{"id":2736,"date":"2021-03-18T21:24:09","date_gmt":"2021-03-18T21:24:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2736"},"modified":"2022-08-10T03:08:43","modified_gmt":"2022-08-10T03:08:43","slug":"the-fourteenth-amendment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/the-fourteenth-amendment\/","title":{"raw":"The Fourteenth Amendment","rendered":"The Fourteenth Amendment"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the purpose and the passing of the Fourteenth Amendment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_5595\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"449\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/05142740\/800px-Letter_of_Transmittal_of_14th_Amemdment_to_the_Several_States.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-5595 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/05142740\/800px-Letter_of_Transmittal_of_14th_Amemdment_to_the_Several_States-300x209.jpeg\" alt=\"Letter from William Seward to the governors of the states saying that the Congress passed the resolution of the fourteenth amendment and the states need to read and acknowledge the new law.\" width=\"449\" height=\"313\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Form of the Letter of Transmittal of the Fourteenth Amendment to the several states for its ratification. Amendments must be passed by 2\/3 of the Congress and Senate and then ratified by at least 3\/4 of states. State legislatures in every formerly Confederate state, with the exception of Tennessee, first refused to ratify it. This refusal led to the passage of the Reconstruction Acts. Ignoring the existing state governments, military government was imposed until new civil governments were established and the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified.[\/caption]\r\n<h2><strong>The Fourteenth Amendment<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nQuestions swirled about the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The Supreme Court, in its 1857 decision forbidding black citizenship, had interpreted the Constitution in a certain way; many argued that the 1866 statute, alone, could not alter that interpretation. Seeking to overcome all legal questions, Radical Republicans drafted another constitutional amendment with provisions that followed those of the 1866 Civil Rights Act. In July 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment went to state legislatures for ratification.\r\n\r\nThe Fourteenth Amendment stated, \u201cAll persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.\u201d\r\n\r\nIt gave citizens equal protection under both the state and federal law, overturning the Dred Scott decision. It eliminated the Three-fifths Compromise of the 1787 Constitution, whereby slaves had been counted as three-fifths of a free white person, and it reduced the number of House representatives and Electoral College electors for any state that denied suffrage to any adult male inhabitant, Black or White. As Radical Republicans had proposed in the Wade-Davis bill, individuals who had \u201cengaged in insurrection or rebellion [against] . . . or given aid or comfort to the enemies [of]\u201d the United States were barred from holding political (state or federal) or military office unless pardoned by two-thirds of Congress.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>The 14th Amendment and Equal Protection Under the Law<\/h3>\r\nThis <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hDG38J961rU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video from the National Constitution Center<\/a> explains each of the sections of the 14th amendment and what they mean.\u00a0You can read the full text of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ourdocuments.gov\/doc.php?doc=43&amp;page=transcript\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourteenth Amendment at the Our Documents website.<\/a>\r\n\r\nThe Fourteenth Amendment's first section includes several clauses: the\u00a0Citizenship Clause,\u00a0Privileges or Immunities Clause,\u00a0Due Process Clause, and\u00a0Equal Protection Clause. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, nullifying the Supreme Court's decision in\u00a0<i>Dred Scott v. Sandford<\/i>\u00a0(1857), which had held that Americans descended from African slaves could not be citizens of the United States.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>Due Process Clause<\/strong> prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without a fair procedure. The Supreme Court has ruled this clause makes most of the\u00a0Bill of Rights\u00a0as\u00a0applicable to the states\u00a0as it is to the federal government, as well as to recognize\u00a0substantive\u00a0and\u00a0procedural\u00a0requirements that state laws must satisfy.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>Equal Protection Clause<\/strong> requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its\u00a0jurisdiction. This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups. The section is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark\u00a0Supreme Court\u00a0decisions such as\u00a0<i>Brown v. Board of Education<\/i>\u00a0(1954) regarding racial segregation,\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>\u00a0(1973) regarding abortion,\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Obergefell v. Hodges<\/i>\u00a0(2015) regarding same-sex marriage. It also provided the basis for\u00a0Title IX, a federal civil rights law that was passed as part (Title IX) of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives federal money.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe amendment also answered the question of debts arising from the Civil War by specifying that all debts incurred by fighting to defeat the Confederacy would be honored. Confederate debts, however, would not: \u201c[N]either the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.