{"id":2693,"date":"2021-03-18T20:20:22","date_gmt":"2021-03-18T20:20:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2693"},"modified":"2022-08-12T01:37:54","modified_gmt":"2022-08-12T01:37:54","slug":"fighting-in-1862","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/fighting-in-1862\/","title":{"raw":"Fighting in 1862","rendered":"Fighting in 1862"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Summarize the significant Civil War battles of 1862<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm126846880\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Military Stalemate<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202648\/CNX_History_15_02_Inactivity.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon, entitled, \u201c\u2018Masterly Inactivity\u2019 or Six Months on the Potomac,\u201d depicts a larger-than-life George B. McClellan and P. G. T Beauregard, reclining on massive chairs with the Potomac River between them, looking at one another through long telescopes. Meanwhile, beneath them, their troops engage in social visits, sports, and other leisure-time activities, including happily and fruitlessly tossing rocks at their enemies across the river.\" width=\"390\" height=\"298\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong>As this cartoon indicates, the fighting strategy at the beginning of the war included watchful waiting by the leaders of the North and South.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm126769904\">The military forces of the Confederacy and the Union battled in 1861 and early 1862 without either side gaining the upper hand. The majority of military leaders on both sides had received the same military education and often knew one another personally, either from their time as students at West Point or as commanding officers in the Mexican-American War. This familiarity allowed them to anticipate each other\u2019s strategies. Both sides believed in the use of concentrated armies charged with taking the capital city of the enemy. For the Union, this meant the capture of the Confederate capital in Richmond, Virginia, whereas Washington, DC stood as the prize for Confederate forces. After hopes of a quick victory faded at Bull Run, the months dragged on without any major movement on either side.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Seven Days Battles<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm156893888\">General George B. McClellan, the <strong>general-in-chief<\/strong> of the army, responsible for overall control of Union land forces, proved especially reluctant to engage in battle with the Confederates. McClellan believed\u00a0that Confederate forces were too strong to defeat and he was\u00a0hesitant to risk his troops in battle. His cautious nature made him popular with his men but not with the president or Congress. By 1862, however, both President Lincoln and the new Secretary of War Edwin Stanton had grown\u00a0tired of waiting. The Union put forward a new effort to bolster troop strength, enlisting one million men to serve for three-year stints in the <strong>Army of the Potomac\u2014<\/strong>the Union fighting force operating outside Washington, DC. In January 1862, Lincoln and Stanton ordered McClellan to invade the Confederacy with the goal of capturing Richmond.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp5660272\">To that end, General McClellan slowly moved 100,000 soldiers toward Richmond but stopped a few miles outside the city. As he did so, a Confederate force led by Thomas \u201cStonewall\u201d Jackson moved north to take Washington, DC. To fend off Jackson\u2019s attack, somewhere between one-quarter and one-third of McClellan\u2019s soldiers, led by Major General Irvin McDowell, returned to defend the nation\u2019s capital, a move that Jackson hoped would leave the remaining troops near Richmond more vulnerable. Having succeeded in drawing off a sizable portion of the Union force, he joined General Lee to launch an attack on McClellan\u2019s remaining soldiers near Richmond. From June 25 to July 1, 1862, the two sides engaged in the brutal <strong>Seven Days Battles<\/strong> that killed or wounded almost twenty thousand Confederate and ten thousand Union soldiers. McClellan\u2019s army finally returned north, having failed to take Richmond.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Second Battle of Bull Run and Battle of Antietam<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp13064944\">General Lee, flush from his success in protecting\u00a0Richmond, tried to capitalize on the Union\u2019s failure by taking the fighting northward. He moved his forces into northern Virginia, where, at the <strong>Second Battle of Bull Run<\/strong>, the Confederates again defeated the Union forces. Lee then pressed into Maryland, where his troops met the much larger Union forces near Sharpsburg, at Antietam Creek. The ensuing one-day battle on September 17, 1862, led to a tremendous loss of life. Although there are varying opinions about the total number of deaths, eight thousand soldiers were killed or wounded, more than on any other single day of combat. Once again, McClellan, mistakenly believing that the Confederate troops outnumbered his own, held back a significant portion of his forces. Lee withdrew from the field first, but McClellan, fearing he was outnumbered, refused to pursue him.