{"id":254,"date":"2015-08-21T17:59:31","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T17:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory1os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=254"},"modified":"2022-07-27T01:24:52","modified_gmt":"2022-07-27T01:24:52","slug":"early-partisan-politics","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/early-partisan-politics\/","title":{"raw":"Early Partisan Politics","rendered":"Early Partisan Politics"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Describe the significance of the Election of 1800<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the significance of the court case,<em> Marbury v. Madison<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm59240112\">\r\n<h2>The Revolution of 1800<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm70134576\">The election of 1800 is often referred to as the <strong>Revolution of 1800<\/strong>\u00a0because it marked the\u00a0first transfer of power from one political\u00a0party to another in American history, when the presidency passed from John Adams and the Federalists to Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson. The peaceful transition calmed contemporary fears about possible violent reactions to a new party\u2019s taking the reins of government. The passing of political power from one political party to another without bloodshed also set an important precedent.<\/p>\r\nBy 1800, President Adams had lost the confidence of many Americans. They had let him know it. In 1798, for instance, he had issued a national thanksgiving proclamation. Instead of enjoying a day of celebration and thankfulness, Adams and his family had been forced by rioters to flee the capital city of Philadelphia until the day was over. Conversely, his prickly independence had also put him at odds with Alexander Hamilton, the leader of his own party, who offered him little support. After four years in office, Adams found himself widely reviled.\r\n\r\nIn the election of 1800, therefore, the Republicans defeated Adams in a bitter and complicated presidential race. During the election, one Federalist newspaper article predicted that a Republican victory would fill America with \u201cmurder, robbery, rape, adultery, and incest.\u201d\u00a0A Republican newspaper, on the other hand, flung sexual slurs against President Adams, saying he had \u201cneither the force and firmness of a man, nor the gentleness and sensibility of a woman.\u201d Both sides predicted disaster and possibly war if the other should win.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis clip shows that the dirty type of mudslinging, criticizing political ads we think of today may not actually be all that different than the type of accusations that Jefferson and Adams made about each other in the election of 1800.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6789967&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=Y_zTN4BXvYI&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-gayabyhr-Y_zTN4BXvYI\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/attackadscirca1800.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cAttack Ads, Circa 1800\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn the end, the contest came down to a tie between two Republicans, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia and Aaron Burr of New York, who each had seventy-three electoral votes. (Adams had sixty-five.) Burr was supposed to be a candidate for vice president, not president, but under the Constitution\u2019s original rules, a tie-breaking vote had to take place in the House of Representatives. It was controlled by Federalists bitter at Jefferson. House members voted dozens of times without breaking the tie. On the thirty-sixth ballot, Thomas Jefferson emerged victorious.\r\n<figure id=\"Figure_08_03_Jefferson\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"260\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202340\/CNX_History_08_03_Jefferson.jpg\" alt=\"A portrait of Thomas Jefferson is shown.\" width=\"260\" height=\"310\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Thomas Jefferson\u2019s victory in 1800 signaled the ascendency of the Democratic-Republicans and the decline of Federalist power.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<h2>The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp44144768\">Jefferson viewed participatory democracy as a positive force for the republic, a direct departure from Federalist views. His version of participatory democracy only extended, however, to the White yeoman farmers in whom Jefferson placed great trust. While Federalist statesmen, like the architects of the 1787 federal constitution, feared a pure democracy, Jefferson was far more optimistic that the common American farmer could be trusted to make good decisions. He believed in majority rule, that is, that the majority of yeoman should have the power to make decisions binding upon the whole. Jefferson had cheered the French Revolution, even when the French republic instituted the Reign of\u00a0Terror to ensure monarchy would not return. By 1799, however, he had rejected the cause of France because of his opposition to Napoleon\u2019s seizure of power and creation of a dictatorship.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp53062320\">Over the course of his two terms as president\u2014he was reelected in 1804\u2014Jefferson reversed the policies of the Federalist Party by turning away from urban commercial development. Instead, he promoted agriculture through the sale of western public lands in small and affordable lots. Perhaps Jefferson\u2019s most lasting legacy is his vision of an \u201cempire of liberty.