\u201d\u00a0This basically states that if a person had bonds from the United States and\/or Union, the bonds would be honored by the U.S. government. If a person held Confederate bonds, they would be worthless. Southerners who held both Confederate bonds and enslaved people would not recover this wealth.\u00a0Thus, claims by former slaveholders requesting compensation for slave property had no standing. Any state that ratified the Fourteenth Amendment would automatically be readmitted. Yet, all former Confederate states refused to ratify the amendment in 1866.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video summarizes how the 14th amendment gave citizenship to the formerly enslaved.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6790733&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=HorBhAazjHY&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-up52m9c4-HorBhAazjHY\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/thefourteenthamendment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Fourteenth Amendment\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><strong>\"Swing Around the Circle\"<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nPresident Johnson called openly for the rejection of the Fourteenth Amendment, a move that drove a further wedge between him and congressional Republicans. In late summer of 1866, he gave a series of speeches, known as the \u201cswing around the circle,\u201d designed to gather support for his mild version of Reconstruction. Johnson felt that ending slavery went far enough; extending the rights and protections of citizenship to freed people, he believed, went much too far. He continued to believe that Blacks were inferior to Whites. The president\u2019s \u201cswing around the circle\u201d speeches to gain support for his program and derail the Radical Republicans proved to be a disaster, as hecklers provoked Johnson to make damaging statements. Radical Republicans charged that Johnson had been drunk when he made his speeches. As a result, Johnson\u2019s reputation plummeted.\r\n\r\nRecall that Johnson, a former Democrat from Tennessee, was chosen as Lincoln's vice presidential candidate because his presence appeased Southern sympathizers who desired a quick peace process. Johnson, however, fought constantly with the Republican majority in Congress. One of their major disagreements was over the federal government\u2019s role in promoting social, political, and economic equality for the formerly enslaved and other Black people. On March 27, 1866, in a message to Congress regarding their proposed civil rights legislation, Johnson explained his constitutional concerns about the bill. In the end, Johnson refused to sign the bill because he believed Congress had no right to guarantee citizenship within the states or to enforce legislation on the individual states. In addition, he challenged the portions of the law that guaranteed full social, political, and economic equality for freedmen by challenging their fitness to vote and become fully functioning members of society. This bill, the\u00a0Civil Rights Act of 1866, was intended to clarify and support the policies set forth in the 13th and 14th amendments. Even though Johnson vetoed the bill, Congress overrode his veto,\u00a0marking the first time that the U.S. Congress ever overrode a presidential veto for a major piece of legislation.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>President Johnson's Veto of the\u00a0Civil Rights Act of 1866<\/h3>\r\nRead through the text of President Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Use the vocabulary terms on the left to help you understand some of the terminology, and consider President Johnson's viewpoints and perspective.\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm394697744\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<div class=\"os-table \">\r\n<table id=\"fs-idm384239824\" class=\"unnumbered\" summary=\"Table 7.2 \" data-label=\"\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<th scope=\"col\" data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Vocabulary<\/em><\/th>\r\n<th scope=\"col\" data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Text<\/em><\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">To the Senate of the United States:<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">vindication<\/strong>\u00a0(n): being cleared of blame or trouble<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">provision<\/strong>\u00a0(n): part<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">obligation<\/strong>\u00a0(n): responsibility<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">constrain<\/strong>\u00a0(v): to force<\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">I regret that the bill which has passed both Houses of Congress, entitled \u201cAn Act to protect all persons in the United States in their civil rights, and furnish the means of their\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">vindication<\/strong>,\u201d contains\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">provisions<\/strong>\u00a0which I cannot approve, consistently with my sense of duty to the whole people, and my\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">obligations<\/strong>\u00a0to the Constitution of the United States.\u00a0I am, therefore,\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">constrained<\/strong>\u00a0to return it to the Senate (the House in which it originated) with my objections to its becoming law.