enrag\u2019d sir, \/ Who seiz\u2019d the tongs to ease his wrongs, \/ And Griswold thus engag\u2019d, sir.\u201d\" width=\"520\" height=\"363\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. This 1798 cartoon, \u201cCongressional Pugilists,\u201d shows partisan chaos in the U.S. House of Representatives as Matthew Lyon, a Democratic-Republican from Vermont, holds forth against his opponent, Federalist Roger Griswold.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp13150144\">The surge of animosity against France during the Quasi-War led Congress to pass several measures that in time undermined Federalist power. These 1798 war measures, known collectively as the <strong>Alien and Sedition Acts<\/strong>, aimed to increase national security against what most had come to regard as the French menace. The Alien Act and the Alien Enemies Act took particular aim at French immigrants fleeing the West Indies by giving the president the power to deport new arrivals who appeared to be a threat to national security. The act expired in 1800 with no immigrants having been deported. The Sedition Act imposed harsh penalties\u2014up to five years\u2019 imprisonment and a massive fine of $5,000 in 1790 dollars\u2014on those convicted of speaking or writing \u201cin a scandalous or malicious\u201d manner against the government of the United States. Twenty-five men, all Democratic-Republicans, were indicted under the act, and ten were convicted. One of these was Congressman Matthew Lyon, representative from Vermont, who had launched his own newspaper, <em>The Scourge Of Aristocracy and Repository of Important Political Truth<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp83832016\">The Alien and Sedition Acts raised constitutional questions about the freedom of the press provided for in\u00a0the First Amendment. Democratic-Republicans argued that the acts were evidence of the Federalists\u2019 intent to squash individual liberties and, by enlarging the powers of the national government, crush states\u2019 rights. Jefferson and Madison mobilized the response to the acts in the form of statements known as the <strong>Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions<\/strong>, which argued that the acts were illegal and unconstitutional. The resolutions introduced the idea of <strong>nullification<\/strong>, the right of states to nullify acts of Congress, and advanced the argument of states\u2019 rights. The resolutions failed to rally support in other states, however. Indeed, most other states rejected them, citing the necessity of a strong national government.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm48317088\">The Quasi-War with France came to an end in 1800, when President Adams was able to secure the Treaty of Mortefontaine. His willingness to open talks with France divided the Federalist Party, but the treaty reopened trade between the two countries and ended the French practice of taking American ships on the high seas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\nHow did U.S. relations with France influence events at the end of the eighteenth century?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"338934\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"338934\"]Relations with France were strongly tied to political events in the United States. Whereas the Federalists had roundly condemned the French revolutionaries for their excesses, the Democratic-Republicans applauded the rallying cries of liberty and equality. Relations with the French also led the Federalists to pass the Alien and Sedition Acts during the Adams administration, which many saw as a violation of the First Amendment.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/e945ab4c-b903-48c0-a3b5-e741c69788f7\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<b>Alien and Sedition Acts: <\/b>passed by the Federalist\u00a0Congress in 1798\u00a0to increase national security during the Quasi-War.\u00a0 The Sedition Act, particularly, was used against Democratic-Republican opposition and undermined the constitutional protection of free speech\r\n\r\n<strong>nullification:\u00a0<\/strong>the idea that states can nullify\u00a0acts of Congress\r\n\r\n<strong>Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: <\/strong>argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were illegal and unconstitutional; introduced the idea of nullification\r\n\r\n<strong>XYZ affair:\u00a0<\/strong>the French attempt to extract a bribe from the United States during the Quasi-War of 1798\u20131800\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe how foreign relations affected American politics during the 1790s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp207427056\">George Washington, who had been reelected in 1792 by an overwhelming majority, refused to run for a third term, thus setting a precedent for future presidents. In the presidential election of 1796, the two parties\u2014Federalist and Democratic-Republican\u2014competed for the first time. Partisan rancor over the French Revolution and the Whiskey Rebellion fueled the divide between them, and Federalist John Adams defeated his Democratic-Republican rival Thomas Jefferson by a narrow margin of only three electoral votes. In 1800, another close election swung the other way, and Jefferson began a long period of Democratic-Republican government.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202335\/CNX_History_08_03_PrepWar.jpg\" alt=\"A print shows a group of workers assembling a large wooden ship. Men shape boards on the ground and walk up scaffolding that surrounds the ship, which towers several stories above the ground.