{"id":2408,"date":"2021-03-08T06:45:15","date_gmt":"2021-03-08T06:45:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2408"},"modified":"2022-07-29T01:03:14","modified_gmt":"2022-07-29T01:03:14","slug":"american-innovators-and-inventors","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/american-innovators-and-inventors\/","title":{"raw":"American Innovators and Inventors","rendered":"American Innovators and Inventors"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Identify key American innovators and inventors and their specific contributions to the growth of industrialization<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Entrepreneurs and Inventors<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202405\/CNX_History_09_02_Gin.jpg\" alt=\"An engraving depicts male and female African American slaves of all ages working with a cotton gin, while well-dressed white men talk and examine some cotton in the background.\" width=\"390\" height=\"307\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The First Cotton-Gin, an 1869 drawing by William L. Sheppard, shows the first use of a cotton gin \u201cat the close of the last century.\u201d African American slaves handle the gin while White men conduct business in the background. What do you think the artist was trying to convey with this image?[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm203660240\">The volatility of the U.S. economy did nothing to dampen the creative energies of its citizens in the years before the Civil War. In the 1800s, a frenzy of entrepreneurship and invention yielded many new products and machines. The republic seemed to be a laboratory of innovation, and technological advances appeared unlimited.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm275282304\">One of the most influential advancements of the early nineteenth century was the cotton engine or gin, invented by Eli Whitney and patented in 1794. Whitney, who was born in Massachusetts, had spent time in the South and knew that a device to speed up the production of cotton was desperately needed so cotton farmers could meet the growing demand for their crop. He hoped the cotton gin would render slavery obsolete. Whitney\u2019s seemingly simple invention cleaned the seeds from the raw cotton far more quickly and efficiently than could slaves working by hand. The raw cotton with seeds was placed in the cotton gin, and with the use of a hand crank, the seeds were extracted through a carding device that aligned the cotton fibers in strands for spinning. This innovation led to greater efficiency, and the textile industry greatly benefited.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp61382784\">Whitney also worked on <strong>machine tool<\/strong>s, devices that cut and shaped metal to make standardized, <strong>interchangeable parts<\/strong> for other mechanical devices like clocks and guns. Whitney\u2019s machine tools to manufacture parts for muskets enabled guns to be manufactured and repaired by people other than skilled gunsmiths. His creative genius served as a source of inspiration for many other American inventors.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_09_02_Clermont\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202407\/CNX_History_09_02_Clermont.jpg\" alt=\"An engraving depicts a steamboat sailing down a river past a city, surrounded by smaller vessels.\" width=\"520\" height=\"343\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Fulton\u2019s steamboat the Clermont transformed the speed, cost, and dependability of water transportation in the United States.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp392123168\">Another influential new technology of the early 1800s was the steamship engine, invented by Robert Fulton in 1807. Fulton\u2019s first steamship, the <em>Clermont<\/em>, used paddle wheels to travel the 150 miles from New York City to Albany in a record time of only thirty-two hours. Soon, a fleet of steamboats was traversing the Hudson River and New York Harbor, later expanding to travel every major American river including the mighty Mississippi. By the 1830s there were over one thousand of these vessels, radically changing water transportation by ending its dependence on the wind. Steamboats could travel faster and more cheaply than sailing vessels or keelboats, which floated downriver and had to be poled or towed upriver on the return voyage. Steamboats also arrived with much greater dependability. The steamboat facilitated the rapid economic development of the massive Mississippi River Valley and the settlement of the West.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202408\/CNX_History_09_02_Reaper.jpg\" alt=\"A mechanical drawing shows the workings of a grain reaper, with parts labeled.\" width=\"520\" height=\"262\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. This sketch is from the 1845 patent for an improved grain reaper invented by Cyrus Hall McCormick. The reaper mechanized the labor-intensive use of scythes to harvest wheat.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm10493712\">Virginia-born Cyrus McCormick wanted to replace the laborious process of using a scythe to cut and gather wheat for harvest. In 1831, he and the enslaved persons on his family\u2019s plantation tested a horse-drawn mechanical reaper, and over the next several decades, he made constant improvements to it. More farmers began using it in the 1840s, and greater demand for the <strong>McCormick reaper<\/strong> led McCormick and his brother to establish the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in Chicago, where labor was more readily available. By the 1850s, McCormick\u2019s mechanical reaper had enabled farmers to vastly increase their output. McCormick\u2014and also John Deere, who improved on the design of plows\u2014opened the prairies to agriculture. McCormick\u2019s bigger machine could harvest grain faster, and Deere\u2019s plow could cut through the thick prairie sod. Agriculture north of the Ohio River became the pantry that would lower food prices and feed the major cities in the East. In short order, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois all become major agricultural states.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp134227584\">Samuel Morse added the telegraph to the list of American innovations introduced in the years before the Civil War. Born in Massachusetts in 1791, Morse first gained renown as a painter before turning his attention to the development of a method of rapid communication in the 1830s. In 1838, he gave the first public demonstration of his method of conveying electric pulses over a wire, using the basis of what became known as Morse code. In 1843, Congress agreed to help fund the new technology by allocating $30,000 for a telegraph line to connect Washington, DC, and Baltimore along the route of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In 1844, Morse sent the first telegraph message on the new link. Improved communication systems fostered the development of business, economics, and politics by allowing for the dissemination of news at a speed previously unknown.