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">comprehend<\/strong>\u00a0(v): to include<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">Gipsies<\/strong>\u00a0[Gypsies] (n): members of a traditionally nomadic people who originated in northern India and now live chiefly in south and southwest Asia, Europe, and North America<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">mulatto<\/strong>\u00a0(n): person of mixed-race ancestry<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">purport<\/strong>\u00a0(v): to claim<\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">By the first section of the bill, all persons born in the United States, and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are declared to be citizens of the United States. This provision\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">comprehends<\/strong>\u00a0the Chinese of the Pacific States, Indians subject to taxation, the people called\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">Gipsies<\/strong>, as well as the entire race designated as blacks, people of color, negroes,\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">mulattoes<\/strong>, and persons of African blood. Every individual of these races, born in the United States, is by the bill made a citizen of the United States. It does not\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">purport<\/strong>\u00a0to declare or confer any other right of citizenship than Federal citizenship; it does not propose to give these classes of persons any status as citizens of States, except that which may result from their status as citizens of the United States.\u00a0The power to confer the right of State citizenship is just as exclusively with the several States, as the power to confer the right of Federal citizenship is with Congress. . . .<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">requisite<\/strong>\u00a0(adj): required<\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">Four millions of them have just emerged from slavery into freedom.\u00a0Can it be reasonably supposed that they possess the\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">requisite<\/strong>\u00a0qualifications to entitle them to all the privileges and immunities of citizenship of the United States? . . .<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">probation<\/strong>\u00a0(n): waiting period<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">coveted<\/strong>\u00a0(adj): greatly desired or envied<\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The policy of the Government, from its origin to the present time, seems to have been that persons who are strangers to and unfamiliar with our institutions and laws, should pass through a certain\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">probation<\/strong>; at the end of which, before attaining the\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">coveted<\/strong>\u00a0prize, they must give evidence of their fitness to receive and to exercise the rights of citizens as contemplated by the Constitution of the United States.\u00a0The bill in effect proposes a discrimination against large numbers of intelligent, worthy and patriotic foreigners, and in favor of the negro, to whom, after long years of bondage, the avenues to freedom and intelligence have just now been suddenly opened. . . .<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The object of the second section of the bill is to afford discriminating protection to colored persons in the full enjoyment of all the rights secured to them by the preceding section . . . of a State Legislature who should vote for laws conflicting with the provisions of the bill . . .<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">jurisdiction<\/strong>\u00a0(n): the official power to make legal decisions and judgments<\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The remedy proposed by this section seems to be in this respect not only anomalous but unconstitutional, for the Constitution guarantees nothing with certainty if it does not insure to the several States the right of making index ruling laws in regard to all matters arising within their\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">jurisdiction<\/strong>,\u00a0subject only to the restriction, in cases of conflict with the Constitution and constitutional laws of the United States\u2014the latter to be held as the supreme law of the land. . . .<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">cognizance<\/strong>\u00a0(n): awareness<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">concurrent<\/strong>\u00a0(adj): existing, happening, or done at the same time<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">tribunal<\/strong>\u00a0(n): a court of justice<\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The third section gives\u00a0the district courts of the United States exclusive\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">cognizance<\/strong>\u00a0of all crimes and offences committed against the provisions of this act, and\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">concurrent<\/strong>\u00a0jurisdiction with the circuit courts of the United States,\u00a0of all civil and criminal cases affecting persons that are denied, or cannot enforce in the courts or judicial\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">tribunals<\/strong>\u00a0of the State or locality where they may be . . .<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The ninth section authorizes the President, or such person as he may empower for that purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as shall be necessary to prevent the violation and enforce the due execution of this act.\u00a0This language seems to imply a permanent military force that is to be always at hand,\u00a0and whose only business is to be the enforcement of this measure over the vast region where it intended to operate.