\u201d He distrusted cities and instead envisioned a rural republic of land-owning White men, or yeoman republican farmers. He wanted the United States to be the breadbasket of the world, exporting its agricultural commodities without suffering the ills,\u00a0in his view, of urbanization and industrialization. Since American yeomen would own their own land, they could stand up against those who might try to buy their votes with promises of property. Jefferson championed the rights of states and insisted on limited federal government as well as limited taxes. This stood in stark contrast to the Federalists\u2019 insistence on a strong, active federal government. Jefferson also believed in fiscal austerity. He pushed for\u2014and Congress approved\u2014the end of all internal taxes, such as those on whiskey and rum. The most significant trimming of the federal budget came at the expense of the military; Jefferson did not believe in maintaining a costly military, and he slashed the size of the navy Adams had worked to build. Nonetheless, Jefferson responded to the capture of American ships and sailors by pirates off the coast of North Africa by leading the United States into war against the Muslim Barbary States in 1801, the first conflict fought by Americans overseas.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp98899696\">The slow decline of the Federalists, which began under Jefferson, led to a period of one-party rule in national politics. Historians call the years between 1815 and 1828 the \u201cEra of Good Feelings\u201d and highlight the \u201cVirginia dynasty\u201d of the time, since the two presidents who followed Jefferson\u2014James Madison and James Monroe\u2014both hailed from his home state. Like him, they were enslavers and represented the Democratic-Republican Party. Though Federalists continued to enjoy popularity, especially in the Northeast, their days of prominence in setting foreign and domestic policy had ended.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm75777824\">\r\n<h3>Partisan Acrimony<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp8616832\">The earliest years of the nineteenth century were hardly free of problems between the two political parties. Early in Jefferson\u2019s term, controversy swirled over President Adams\u2019s judicial appointments of many Federalists during his final days in office. When Jefferson took the oath of office, he refused to have the commissions for these Federalist justices delivered to the appointed officials.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp13060544\">One of Adams\u2019s appointees, William Marbury, had been selected to be a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia, and when his commission did not arrive, he petitioned the Supreme Court for an explanation from Jefferson\u2019s secretary of state, James Madison. In deciding the case, <strong><em>Marbury v. Madison<\/em><\/strong>, in 1803, Chief Justice John Marshall agreed that Marbury had the right to a legal remedy, establishing that individuals had rights even the president of the United States could not abridge. However, Marshall also found that Congress\u2019s Judiciary Act of 1789, which would have given the Supreme Court the power to grant Marbury remedy, was unconstitutional because the Constitution did not allow for cases like Marbury\u2019s to come directly before the Supreme Court. Thus, Marshall established the principle of judicial review, which strengthened the court by asserting its power to review (and possibly nullify) the actions of Congress and the president. Jefferson was not pleased, but neither did Marbury get his commission.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\r\nThis video provides context about the significance of the <em>Marbury v. Madison<\/em> case.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6789968&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=hOvsZyqRfCo&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-uw30lfin-hOvsZyqRfCo\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/marburyvsmadison.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cMarbury vs. Madison: What Was the Case About? | History\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp42445024\">The animosity between the political parties exploded into open violence in 1804, when Aaron Burr, Jefferson\u2019s first vice president, and Alexander Hamilton engaged in a duel. When Democratic-Republican Burr lost his bid for the office of governor of New York, he was quick to blame Hamilton, who had long hated him and had done everything in his power to discredit him. On July 11, the two antagonists met in Weehawken, New Jersey, to exchange bullets in a duel in which Burr shot and mortally wounded Hamilton.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp86362032\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9fe9e2d9-aa31-4112-b576-6a74bcde7e2b\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/26479b31-ce47-4010-b68e-309b7829273b\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\nWhy do historians refer to the election of Thomas Jefferson as the Revolution of 1800?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"583505\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"583505\"]The election was considered a revolution because, for the first time in American history, political power passed from one party to another. Jefferson\u2019s presidency was a departure from the Federalist administrations of Washington and Adams, who had favored the commercial class and urban centers of the country. The Democratic-Republican vision increased states\u2019 rights and limited the power of the federal government, lowering taxes and slashing the military, which Adams had built up.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong><em>Marbury v. Madison<\/em>:\u00a0<\/strong>the landmark 1803 case establishing the Supreme Court\u2019s powers of judicial review, specifically the power to review and possibly nullify actions of Congress and the president\r\n\r\n<strong>Revolution of 1800:\u00a0<\/strong>the peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans with the election of 1800\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Describe the significance of the Election of 1800<\/li>\n<li>Explain the significance of the court case,<em> Marbury v. Madison<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm59240112\">\n<h2>The Revolution of 1800<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm70134576\">The election of 1800 is often referred to as the <strong>Revolution of 1800<\/strong>\u00a0because it marked the\u00a0first transfer of power from one political\u00a0party to another in American history, when the presidency passed from John Adams and the Federalists to Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson. The peaceful transition calmed contemporary fears about possible violent reactions to a new party\u2019s taking the reins of government. The passing of political power from one political party to another without bloodshed also set an important precedent.