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm73202064\">The Union army\u2019s inability to destroy Lee\u2019s army at <strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Antietam<\/span><\/strong> made it clear to Lincoln that McClellan would never win the war, and the president was forced to seek a replacement. Lincoln wanted someone who could deliver a decisive Union victory. He also personally disliked McClellan, who referred to the president as a \u201cbaboon\u201d and a \u201cgorilla,\u201d and constantly criticized his decisions. Lincoln chose General Ambrose E. Burnside to replace McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac. In December 1862, Burnside attempted to advance into Virginia. His\u00a0efforts failed, as Confederates held their position at Fredericksburg and devastated Burnside\u2019s forces with heavy artillery fire. The Union\u2019s defeat at <strong>Fredericksburg<\/strong> harmed morale in the North but bolstered Confederate spirits. By the end of 1862, the Confederates were still holding their ground in Virginia. Burnside\u2019s failure led Lincoln to make another change in leadership, and Joseph \u201cFighting Joe\u201d Hooker took over command of the Army of the Potomac in January 1863.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>MapPing the Battles<\/h3>\r\nThe map below shows the areas controlled by the North and South, as well as the major battles of 1862. You can see the Battle of Antietam and Battle of Fredericksburg in Northern Virginina on the ma[, as well as Ft. Donelson, a key battle in February of 1862 along the western front, in which General Ulysses S. Grant rose out of obscurity, earning the nickname\u00a0\"Unconditional Surrender\" Grant. That battle, combined with the devastating Battle of Shiloh,\u00a0resulted in the North gaining control of critical waterways and territory in Kentucky and Tennessee.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6394\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"720\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/25130318\/Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1862.svg_.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-6394\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/25130318\/Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1862.svg_.png\" alt=\"Map of the U.S. showing major cities and battles fought during 1862. It shows the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Ft. Donelson, and Shiloh, as well as the dividing line between cities controlled by the North vs. those controlled by the South.\" width=\"720\" height=\"375\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. A few major battles of 1862, including Antietam, Frederickburg, Ft. Donelson, and Shiloh.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIf you are interested in learning more about the battles of the Civil War and the military strategy involved, watch <a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/454459103\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video of the Civil War Animated Battle Map<\/a>.\r\n\r\nTo see where the battles were fought, look at this resource below from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.esri.com\/stories\/civilwar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Esri Storymaps<\/a>. Scroll down to find an interactive map showing the key battles during the war and click on the icons to learn more about each battle.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/f2514efbc6d743b7a8d1aae3c82d37fa?cover=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Battle of Shiloh<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6395\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"577\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/25134527\/1920px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh_cropped.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-6395\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/25134527\/1920px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh_cropped.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting of the Battle of Shiloh.\" width=\"577\" height=\"397\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War until that point.\u00a0Union casualties were 13,047 (1,754 killed, 8,408 wounded, and 2,885 missing); Confederate casualties were 10,699 (1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 missing or captured). Several later battles cost even more lives, the most famous being the Battles of Antietam and Gettysburg.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp167678432\">General Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s <strong>Army of the West<\/strong>, operating in Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Mississippi River Valley, had been more successful. In the western campaign, the goal of both the Union and the Confederacy was to gain control of the major rivers in the west, especially the Mississippi. If the Union could control the Mississippi, the Confederacy would be split in two. The fighting in this campaign initially centered in Tennessee, where Union forces commanded by Grant pushed Confederate troops back and gained control of the state. The major battle in the western theater took place at Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee, on April 6 and 7, 1862. Grant\u2019s army was camped on the west side of the Tennessee River near a small log church called Shiloh, which gave the battle its name. On Sunday morning, April 6, Confederate forces under General Albert Sidney Johnston attacked Grant\u2019s encampment with the goal of separating them from their supply line on the Tennessee River and driving them into the swamps on the river\u2019s western side. Johnston hoped his troops could then decimate the Union forces mired in the swamp.\u00a0Union general William Tecumseh Sherman tried to rally the Union forces as Grant, who had been convalescing from an injured leg and was unable to walk without crutches, called for reinforcements and tried to mount a defense. However, many of Union troops fled in terror.