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">fraught<\/strong>\u00a0(adj): likely to result in<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">hitherto<\/strong>\u00a0(adv): until now<\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">I do not propose to consider the policy of this bill. To me the details of the bill are\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">fraught<\/strong>\u00a0with evil. The white race and black race of the South have\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">hitherto<\/strong>\u00a0lived together under the relation of master and slave\u2014capital owning labor. Now that relation is changed; and as to ownership, capital and labor are divorced. They stand now, each master of itself. In this new relation, one being necessary to the other, there will be a new adjustment, which both are deeply interested in making harmonious. Each has equal power in settling the terms; and, if left to the laws that regulate capital and labor, it is confidently believed that they will satisfactorily work out the problem. . . .<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">safeguard<\/strong>\u00a0(n): protection<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">resuscitate<\/strong>\u00a0(v): to revive<\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">In all our history, in all our experience as a people living under Federal and State law, no such system as that contemplated by the details of this bill has ever before been proposed or adopted. They establish for the security of the colored race\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">safeguards<\/strong>\u00a0which go indefinitely beyond any that the General Government has ever provided for the white race.\u00a0In fact, the distinction of race and color is by the bill made to operate in favor of the colored against the white race. . . .<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">It is another step, or rather stride, towards centralization and the concentration of all legislative powers in the National Government.\u00a0The tendency of the bill must be to\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">resuscitate<\/strong>\u00a0the spirit of rebellion, and to arrest the progress of those influences which are more closely drawing around the States the bonds of union and peace. . . .<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">impartial<\/strong>\u00a0(n): unbiased or fair<\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">It only remains for me to say that I will cheerfully co-operate with Congress in any measure that may be necessary for the preservation of civil rights of the freedmen, as well as those of all other classes of persons throughout the United States, by judicial process under equal and\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">impartial<\/strong>\u00a0laws, or conformably with the provisions of the Federal Constitution.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">I now return the bill to the Senate, and regret that in considering the bills and joint resolutions, forty-two in number, which have been thus far submitted for my approval, I am compelled to withhold my assent from a second measure that has received the sanction of both Houses of Congress.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\r\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">Andrew Johnson<span data-type=\"newline\">\r\n<\/span>Washington, D.C., March 27, 1866.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm403958144\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h4 data-type=\"title\">Reflection Questions<\/h4>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm398178720\" class=\"\" data-type=\"exercise\"><section>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li id=\"fs-idm394378016\" data-type=\"problem\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">What is Johnson\u2019s objection to citizenship for all people born in the United States?<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li data-type=\"problem\">According to Johnson, why might four million newly freed people not deserve the \u201cprivileges and immunities of citizenship?\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-type=\"problem\">According to Johnson, how does this act change the previous process of gaining citizenship?<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-type=\"problem\">Why does Johnson despise the part of the Civil Rights Act that guarantees protection for the freedmen?<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-type=\"problem\">What danger does Johnson foresee with giving the president the power to use naval and armed forces to enforce this law?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm402058560\" class=\"\" data-type=\"exercise\"><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm411202928\" class=\"\" data-type=\"exercise\"><section>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm407359664\" data-type=\"problem\"><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nAndrew Johnson is considered one of the worst-ever American Presidents. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=N466WTClpe4&amp;t=6s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This CBS video examines some of his life and legacy<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/c30a709b-c72c-42ae-986d-ec55aec9705c<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the purpose and the passing of the Fourteenth Amendment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_5595\" style=\"width: 459px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/05142740\/800px-Letter_of_Transmittal_of_14th_Amemdment_to_the_Several_States.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5595\" class=\"wp-image-5595\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/03\/05142740\/800px-Letter_of_Transmittal_of_14th_Amemdment_to_the_Several_States-300x209.jpeg\" alt=\"Letter from William Seward to the governors of the states saying that the Congress passed the resolution of the fourteenth amendment and the states need to read and acknowledge the new law.