<\/p>\n<p>By 1800, President Adams had lost the confidence of many Americans. They had let him know it. In 1798, for instance, he had issued a national thanksgiving proclamation. Instead of enjoying a day of celebration and thankfulness, Adams and his family had been forced by rioters to flee the capital city of Philadelphia until the day was over. Conversely, his prickly independence had also put him at odds with Alexander Hamilton, the leader of his own party, who offered him little support. After four years in office, Adams found himself widely reviled.<\/p>\n<p>In the election of 1800, therefore, the Republicans defeated Adams in a bitter and complicated presidential race. During the election, one Federalist newspaper article predicted that a Republican victory would fill America with \u201cmurder, robbery, rape, adultery, and incest.\u201d\u00a0A Republican newspaper, on the other hand, flung sexual slurs against President Adams, saying he had \u201cneither the force and firmness of a man, nor the gentleness and sensibility of a woman.\u201d Both sides predicted disaster and possibly war if the other should win.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This clip shows that the dirty type of mudslinging, criticizing political ads we think of today may not actually be all that different than the type of accusations that Jefferson and Adams made about each other in the election of 1800.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6789967&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=Y_zTN4BXvYI&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-gayabyhr-Y_zTN4BXvYI\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/attackadscirca1800.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cAttack Ads, Circa 1800\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the end, the contest came down to a tie between two Republicans, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia and Aaron Burr of New York, who each had seventy-three electoral votes. (Adams had sixty-five.) Burr was supposed to be a candidate for vice president, not president, but under the Constitution\u2019s original rules, a tie-breaking vote had to take place in the House of Representatives. It was controlled by Federalists bitter at Jefferson. House members voted dozens of times without breaking the tie. On the thirty-sixth ballot, Thomas Jefferson emerged victorious.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"Figure_08_03_Jefferson\">\n<div style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202340\/CNX_History_08_03_Jefferson.jpg\" alt=\"A portrait of Thomas Jefferson is shown.\" width=\"260\" height=\"310\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Thomas Jefferson\u2019s victory in 1800 signaled the ascendency of the Democratic-Republicans and the decline of Federalist power.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp44144768\">Jefferson viewed participatory democracy as a positive force for the republic, a direct departure from Federalist views. His version of participatory democracy only extended, however, to the White yeoman farmers in whom Jefferson placed great trust. While Federalist statesmen, like the architects of the 1787 federal constitution, feared a pure democracy, Jefferson was far more optimistic that the common American farmer could be trusted to make good decisions. He believed in majority rule, that is, that the majority of yeoman should have the power to make decisions binding upon the whole. Jefferson had cheered the French Revolution, even when the French republic instituted the Reign of\u00a0Terror to ensure monarchy would not return. By 1799, however, he had rejected the cause of France because of his opposition to Napoleon\u2019s seizure of power and creation of a dictatorship.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp53062320\">Over the course of his two terms as president\u2014he was reelected in 1804\u2014Jefferson reversed the policies of the Federalist Party by turning away from urban commercial development. Instead, he promoted agriculture through the sale of western public lands in small and affordable lots. Perhaps Jefferson\u2019s most lasting legacy is his vision of an \u201cempire of liberty.\u201d He distrusted cities and instead envisioned a rural republic of land-owning White men, or yeoman republican farmers. He wanted the United States to be the breadbasket of the world, exporting its agricultural commodities without suffering the ills,\u00a0in his view, of urbanization and industrialization. Since American yeomen would own their own land, they could stand up against those who might try to buy their votes with promises of property. Jefferson championed the rights of states and insisted on limited federal government as well as limited taxes. This stood in stark contrast to the Federalists\u2019 insistence on a strong, active federal government. Jefferson also believed in fiscal austerity. He pushed for\u2014and Congress approved\u2014the end of all internal taxes, such as those on whiskey and rum. The most significant trimming of the federal budget came at the expense of the military; Jefferson did not believe in maintaining a costly military, and he slashed the size of the navy Adams had worked to build. Nonetheless, Jefferson responded to the capture of American ships and sailors by pirates off the coast of North Africa by leading the United States into war against the Muslim Barbary States in 1801, the first conflict fought by Americans overseas.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp98899696\">The slow decline of the Federalists, which began under Jefferson, led to a period of one-party rule in national politics. Historians call the years between 1815 and 1828 the \u201cEra of Good Feelings\u201d and highlight the \u201cVirginia dynasty\u201d of the time, since the two presidents who followed Jefferson\u2014James Madison and James Monroe\u2014both hailed from his home state. Like him, they were enslavers and represented the Democratic-Republican Party. Though Federalists continued to enjoy popularity, especially in the Northeast, their days of prominence in setting foreign and domestic policy had ended.