\" width=\"390\" height=\"335\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This 1799 print, entitled \u201cPreparation for WAR to defend Commerce,\u201d shows the construction of a naval ship, part of the effort to ensure the United States had access to free trade in the Atlantic world.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Presidency of John Adams<\/h2>\n<section id=\"fs-idp84536768\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp13040512\">The war between Great Britain and France in the 1790s shaped U.S. foreign policy. As a new and, in comparison to the European powers, extremely weak nation, the American republic had no control over European events, and no real leverage to obtain its goals of trading freely in the Atlantic. To Federalist president John Adams, relations with France posed the biggest problem. After the Reign of Terror, the French Directory ruled France from 1795 to 1799. During this time, Napoleon rose to power.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp30933760\">Because France and Great Britain were at war, the French Directory issued decrees stating that any ship carrying British goods could be seized on the high seas. In practice, this meant the French would target American ships, especially those in the West Indies, where the United States conducted a brisk trade with the British. France declared its 1778 treaty with the United States null and void, and as a result, France and the United States waged an undeclared war\u2014or what historians refer to as the <strong>Quasi-Wa<\/strong>r\u2014from 1796 to 1800. Between 1797 and 1799, the French seized 834 American ships, and Adams urged the buildup of the U.S. Navy, which consisted of only a single vessel at the time of his election in 1796.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm56657840\">In 1797, Adams sought a diplomatic solution to the conflict with France and dispatched envoys to negotiate terms. The French foreign minister, Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, sent emissaries who told the American envoys that the United States must repay all outstanding debts owed to France, lend France 32 million guilders (Dutch currency), and pay a \u00a350,000 bribe before any negotiations could take place. News of the attempt to extract a bribe, known as the XYZ affair because the French emissaries were referred to as X, Y, and Z in letters that President Adams released to Congress, outraged the American public and turned\u00a0the American people decidedly against France. In the court of public opinion, Federalists appeared to have been correct in their interpretation of France, while the pro-French Democratic-Republicans had been misled.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"Figure_08_03_XYZ\">\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202336\/CNX_History_08_03_XYZ.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon, titled Property Protected \u00e1 la Fran\u00e7oise, satirizes the XYZ affair. Five Frenchmen are shown plundering the treasures of a woman representing the United States. One man holds a sword labeled \u201cFrench Argument\u201d and a sack of gold and riches labeled \u201cNational Sack and Diplomatic Perquisites,\u201d while the others collect her valuables. A group of other Europeans look on and commiserate that France treated them the same way; one says, \u201caye they left me nothing but my prayer book and Crown, and striped that of its jewels.\u201d\" width=\"520\" height=\"331\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This anonymous 1798 cartoon, Property Protected \u00e0 la Fran\u00e7oise, satirizes the XYZ affair. Five Frenchmen are shown plundering the treasures of a woman representing the United States. One man holds a sword labeled \u201cFrench Argument\u201d and a sack of gold and riches labeled \u201cNational Sack and Diplomatic Perquisites,\u201d while the others collect her valuables. A group of other Europeans look on and commiserate that France treated them the same way<span style=\"background-color: #eeeeee; font-size: 0.9em; text-align: left;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>WAtch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video explains how Jay&#8217;s Treaty and the XYZ Affair were evidence of American isolationist practices and efforts to establish relationships with foreign powers that could help grow the economy. President Washington had warned against the risk of\u00a0getting involved in foreign affairs and in wars with other nations in his farewell address of 1796.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6789966&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=GjYsto5_uOE&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-4rq2eci3-GjYsto5_uOE\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/jaystreatyandthexyzaffair.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cU.S. History | Jay&#8217;s Treaty and the XYZ Affair\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Alien and Sedition Acts<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm76379712\">\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202338\/CNX_History_08_03_Brawl.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon, titled \u201cCongressional Pugilists,\u201d shows Matthew Lyon, a Democratic-Republican representative from Vermont, fighting his opponent, Federalist Roger Griswold, in Congress Hall. A group of congressmen watch as Griswold, armed with a cane, kicks Lyon, who is armed with a massive pair of fireplace tongs and grabs Griswold\u2019s arm. Below the scene are the words: \u201cHe in a trice struck Lyon thrice \/ Upon his head, enrag\u2019d sir, \/ Who seiz\u2019d the tongs to ease his wrongs, \/ And Griswold thus engag\u2019d, sir.