\" width=\"449\" height=\"313\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-5595\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Form of the Letter of Transmittal of the Fourteenth Amendment to the several states for its ratification. Amendments must be passed by 2\/3 of the Congress and Senate and then ratified by at least 3\/4 of states. State legislatures in every formerly Confederate state, with the exception of Tennessee, first refused to ratify it. This refusal led to the passage of the Reconstruction Acts. Ignoring the existing state governments, military government was imposed until new civil governments were established and the Fourteenth Amendment was ratified.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>The Fourteenth Amendment<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Questions swirled about the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. The Supreme Court, in its 1857 decision forbidding black citizenship, had interpreted the Constitution in a certain way; many argued that the 1866 statute, alone, could not alter that interpretation. Seeking to overcome all legal questions, Radical Republicans drafted another constitutional amendment with provisions that followed those of the 1866 Civil Rights Act. In July 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment went to state legislatures for ratification.<\/p>\n<p>The Fourteenth Amendment stated, \u201cAll persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It gave citizens equal protection under both the state and federal law, overturning the Dred Scott decision. It eliminated the Three-fifths Compromise of the 1787 Constitution, whereby slaves had been counted as three-fifths of a free white person, and it reduced the number of House representatives and Electoral College electors for any state that denied suffrage to any adult male inhabitant, Black or White. As Radical Republicans had proposed in the Wade-Davis bill, individuals who had \u201cengaged in insurrection or rebellion [against] . . . or given aid or comfort to the enemies [of]\u201d the United States were barred from holding political (state or federal) or military office unless pardoned by two-thirds of Congress.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>The 14th Amendment and Equal Protection Under the Law<\/h3>\n<p>This <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hDG38J961rU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">video from the National Constitution Center<\/a> explains each of the sections of the 14th amendment and what they mean.\u00a0You can read the full text of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ourdocuments.gov\/doc.php?doc=43&amp;page=transcript\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourteenth Amendment at the Our Documents website.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Fourteenth Amendment&#8217;s first section includes several clauses: the\u00a0Citizenship Clause,\u00a0Privileges or Immunities Clause,\u00a0Due Process Clause, and\u00a0Equal Protection Clause. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, nullifying the Supreme Court&#8217;s decision in\u00a0<i>Dred Scott v. Sandford<\/i>\u00a0(1857), which had held that Americans descended from African slaves could not be citizens of the United States.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>Due Process Clause<\/strong> prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without a fair procedure. The Supreme Court has ruled this clause makes most of the\u00a0Bill of Rights\u00a0as\u00a0applicable to the states\u00a0as it is to the federal government, as well as to recognize\u00a0substantive\u00a0and\u00a0procedural\u00a0requirements that state laws must satisfy.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>Equal Protection Clause<\/strong> requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its\u00a0jurisdiction. This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups. The section is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark\u00a0Supreme Court\u00a0decisions such as\u00a0<i>Brown v. Board of Education<\/i>\u00a0(1954) regarding racial segregation,\u00a0<i>Roe v. Wade<\/i>\u00a0(1973) regarding abortion,\u00a0and\u00a0<i>Obergefell v. Hodges<\/i>\u00a0(2015) regarding same-sex marriage. It also provided the basis for\u00a0Title IX, a federal civil rights law that was passed as part (Title IX) of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or other education program that receives federal money.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The amendment also answered the question of debts arising from the Civil War by specifying that all debts incurred by fighting to defeat the Confederacy would be honored. Confederate debts, however, would not: \u201c[N]either the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.\u201d\u00a0This basically states that if a person had bonds from the United States and\/or Union, the bonds would be honored by the U.S. government. If a person held Confederate bonds, they would be worthless. Southerners who held both Confederate bonds and enslaved people would not recover this wealth.\u00a0Thus, claims by former slaveholders requesting compensation for slave property had no standing. Any state that ratified the Fourteenth Amendment would automatically be readmitted. Yet, all former Confederate states refused to ratify the amendment in 1866.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video summarizes how the 14th amendment gave citizenship to the formerly enslaved.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6790733&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=HorBhAazjHY&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-up52m9c4-HorBhAazjHY\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/thefourteenthamendment.