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp82555472\">Unfortunately for the Confederates, Johnston was killed on the afternoon of the first day. Leadership of the Southern forces fell to General P. G. T. Beauregard, who ordered an assault at the end of that day. This assault was so desperate that one of the two attacking columns did not even have ammunition. Heavily reinforced Union forces counterattacked the next day, and they routed the Confederate forces. Grant had maintained the Union foothold in the western part of the Confederacy. The North could now concentrate on its efforts to gain control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two and depriving it of its most important water route.<\/p>\r\nThe <strong>Battle of Shiloh<\/strong>, lasting only two days, was the costliest single battle in American history up to that time. The loss of life\u00a0shocked both the Union and the Confederacy with approximately twenty-three thousand casualties, a number that exceeded casualties from all of the United States\u2019 previous wars combined.\u00a0The subsequent capture of New Orleans by Union forces proved a heavy blow to the Confederacy and capped an 1862 spring of success\u00a0for the North in the Western Theater.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\r\nRead a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shoppbs.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/grant\/filmmore\/ps_02.html\">first-hand account\u00a0from a Confederate soldier<\/a> at the Battle at Shiloh, followed by the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shoppbs.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/grant\/filmmore\/ps_01.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">perspective of a Union soldier<\/a>\u00a0at the same battle.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Additional Union Victories<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">In the spring and summer of 1862, the Union succeeded\u00a0in gaining control of part of the Mississippi River. In April 1862, the Union navy under Admiral David Farragut fought its way past the forts that guarded <strong>New Orleans<\/strong> and fired naval guns upon the below-sea-level city. When it became obvious that New Orleans could no longer be defended, Confederate major general Marshall Lovell sent his artillery upriver to <strong>Vicksburg<\/strong>, Mississippi. Armed civilians in New Orleans fought the Union forces that entered the city. They also destroyed ships and military supplies that might be used by the Union. Upriver, Union naval forces also bombarded <strong>Fort Pillow<\/strong>, forty miles from Memphis, Tennessee, a Southern industrial center and one of the largest cities in the Confederacy. On June 4, 1862, the Confederate defenders abandoned the fort. On June 6, Memphis fell to the Union after destroyed the ships guarding the city.<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video highlights the key battles of 1862. It moves quickly, so try to follow along and review the major milestones that you read about above.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6790649&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=Dc0QETDv93I&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-2sf1gnup-Dc0QETDv93I\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/civilwar1862thecivilwarinfourminutes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cCivil War 1862: The Civil War in Four Minutes\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp260566368\" class=\"history click-and-explore\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Click and Explore\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6b6b555f-bba8-4eaa-aa2e-4e7a01f5a9af<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\r\nThis CrashCourse video details some of the major battles of the Civil War. Watch it to review the 1862 battles and to get a brief overview of the other major battles that shaped the course of the war.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/25HHVDOaGeE?t=1s\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/BattlesoftheCivilWarCrashCourseUSHistory19.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cBattles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Antietam:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">September 17, 1862 battle in Maryland. Deadliest one-day battle in American history, and while considered a stalemate, it did halt General Lee's advancement into the North. The Union's ability to stop further encroachment by the Confederate forces convinced Lincoln the time was right to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<strong>Army of the Potomac:\u00a0<\/strong>the Union fighting force operating outside Washington, DC\r\n\r\n<strong>Army of the West:\u00a0<\/strong>the Union fighting force operating in Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Mississippi River Valley\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><strong>Battle of New Orleans:<\/strong>\u00a0Union navy captured this city in April 1862, giving the North control of a key gateway to the Mississippi River.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Battle of Shiloh: <\/strong>the costliest multi-day battle in American history up to that time, occurring April 6-7, 1862. The Union victory resulted in 23,000 casualties. It opened the door for Grant to take control of the Mississippi River, severing the South in two.\r\n\r\n<strong>Battle of Fredericksburg: <\/strong>December 1862, Confederate victory against newly appointed Union General Ambrose E. Burnside. Burnside failed in his attempt to move into Virginia, lowering Union morale while uplifting Confederate spirits.