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>WAtch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video nicely summarizes the key concepts in this module about how industrialization and technological innovations transformed how people worked, played, and communicated.\r\n\r\ni<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6789970&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=IK6yl2_FOOU&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-8yidqrje-IK6yl2_FOOU\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/americasindustrialrevolutionandmarketrevolution.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cAmerica's Industrial Revolution and Market Revolution\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0083edec-1446-4106-9977-81f8f5f405c4\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>interchangeable parts:\u00a0<\/strong>the advent of these standardized parts meant different things for different economic sectors. On one hand, gun-sellers could now market their firearms as being easier for owners to repair and clean. On the other hand, someone in the gun repair business might have to close up shop if gun owners were suddenly able to make their own repairs.\r\n\r\n<strong>machine tools:\u00a0<\/strong>machines that cut and shaped metal to produce standardized, interchangeable parts for mechanical devices such as clocks or guns\r\n\r\n<strong>McCormick reaper:\u00a0<\/strong>a horse-drawn mechanical scythe that replaced the much slower handheld tool, vastly increasing agricultural production\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Identify key American innovators and inventors and their specific contributions to the growth of industrialization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Entrepreneurs and Inventors<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202405\/CNX_History_09_02_Gin.jpg\" alt=\"An engraving depicts male and female African American slaves of all ages working with a cotton gin, while well-dressed white men talk and examine some cotton in the background.\" width=\"390\" height=\"307\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The First Cotton-Gin, an 1869 drawing by William L. Sheppard, shows the first use of a cotton gin \u201cat the close of the last century.\u201d African American slaves handle the gin while White men conduct business in the background. What do you think the artist was trying to convey with this image?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm203660240\">The volatility of the U.S. economy did nothing to dampen the creative energies of its citizens in the years before the Civil War. In the 1800s, a frenzy of entrepreneurship and invention yielded many new products and machines. The republic seemed to be a laboratory of innovation, and technological advances appeared unlimited.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm275282304\">One of the most influential advancements of the early nineteenth century was the cotton engine or gin, invented by Eli Whitney and patented in 1794. Whitney, who was born in Massachusetts, had spent time in the South and knew that a device to speed up the production of cotton was desperately needed so cotton farmers could meet the growing demand for their crop. He hoped the cotton gin would render slavery obsolete. Whitney\u2019s seemingly simple invention cleaned the seeds from the raw cotton far more quickly and efficiently than could slaves working by hand. The raw cotton with seeds was placed in the cotton gin, and with the use of a hand crank, the seeds were extracted through a carding device that aligned the cotton fibers in strands for spinning. This innovation led to greater efficiency, and the textile industry greatly benefited.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp61382784\">Whitney also worked on <strong>machine tool<\/strong>s, devices that cut and shaped metal to make standardized, <strong>interchangeable parts<\/strong> for other mechanical devices like clocks and guns. Whitney\u2019s machine tools to manufacture parts for muskets enabled guns to be manufactured and repaired by people other than skilled gunsmiths. His creative genius served as a source of inspiration for many other American inventors.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_09_02_Clermont\">\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202407\/CNX_History_09_02_Clermont.jpg\" alt=\"An engraving depicts a steamboat sailing down a river past a city, surrounded by smaller vessels.\" width=\"520\" height=\"343\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Fulton\u2019s steamboat the Clermont transformed the speed, cost, and dependability of water transportation in the United States.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idp392123168\">Another influential new technology of the early 1800s was the steamship engine, invented by Robert Fulton in 1807. Fulton\u2019s first steamship, the <em>Clermont<\/em>, used paddle wheels to travel the 150 miles from New York City to Albany in a record time of only thirty-two hours. Soon, a fleet of steamboats was traversing the Hudson River and New York Harbor, later expanding to travel every major American river including the mighty Mississippi. By the 1830s there were over one thousand of these vessels, radically changing water transportation by ending its dependence on the wind. Steamboats could travel faster and more cheaply than sailing vessels or keelboats, which floated downriver and had to be poled or towed upriver on the return voyage. Steamboats also arrived with much greater dependability. The steamboat facilitated the rapid economic development of the massive Mississippi River Valley and the settlement of the West.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202408\/CNX_History_09_02_Reaper.jpg\" alt=\"A mechanical drawing shows the workings of a grain reaper, with parts labeled.