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Fourteenth Amendment\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>&#8220;Swing Around the Circle&#8221;<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>President Johnson called openly for the rejection of the Fourteenth Amendment, a move that drove a further wedge between him and congressional Republicans. In late summer of 1866, he gave a series of speeches, known as the \u201cswing around the circle,\u201d designed to gather support for his mild version of Reconstruction. Johnson felt that ending slavery went far enough; extending the rights and protections of citizenship to freed people, he believed, went much too far. He continued to believe that Blacks were inferior to Whites. The president\u2019s \u201cswing around the circle\u201d speeches to gain support for his program and derail the Radical Republicans proved to be a disaster, as hecklers provoked Johnson to make damaging statements. Radical Republicans charged that Johnson had been drunk when he made his speeches. As a result, Johnson\u2019s reputation plummeted.<\/p>\n<p>Recall that Johnson, a former Democrat from Tennessee, was chosen as Lincoln&#8217;s vice presidential candidate because his presence appeased Southern sympathizers who desired a quick peace process. Johnson, however, fought constantly with the Republican majority in Congress. One of their major disagreements was over the federal government\u2019s role in promoting social, political, and economic equality for the formerly enslaved and other Black people. On March 27, 1866, in a message to Congress regarding their proposed civil rights legislation, Johnson explained his constitutional concerns about the bill. In the end, Johnson refused to sign the bill because he believed Congress had no right to guarantee citizenship within the states or to enforce legislation on the individual states. In addition, he challenged the portions of the law that guaranteed full social, political, and economic equality for freedmen by challenging their fitness to vote and become fully functioning members of society. This bill, the\u00a0Civil Rights Act of 1866, was intended to clarify and support the policies set forth in the 13th and 14th amendments. Even though Johnson vetoed the bill, Congress overrode his veto,\u00a0marking the first time that the U.S. Congress ever overrode a presidential veto for a major piece of legislation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>President Johnson&#8217;s Veto of the\u00a0Civil Rights Act of 1866<\/h3>\n<p>Read through the text of President Johnson&#8217;s veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. Use the vocabulary terms on the left to help you understand some of the terminology, and consider President Johnson&#8217;s viewpoints and perspective.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idm394697744\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<div class=\"os-table\">\n<table id=\"fs-idm384239824\" class=\"unnumbered\" summary=\"Table 7.2\" data-label=\"\">\n<thead>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th scope=\"col\" data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Vocabulary<\/em><\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\" data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><em data-effect=\"italics\">Text<\/em><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">To the Senate of the United States:<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">vindication<\/strong>\u00a0(n): being cleared of blame or trouble<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">provision<\/strong>\u00a0(n): part<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">obligation<\/strong>\u00a0(n): responsibility<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">constrain<\/strong>\u00a0(v): to force<\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">I regret that the bill which has passed both Houses of Congress, entitled \u201cAn Act to protect all persons in the United States in their civil rights, and furnish the means of their\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">vindication<\/strong>,\u201d contains\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">provisions<\/strong>\u00a0which I cannot approve, consistently with my sense of duty to the whole people, and my\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">obligations<\/strong>\u00a0to the Constitution of the United States.\u00a0I am, therefore,\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">constrained<\/strong>\u00a0to return it to the Senate (the House in which it originated) with my objections to its becoming law.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">comprehend<\/strong>\u00a0(v): to include<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">Gipsies<\/strong>\u00a0[Gypsies] (n): members of a traditionally nomadic people who originated in northern India and now live chiefly in south and southwest Asia, Europe, and North America<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">mulatto<\/strong>\u00a0(n): person of mixed-race ancestry<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">purport<\/strong>\u00a0(v): to claim<\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">By the first section of the bill, all persons born in the United States, and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are declared to be citizens of the United States. This provision\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">comprehends<\/strong>\u00a0the Chinese of the Pacific States, Indians subject to taxation, the people called\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">Gipsies<\/strong>, as well as the entire race designated as blacks, people of color, negroes,\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">mulattoes<\/strong>, and persons of African blood. Every individual of these races, born in the United States, is by the bill made a citizen of the United States. It does not\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">purport<\/strong>\u00a0to declare or confer any other right of citizenship than Federal citizenship; it does not propose to give these classes of persons any status as citizens of States, except that which may result from their status as citizens of the United States.\u00a0The power to confer the right of State citizenship is just as exclusively with the several States, as the power to confer the right of Federal citizenship is with Congress. . . .