\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><b style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Fort Pillow: <\/b>Union forces bombarded this fort that stood as guard for Memphis, Tennessee, a key Southern industrial city.\u00a0On June 4, 1862, the Confederate defenders abandoned the fort, and Memphis fell to the Union two days later.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><strong>general-in-chief:\u00a0<\/strong>the commander of army land forces<\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Second Battle of Bull Run: <\/strong>battle fought in northern Virginia from August 29-30, 1862.\u00a0Confederate victory here emboldened General Lee to push further northward into Maryland\r\n\r\n<strong>Seven Days Battles<\/strong>: a series of seven battles over seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near\u00a0Richmond, Virginia\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><strong>Vicksburg:\u00a0<\/strong>city of strategic importance on the Mississippi River. The Union would eventually take the city in June 1863, cementing their control of the river and striking a severe blow to the Confederate war effort<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Summarize the significant Civil War battles of 1862<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm126846880\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Military Stalemate<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202648\/CNX_History_15_02_Inactivity.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon, entitled, \u201c\u2018Masterly Inactivity\u2019 or Six Months on the Potomac,\u201d depicts a larger-than-life George B. McClellan and P. G. T Beauregard, reclining on massive chairs with the Potomac River between them, looking at one another through long telescopes. Meanwhile, beneath them, their troops engage in social visits, sports, and other leisure-time activities, including happily and fruitlessly tossing rocks at their enemies across the river.\" width=\"390\" height=\"298\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong>As this cartoon indicates, the fighting strategy at the beginning of the war included watchful waiting by the leaders of the North and South.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm126769904\">The military forces of the Confederacy and the Union battled in 1861 and early 1862 without either side gaining the upper hand. The majority of military leaders on both sides had received the same military education and often knew one another personally, either from their time as students at West Point or as commanding officers in the Mexican-American War. This familiarity allowed them to anticipate each other\u2019s strategies. Both sides believed in the use of concentrated armies charged with taking the capital city of the enemy. For the Union, this meant the capture of the Confederate capital in Richmond, Virginia, whereas Washington, DC stood as the prize for Confederate forces. After hopes of a quick victory faded at Bull Run, the months dragged on without any major movement on either side.<\/p>\n<h2>Seven Days Battles<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm156893888\">General George B. McClellan, the <strong>general-in-chief<\/strong> of the army, responsible for overall control of Union land forces, proved especially reluctant to engage in battle with the Confederates. McClellan believed\u00a0that Confederate forces were too strong to defeat and he was\u00a0hesitant to risk his troops in battle. His cautious nature made him popular with his men but not with the president or Congress. By 1862, however, both President Lincoln and the new Secretary of War Edwin Stanton had grown\u00a0tired of waiting. The Union put forward a new effort to bolster troop strength, enlisting one million men to serve for three-year stints in the <strong>Army of the Potomac\u2014<\/strong>the Union fighting force operating outside Washington, DC. In January 1862, Lincoln and Stanton ordered McClellan to invade the Confederacy with the goal of capturing Richmond.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp5660272\">To that end, General McClellan slowly moved 100,000 soldiers toward Richmond but stopped a few miles outside the city. As he did so, a Confederate force led by Thomas \u201cStonewall\u201d Jackson moved north to take Washington, DC. To fend off Jackson\u2019s attack, somewhere between one-quarter and one-third of McClellan\u2019s soldiers, led by Major General Irvin McDowell, returned to defend the nation\u2019s capital, a move that Jackson hoped would leave the remaining troops near Richmond more vulnerable. Having succeeded in drawing off a sizable portion of the Union force, he joined General Lee to launch an attack on McClellan\u2019s remaining soldiers near Richmond. From June 25 to July 1, 1862, the two sides engaged in the brutal <strong>Seven Days Battles<\/strong> that killed or wounded almost twenty thousand Confederate and ten thousand Union soldiers. McClellan\u2019s army finally returned north, having failed to take Richmond.<\/p>\n<h2>Second Battle of Bull Run and Battle of Antietam<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp13064944\">General Lee, flush from his success in protecting\u00a0Richmond, tried to capitalize on the Union\u2019s failure by taking the fighting northward. He moved his forces into northern Virginia, where, at the <strong>Second Battle of Bull Run<\/strong>, the Confederates again defeated the Union forces. Lee then pressed into Maryland, where his troops met the much larger Union forces near Sharpsburg, at Antietam Creek. The ensuing one-day battle on September 17, 1862, led to a tremendous loss of life. Although there are varying opinions about the total number of deaths, eight thousand soldiers were killed or wounded, more than on any other single day of combat. Once again, McClellan, mistakenly believing that the Confederate troops outnumbered his own, held back a significant portion of his forces. Lee withdrew from the field first, but McClellan, fearing he was outnumbered, refused to pursue him.