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm75777824\">\n<h3>Partisan Acrimony<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp8616832\">The earliest years of the nineteenth century were hardly free of problems between the two political parties. Early in Jefferson\u2019s term, controversy swirled over President Adams\u2019s judicial appointments of many Federalists during his final days in office. When Jefferson took the oath of office, he refused to have the commissions for these Federalist justices delivered to the appointed officials.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp13060544\">One of Adams\u2019s appointees, William Marbury, had been selected to be a justice of the peace in the District of Columbia, and when his commission did not arrive, he petitioned the Supreme Court for an explanation from Jefferson\u2019s secretary of state, James Madison. In deciding the case, <strong><em>Marbury v. Madison<\/em><\/strong>, in 1803, Chief Justice John Marshall agreed that Marbury had the right to a legal remedy, establishing that individuals had rights even the president of the United States could not abridge. However, Marshall also found that Congress\u2019s Judiciary Act of 1789, which would have given the Supreme Court the power to grant Marbury remedy, was unconstitutional because the Constitution did not allow for cases like Marbury\u2019s to come directly before the Supreme Court. Thus, Marshall established the principle of judicial review, which strengthened the court by asserting its power to review (and possibly nullify) the actions of Congress and the president. Jefferson was not pleased, but neither did Marbury get his commission.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\n<p>This video provides context about the significance of the <em>Marbury v. Madison<\/em> case.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6789968&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=hOvsZyqRfCo&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-uw30lfin-hOvsZyqRfCo\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/marburyvsmadison.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cMarbury vs. Madison: What Was the Case About? | History\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp42445024\">The animosity between the political parties exploded into open violence in 1804, when Aaron Burr, Jefferson\u2019s first vice president, and Alexander Hamilton engaged in a duel. When Democratic-Republican Burr lost his bid for the office of governor of New York, he was quick to blame Hamilton, who had long hated him and had done everything in his power to discredit him. On July 11, the two antagonists met in Weehawken, New Jersey, to exchange bullets in a duel in which Burr shot and mortally wounded Hamilton.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp86362032\">\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_9fe9e2d9-aa31-4112-b576-6a74bcde7e2b\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9fe9e2d9-aa31-4112-b576-6a74bcde7e2b?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_9fe9e2d9-aa31-4112-b576-6a74bcde7e2b\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_26479b31-ce47-4010-b68e-309b7829273b\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/26479b31-ce47-4010-b68e-309b7829273b?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_26479b31-ce47-4010-b68e-309b7829273b\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<p>Why do historians refer to the election of Thomas Jefferson as the Revolution of 1800?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q583505\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q583505\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The election was considered a revolution because, for the first time in American history, political power passed from one party to another. Jefferson\u2019s presidency was a departure from the Federalist administrations of Washington and Adams, who had favored the commercial class and urban centers of the country. The Democratic-Republican vision increased states\u2019 rights and limited the power of the federal government, lowering taxes and slashing the military, which Adams had built up.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong><em>Marbury v. Madison<\/em>:\u00a0<\/strong>the landmark 1803 case establishing the Supreme Court\u2019s powers of judicial review, specifically the power to review and possibly nullify actions of Congress and the president<\/p>\n<p><strong>Revolution of 1800:\u00a0<\/strong>the peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans with the election of 1800<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-254\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Sarah Franklin for Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/Lumen%20Learning\">http:\/\/Lumen%20Learning<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/8-3-partisan-politics\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/8-3-partisan-politics<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11740\/latest\/<\/li><li>The Election of 1800. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/06-a-new-nation\/#X_The_Election_of_1800\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/06-a-new-nation\/#X_The_Election_of_1800<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Marbury vs. Madison: What Was the Case About? | History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: History. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hOvsZyqRfCo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hOvsZyqRfCo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Attack Ads, Circa 1800. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: ReasonTV. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Y_zTN4BXvYI&#038;feature=emb_logo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Y_zTN4BXvYI&#038;feature=emb_logo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":969,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/8-3-partisan-politics\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11740\/latest\/\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Marbury vs. Madison: What Was the Case About? 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