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">requisite<\/strong>\u00a0(adj): required<\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">Four millions of them have just emerged from slavery into freedom.\u00a0Can it be reasonably supposed that they possess the\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">requisite<\/strong>\u00a0qualifications to entitle them to all the privileges and immunities of citizenship of the United States? . . .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">probation<\/strong>\u00a0(n): waiting period<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">coveted<\/strong>\u00a0(adj): greatly desired or envied<\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The policy of the Government, from its origin to the present time, seems to have been that persons who are strangers to and unfamiliar with our institutions and laws, should pass through a certain\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">probation<\/strong>; at the end of which, before attaining the\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">coveted<\/strong>\u00a0prize, they must give evidence of their fitness to receive and to exercise the rights of citizens as contemplated by the Constitution of the United States.\u00a0The bill in effect proposes a discrimination against large numbers of intelligent, worthy and patriotic foreigners, and in favor of the negro, to whom, after long years of bondage, the avenues to freedom and intelligence have just now been suddenly opened. . . .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The object of the second section of the bill is to afford discriminating protection to colored persons in the full enjoyment of all the rights secured to them by the preceding section . . . of a State Legislature who should vote for laws conflicting with the provisions of the bill . . .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">jurisdiction<\/strong>\u00a0(n): the official power to make legal decisions and judgments<\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The remedy proposed by this section seems to be in this respect not only anomalous but unconstitutional, for the Constitution guarantees nothing with certainty if it does not insure to the several States the right of making index ruling laws in regard to all matters arising within their\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">jurisdiction<\/strong>,\u00a0subject only to the restriction, in cases of conflict with the Constitution and constitutional laws of the United States\u2014the latter to be held as the supreme law of the land. . . .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">cognizance<\/strong>\u00a0(n): awareness<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">concurrent<\/strong>\u00a0(adj): existing, happening, or done at the same time<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">tribunal<\/strong>\u00a0(n): a court of justice<\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The third section gives\u00a0the district courts of the United States exclusive\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">cognizance<\/strong>\u00a0of all crimes and offences committed against the provisions of this act, and\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">concurrent<\/strong>\u00a0jurisdiction with the circuit courts of the United States,\u00a0of all civil and criminal cases affecting persons that are denied, or cannot enforce in the courts or judicial\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">tribunals<\/strong>\u00a0of the State or locality where they may be . . .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">The ninth section authorizes the President, or such person as he may empower for that purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia, as shall be necessary to prevent the violation and enforce the due execution of this act.\u00a0This language seems to imply a permanent military force that is to be always at hand,\u00a0and whose only business is to be the enforcement of this measure over the vast region where it intended to operate.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">fraught<\/strong>\u00a0(adj): likely to result in<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">hitherto<\/strong>\u00a0(adv): until now<\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">I do not propose to consider the policy of this bill. To me the details of the bill are\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">fraught<\/strong>\u00a0with evil. The white race and black race of the South have\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">hitherto<\/strong>\u00a0lived together under the relation of master and slave\u2014capital owning labor. Now that relation is changed; and as to ownership, capital and labor are divorced. They stand now, each master of itself. In this new relation, one being necessary to the other, there will be a new adjustment, which both are deeply interested in making harmonious. Each has equal power in settling the terms; and, if left to the laws that regulate capital and labor, it is confidently believed that they will satisfactorily work out the problem. . . .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">safeguard<\/strong>\u00a0(n): protection<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span><strong data-effect=\"bold\">resuscitate<\/strong>\u00a0(v): to revive<\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">In all our history, in all our experience as a people living under Federal and State law, no such system as that contemplated by the details of this bill has ever before been proposed or adopted. They establish for the security of the colored race\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">safeguards<\/strong>\u00a0which go indefinitely beyond any that the General Government has ever provided for the white race.