\" width=\"520\" height=\"262\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. This sketch is from the 1845 patent for an improved grain reaper invented by Cyrus Hall McCormick. The reaper mechanized the labor-intensive use of scythes to harvest wheat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm10493712\">Virginia-born Cyrus McCormick wanted to replace the laborious process of using a scythe to cut and gather wheat for harvest. In 1831, he and the enslaved persons on his family\u2019s plantation tested a horse-drawn mechanical reaper, and over the next several decades, he made constant improvements to it. More farmers began using it in the 1840s, and greater demand for the <strong>McCormick reaper<\/strong> led McCormick and his brother to establish the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in Chicago, where labor was more readily available. By the 1850s, McCormick\u2019s mechanical reaper had enabled farmers to vastly increase their output. McCormick\u2014and also John Deere, who improved on the design of plows\u2014opened the prairies to agriculture. McCormick\u2019s bigger machine could harvest grain faster, and Deere\u2019s plow could cut through the thick prairie sod. Agriculture north of the Ohio River became the pantry that would lower food prices and feed the major cities in the East. In short order, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois all become major agricultural states.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp134227584\">Samuel Morse added the telegraph to the list of American innovations introduced in the years before the Civil War. Born in Massachusetts in 1791, Morse first gained renown as a painter before turning his attention to the development of a method of rapid communication in the 1830s. In 1838, he gave the first public demonstration of his method of conveying electric pulses over a wire, using the basis of what became known as Morse code. In 1843, Congress agreed to help fund the new technology by allocating $30,000 for a telegraph line to connect Washington, DC, and Baltimore along the route of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. In 1844, Morse sent the first telegraph message on the new link. Improved communication systems fostered the development of business, economics, and politics by allowing for the dissemination of news at a speed previously unknown.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>WAtch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video nicely summarizes the key concepts in this module about how industrialization and technological innovations transformed how people worked, played, and communicated.<\/p>\n<p>i<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6789970&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=IK6yl2_FOOU&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-8yidqrje-IK6yl2_FOOU\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/americasindustrialrevolutionandmarketrevolution.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cAmerica&#8217;s Industrial Revolution and Market Revolution\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_0083edec-1446-4106-9977-81f8f5f405c4\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0083edec-1446-4106-9977-81f8f5f405c4?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_0083edec-1446-4106-9977-81f8f5f405c4\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>interchangeable parts:\u00a0<\/strong>the advent of these standardized parts meant different things for different economic sectors. On one hand, gun-sellers could now market their firearms as being easier for owners to repair and clean. On the other hand, someone in the gun repair business might have to close up shop if gun owners were suddenly able to make their own repairs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>machine tools:\u00a0<\/strong>machines that cut and shaped metal to produce standardized, interchangeable parts for mechanical devices such as clocks or guns<\/p>\n<p><strong>McCormick reaper:\u00a0<\/strong>a horse-drawn mechanical scythe that replaced the much slower handheld tool, vastly increasing agricultural production<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2408\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/9-2-a-vibrant-capitalist-republic\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/9-2-a-vibrant-capitalist-republic<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>America&#039;s Industrial Revolution and Market Revolution. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Heimler&#039;s History. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IK6yl2_FOOU\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IK6yl2_FOOU<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The First cotton-gin. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: William L. Sheppard. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/91784966\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/91784966\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Clermont illustration - Robert Fulton - Project Gutenberg. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: G.F. and E.B. Bensell. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia Commons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Clermont_illustration_-_Robert_Fulton_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15161.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Clermont_illustration_-_Robert_Fulton_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15161.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/9-2-a-vibrant-capitalist-republic\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"America\\'s Industrial Revolution and Market Revolution\",\"author\":\"Heimler\\'s History\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IK6yl2_FOOU\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"The First cotton-gin\",\"author\":\"William L. Sheppard\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/item\/91784966\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Clermont illustration - Robert Fulton - Project Gutenberg\",\"author\":\"G.F. and E.B. Bensell\",\"organization\":\"Wikimedia Commons\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Clermont_illustration_-_Robert_Fulton_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15161.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"a80461a8-fa7f-4593-94d7-0df554b38ee3,2150a940-cb65-41bc-921f-d0731d813ca9","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2408","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3006,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23592"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2408\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8483,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2408\/revisions\/8483"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3006"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2408\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2408"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2408"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}