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm73202064\">The Union army\u2019s inability to destroy Lee\u2019s army at <strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Antietam<\/span><\/strong> made it clear to Lincoln that McClellan would never win the war, and the president was forced to seek a replacement. Lincoln wanted someone who could deliver a decisive Union victory. He also personally disliked McClellan, who referred to the president as a \u201cbaboon\u201d and a \u201cgorilla,\u201d and constantly criticized his decisions. Lincoln chose General Ambrose E. Burnside to replace McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac. In December 1862, Burnside attempted to advance into Virginia. His\u00a0efforts failed, as Confederates held their position at Fredericksburg and devastated Burnside\u2019s forces with heavy artillery fire. The Union\u2019s defeat at <strong>Fredericksburg<\/strong> harmed morale in the North but bolstered Confederate spirits. By the end of 1862, the Confederates were still holding their ground in Virginia. Burnside\u2019s failure led Lincoln to make another change in leadership, and Joseph \u201cFighting Joe\u201d Hooker took over command of the Army of the Potomac in January 1863.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>MapPing the Battles<\/h3>\n<p>The map below shows the areas controlled by the North and South, as well as the major battles of 1862. You can see the Battle of Antietam and Battle of Fredericksburg in Northern Virginina on the ma[, as well as Ft. Donelson, a key battle in February of 1862 along the western front, in which General Ulysses S. Grant rose out of obscurity, earning the nickname\u00a0&#8220;Unconditional Surrender&#8221; Grant. That battle, combined with the devastating Battle of Shiloh,\u00a0resulted in the North gaining control of critical waterways and territory in Kentucky and Tennessee.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6394\" style=\"width: 730px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/25130318\/Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1862.svg_.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6394\" class=\"wp-image-6394\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/25130318\/Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1862.svg_.png\" alt=\"Map of the U.S. showing major cities and battles fought during 1862. It shows the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Ft. Donelson, and Shiloh, as well as the dividing line between cities controlled by the North vs. those controlled by the South.\" width=\"720\" height=\"375\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6394\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. A few major battles of 1862, including Antietam, Frederickburg, Ft. Donelson, and Shiloh.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>If you are interested in learning more about the battles of the Civil War and the military strategy involved, watch <a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/454459103\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video of the Civil War Animated Battle Map<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>To see where the battles were fought, look at this resource below from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.esri.com\/stories\/civilwar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Esri Storymaps<\/a>. Scroll down to find an interactive map showing the key battles during the war and click on the icons to learn more about each battle.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/f2514efbc6d743b7a8d1aae3c82d37fa?cover=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500px\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Battle of Shiloh<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_6395\" style=\"width: 587px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/25134527\/1920px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh_cropped.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6395\" class=\"wp-image-6395\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/25134527\/1920px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh_cropped.jpeg\" alt=\"Painting of the Battle of Shiloh.\" width=\"577\" height=\"397\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6395\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle of the Civil War until that point.\u00a0Union casualties were 13,047 (1,754 killed, 8,408 wounded, and 2,885 missing); Confederate casualties were 10,699 (1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 missing or captured). Several later battles cost even more lives, the most famous being the Battles of Antietam and Gettysburg.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp167678432\">General Ulysses S. Grant\u2019s <strong>Army of the West<\/strong>, operating in Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Mississippi River Valley, had been more successful. In the western campaign, the goal of both the Union and the Confederacy was to gain control of the major rivers in the west, especially the Mississippi. If the Union could control the Mississippi, the Confederacy would be split in two. The fighting in this campaign initially centered in Tennessee, where Union forces commanded by Grant pushed Confederate troops back and gained control of the state. The major battle in the western theater took place at Pittsburgh Landing, Tennessee, on April 6 and 7, 1862. Grant\u2019s army was camped on the west side of the Tennessee River near a small log church called Shiloh, which gave the battle its name. On Sunday morning, April 6, Confederate forces under General Albert Sidney Johnston attacked Grant\u2019s encampment with the goal of separating them from their supply line on the Tennessee River and driving them into the swamps on the river\u2019s western side. Johnston hoped his troops could then decimate the Union forces mired in the swamp.