\u00a0In fact, the distinction of race and color is by the bill made to operate in favor of the colored against the white race. . . .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">It is another step, or rather stride, towards centralization and the concentration of all legislative powers in the National Government.\u00a0The tendency of the bill must be to\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">resuscitate<\/strong>\u00a0the spirit of rebellion, and to arrest the progress of those influences which are more closely drawing around the States the bonds of union and peace. . . .<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><strong data-effect=\"bold\">impartial<\/strong>\u00a0(n): unbiased or fair<\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">It only remains for me to say that I will cheerfully co-operate with Congress in any measure that may be necessary for the preservation of civil rights of the freedmen, as well as those of all other classes of persons throughout the United States, by judicial process under equal and\u00a0<strong data-effect=\"bold\">impartial<\/strong>\u00a0laws, or conformably with the provisions of the Federal Constitution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">I now return the bill to the Senate, and regret that in considering the bills and joint resolutions, forty-two in number, which have been thus far submitted for my approval, I am compelled to withhold my assent from a second measure that has received the sanction of both Houses of Congress.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td data-valign=\"top\" data-align=\"left\">Andrew Johnson<span data-type=\"newline\"><br \/>\n<\/span>Washington, D.C., March 27, 1866.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm403958144\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h4 data-type=\"title\">Reflection Questions<\/h4>\n<div id=\"fs-idm398178720\" class=\"\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<section>\n<ul>\n<li id=\"fs-idm394378016\" data-type=\"problem\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">What is Johnson\u2019s objection to citizenship for all people born in the United States?<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-type=\"problem\">According to Johnson, why might four million newly freed people not deserve the \u201cprivileges and immunities of citizenship?\u201d<\/li>\n<li data-type=\"problem\">According to Johnson, how does this act change the previous process of gaining citizenship?<\/li>\n<li data-type=\"problem\">Why does Johnson despise the part of the Civil Rights Act that guarantees protection for the freedmen?<\/li>\n<li data-type=\"problem\">What danger does Johnson foresee with giving the president the power to use naval and armed forces to enforce this law?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm402058560\" class=\"\" data-type=\"exercise\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm411202928\" class=\"\" data-type=\"exercise\">\n<section>\n<div id=\"fs-idm407359664\" data-type=\"problem\"><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Andrew Johnson is considered one of the worst-ever American Presidents. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=N466WTClpe4&amp;t=6s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">This CBS video examines some of his life and legacy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_c30a709b-c72c-42ae-986d-ec55aec9705c\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/c30a709b-c72c-42ae-986d-ec55aec9705c?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_c30a709b-c72c-42ae-986d-ec55aec9705c\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2736\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/16-2-congress-and-the-remaking-of-the-south-1865-1866\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/16-2-congress-and-the-remaking-of-the-south-1865-1866<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Johnson&#039;s Impeachment. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/15-reconstruction\/#VI_Economic_Development_during_the_Civil_War_and_Reconstruction\">https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/15-reconstruction\/#VI_Economic_Development_during_the_Civil_War_and_Reconstruction<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Title IX. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Title_IX\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Title_IX<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Fourteenth Amendment. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Andrew Johnsonu2019s Veto of the Civil Rights Act, 1866. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Bill of Rights Institute, OpenStax, and contributing authors. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/NgBFhmUc@14.3:eMc5PIKd@6\/8-27-%E2%9C%92%EF%B8%8F-Andrew-Johnson-s-Veto-of-the-Civil-Rights-Act-1866\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/NgBFhmUc@14.3:eMc5PIKd@6\/8-27-%E2%9C%92%EF%B8%8F-Andrew-Johnson-s-Veto-of-the-Civil-Rights-Act-1866<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/36004586-651c-4ded-af87-203aca22d946@14.3<\/li><li>Civil Rights Act of 1866. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The 14th Amendment. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: NBC News Learn. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HorBhAazjHY\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HorBhAazjHY<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Form Letter - 14th Amendment. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#\/media\/File:Letter_of_Transmittal_of_14th_Amemdment_to_the_Several_States.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#\/media\/File:Letter_of_Transmittal_of_14th_Amemdment_to_the_Several_States.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/16-2-congress-and-the-remaking-of-the-south-1865-1866\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at 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