\u201d\" width=\"520\" height=\"363\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. This 1798 cartoon, \u201cCongressional Pugilists,\u201d shows partisan chaos in the U.S. House of Representatives as Matthew Lyon, a Democratic-Republican from Vermont, holds forth against his opponent, Federalist Roger Griswold.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp13150144\">The surge of animosity against France during the Quasi-War led Congress to pass several measures that in time undermined Federalist power. These 1798 war measures, known collectively as the <strong>Alien and Sedition Acts<\/strong>, aimed to increase national security against what most had come to regard as the French menace. The Alien Act and the Alien Enemies Act took particular aim at French immigrants fleeing the West Indies by giving the president the power to deport new arrivals who appeared to be a threat to national security. The act expired in 1800 with no immigrants having been deported. The Sedition Act imposed harsh penalties\u2014up to five years\u2019 imprisonment and a massive fine of $5,000 in 1790 dollars\u2014on those convicted of speaking or writing \u201cin a scandalous or malicious\u201d manner against the government of the United States. Twenty-five men, all Democratic-Republicans, were indicted under the act, and ten were convicted. One of these was Congressman Matthew Lyon, representative from Vermont, who had launched his own newspaper, <em>The Scourge Of Aristocracy and Repository of Important Political Truth<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp83832016\">The Alien and Sedition Acts raised constitutional questions about the freedom of the press provided for in\u00a0the First Amendment. Democratic-Republicans argued that the acts were evidence of the Federalists\u2019 intent to squash individual liberties and, by enlarging the powers of the national government, crush states\u2019 rights. Jefferson and Madison mobilized the response to the acts in the form of statements known as the <strong>Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions<\/strong>, which argued that the acts were illegal and unconstitutional. The resolutions introduced the idea of <strong>nullification<\/strong>, the right of states to nullify acts of Congress, and advanced the argument of states\u2019 rights. The resolutions failed to rally support in other states, however. Indeed, most other states rejected them, citing the necessity of a strong national government.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm48317088\">The Quasi-War with France came to an end in 1800, when President Adams was able to secure the Treaty of Mortefontaine. His willingness to open talks with France divided the Federalist Party, but the treaty reopened trade between the two countries and ended the French practice of taking American ships on the high seas.<\/p>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<p>How did U.S. relations with France influence events at the end of the eighteenth century?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q338934\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q338934\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Relations with France were strongly tied to political events in the United States. Whereas the Federalists had roundly condemned the French revolutionaries for their excesses, the Democratic-Republicans applauded the rallying cries of liberty and equality. Relations with the French also led the Federalists to pass the Alien and Sedition Acts during the Adams administration, which many saw as a violation of the First Amendment.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_e945ab4c-b903-48c0-a3b5-e741c69788f7\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/e945ab4c-b903-48c0-a3b5-e741c69788f7?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_e945ab4c-b903-48c0-a3b5-e741c69788f7\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><b>Alien and Sedition Acts: <\/b>passed by the Federalist\u00a0Congress in 1798\u00a0to increase national security during the Quasi-War.\u00a0 The Sedition Act, particularly, was used against Democratic-Republican opposition and undermined the constitutional protection of free speech<\/p>\n<p><strong>nullification:\u00a0<\/strong>the idea that states can nullify\u00a0acts of Congress<\/p>\n<p><strong>Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: <\/strong>argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were illegal and unconstitutional; introduced the idea of nullification<\/p>\n<p><strong>XYZ affair:\u00a0<\/strong>the French attempt to extract a bribe from the United States during the Quasi-War of 1798\u20131800<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2221\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sarah Franklin for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/8-3-partisan-politics\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/8-3-partisan-politics<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>U.S. History | Jay&#039;s Treaty and the XYZ Affair. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Course Hero. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GjYsto5_uOE\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GjYsto5_uOE<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/8-3-partisan-politics\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"U.S. History | Jay\\'s Treaty and the XYZ Affair\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Course 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