\u00a0Union general William Tecumseh Sherman tried to rally the Union forces as Grant, who had been convalescing from an injured leg and was unable to walk without crutches, called for reinforcements and tried to mount a defense. However, many of Union troops fled in terror.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp82555472\">Unfortunately for the Confederates, Johnston was killed on the afternoon of the first day. Leadership of the Southern forces fell to General P. G. T. Beauregard, who ordered an assault at the end of that day. This assault was so desperate that one of the two attacking columns did not even have ammunition. Heavily reinforced Union forces counterattacked the next day, and they routed the Confederate forces. Grant had maintained the Union foothold in the western part of the Confederacy. The North could now concentrate on its efforts to gain control of the Mississippi River, splitting the Confederacy in two and depriving it of its most important water route.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>Battle of Shiloh<\/strong>, lasting only two days, was the costliest single battle in American history up to that time. The loss of life\u00a0shocked both the Union and the Confederacy with approximately twenty-three thousand casualties, a number that exceeded casualties from all of the United States\u2019 previous wars combined.\u00a0The subsequent capture of New Orleans by Union forces proved a heavy blow to the Confederacy and capped an 1862 spring of success\u00a0for the North in the Western Theater.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\n<p>Read a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shoppbs.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/grant\/filmmore\/ps_02.html\">first-hand account\u00a0from a Confederate soldier<\/a> at the Battle at Shiloh, followed by the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shoppbs.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/grant\/filmmore\/ps_01.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">perspective of a Union soldier<\/a>\u00a0at the same battle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Additional Union Victories<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">In the spring and summer of 1862, the Union succeeded\u00a0in gaining control of part of the Mississippi River. In April 1862, the Union navy under Admiral David Farragut fought its way past the forts that guarded <strong>New Orleans<\/strong> and fired naval guns upon the below-sea-level city. When it became obvious that New Orleans could no longer be defended, Confederate major general Marshall Lovell sent his artillery upriver to <strong>Vicksburg<\/strong>, Mississippi. Armed civilians in New Orleans fought the Union forces that entered the city. They also destroyed ships and military supplies that might be used by the Union. Upriver, Union naval forces also bombarded <strong>Fort Pillow<\/strong>, forty miles from Memphis, Tennessee, a Southern industrial center and one of the largest cities in the Confederacy. On June 4, 1862, the Confederate defenders abandoned the fort. On June 6, Memphis fell to the Union after destroyed the ships guarding the city.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video highlights the key battles of 1862. It moves quickly, so try to follow along and review the major milestones that you read about above.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6790649&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=Dc0QETDv93I&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-2sf1gnup-Dc0QETDv93I\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/civilwar1862thecivilwarinfourminutes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cCivil War 1862: The Civil War in Four Minutes\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idp260566368\" class=\"history click-and-explore\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Click and Explore\">\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_6b6b555f-bba8-4eaa-aa2e-4e7a01f5a9af\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6b6b555f-bba8-4eaa-aa2e-4e7a01f5a9af?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_6b6b555f-bba8-4eaa-aa2e-4e7a01f5a9af\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\n<p>This CrashCourse video details some of the major battles of the Civil War. Watch it to review the 1862 battles and to get a brief overview of the other major battles that shaped the course of the war.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Battles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/25HHVDOaGeE?start=1&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/BattlesoftheCivilWarCrashCourseUSHistory19.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cBattles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Antietam:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">September 17, 1862 battle in Maryland. Deadliest one-day battle in American history, and while considered a stalemate, it did halt General Lee&#8217;s advancement into the North. The Union&#8217;s ability to stop further encroachment by the Confederate forces convinced Lincoln the time was right to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Army of the Potomac:\u00a0<\/strong>the Union fighting force operating outside Washington, DC<\/p>\n<p><strong>Army of the West:\u00a0<\/strong>the Union fighting force operating in Kentucky, Tennessee, and the Mississippi River Valley<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><strong>Battle of New Orleans:<\/strong>\u00a0Union navy captured this city in April 1862, giving the North control of a key gateway to the Mississippi River.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Battle of Shiloh: <\/strong>the costliest multi-day battle in American history up to that time, occurring April 6-7, 1862. The Union victory resulted in 23,000 casualties. It opened the door for Grant to take control of the Mississippi River, severing the South in two.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Battle of Fredericksburg: <\/strong>December 1862, Confederate victory against newly appointed Union General Ambrose E. Burnside. Burnside failed in his attempt to move into Virginia, lowering Union morale while uplifting Confederate spirits.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><b style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">Fort Pillow: <\/b>Union forces bombarded this fort that stood as guard for Memphis, Tennessee, a key Southern industrial city.\u00a0On June 4, 1862, the Confederate defenders abandoned the fort, and Memphis fell to the Union two days later.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><strong>general-in-chief:\u00a0<\/strong>the commander of army land forces<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Second Battle of Bull Run: <\/strong>battle fought in northern Virginia from August 29-30, 1862.\u00a0Confederate victory here emboldened General Lee to push further northward into Maryland<\/p>\n<p><strong>Seven Days Battles<\/strong>: a series of seven battles over seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near\u00a0Richmond, Virginia<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><strong>Vicksburg:\u00a0<\/strong>city of strategic importance on the Mississippi River. The Union would eventually take the city in June 1863, cementing their control of the river and striking a severe blow to the Confederate war effort<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2693\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/15-2-early-mobilization-and-war\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/15-2-early-mobilization-and-war<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Map of the American Civil War, 1862. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Andrei nacu. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1862.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1862.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Civil War 1862: The Civil War in Four Minutes. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: American Battlefield Trust. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Dc0QETDv93I&#038;t=1s\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Dc0QETDv93I&#038;t=1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Battles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Crash Course. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/25HHVDOaGeE?t=1s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/25HHVDOaGeE?t=1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Battle of Shiloh Image. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: American Civil War, produced by L. Prang &amp; Co. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Shiloh#\/media\/File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh_(cropped).jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Shiloh#\/media\/File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh_(cropped).jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/15-2-early-mobilization-and-war\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Civil War 1862: The Civil War in Four Minutes\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"American Battlefield Trust\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Dc0QETDv93I&t=1s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Battle of Shiloh Image\",\"author\":\"American Civil War, produced by L. Prang & Co\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Shiloh#\/media\/File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Shiloh_(cropped).jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Map of the American Civil War, 1862\",\"author\":\"Andrei nacu\",\"organization\":\"Wikimedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1862.svg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Battles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Crash Course\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/25HHVDOaGeE?t=1s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"7d898379-b4c7-4d46-ab3d-a31fbd50c965,d47419f4-ec53-46d9-8f84-a98a58409e8d","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2693","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":446,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2693","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23592"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2693\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8634,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2693\/revisions\/8634"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/446"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2693\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2693"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2693"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2693"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}