{"id":311,"date":"2015-08-21T17:59:31","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T17:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory1os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=311"},"modified":"2022-08-03T19:47:03","modified_gmt":"2022-08-03T19:47:03","slug":"the-nullification-crisis","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/the-nullification-crisis\/","title":{"raw":"The Nullification Crisis","rendered":"The Nullification Crisis"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Explain the factors that contributed to the Nullification Crisis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nNearly every American had an opinion about President Jackson. To some, he epitomized democratic government and popular rule. To others, he represented the worst in a powerful and unaccountable executive, acting as president with the same arrogance he had shown as a general in Florida. One of the key issues dividing Americans during his presidency was a sectional dispute over national tax policy that would come to define Jackson\u2019s no-holds-barred approach to government.\r\n\r\nOnce Andrew Jackson moved into the White House, most southerners expected him to do away with the hated Tariff of 1828, the so-called Tariff of Abominations. This import tax provided protection for northern manufacturing interests by raising the prices of European products in America. Southerners, however, blamed the tariff for a massive transfer of wealth. It forced them to purchase goods from the North\u2019s manufacturers at higher prices, and it provoked European countries to retaliate with high tariffs of their own, reducing foreign purchases of the South\u2019s raw materials.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp10971120\">By the early 1830s, the battle over the tariff took on new urgency as the price of cotton continued to fall. In 1818, cotton had been thirty-one cents per pound. By 1831, it had sunk to eight cents per pound. While production of cotton had soared during this time and this increase contributed to the decline in prices, many southerners blamed their economic problems squarely on the tariff for raising the prices they had to pay for imported goods while their own income shrank.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp280524032\">Resentment of the tariff was linked directly to the issue of slavery, because the tariff demonstrated the use of federal power. Some southerners feared the federal government would next take additional action against the South, including the abolition of slavery. The theory of <strong>nullification<\/strong>, or the state-level voiding of unwelcome federal laws, provided wealthy enslavers, who were a minority in the United States, with an argument for resisting the national government if it acted contrary to their interests. James Hamilton, who served as governor of South Carolina in the early 1830s, denounced the \u201cdespotic majority that oppresses us.\u201d Nullification also raised the specter of secession; aggrieved states at the mercy of an aggressive majority might choose to leave the Union.<\/p>\r\nThe crisis over the Tariff of 1828 continued into the 1830s and highlighted one of the currents of democracy in the Age of Jackson: namely, that many southerners believed a northern democratic majority could be harmful to their interests. These southerners saw themselves as an embattled minority and claimed the right of states to nullify federal laws that appeared to threaten state sovereignty. Another undercurrent was resentment and anger toward symbols of elite privilege, especially powerful financial institutions like the Second Bank of the United States.\r\n<h3>South Carolina and Nullification<\/h3>\r\nOnly in South Carolina, though, did the discomfort turn into organized action. The state was still trying to shrug off the economic problems of the Panic of 1819, a national collapse of speculative finance that produced widespread unemployment and bankruptcies, leading to a new wariness toward the banking centers of the North. Furthermore, South Carolina had recently endured the Denmark Vesey slave conspiracy<strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0an alleged 1822 plot among Charlestown slaves to rise up, free each other, and slay their masters. Before the plot could unfold, its leader, a free former slave named Denmark Vesey, and thirty-four other slaves and free men were detained, hastily tried by a secret court, and executed. This dark turn of events convinced White South Carolinians that antislavery ideas put them in imminent danger of violence in addition to the more abstract danger of regional economic precarity.[footnote]Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty: an American History, 3rd ed. (New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Co., 2011), 380; 446-47.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nElite South Carolinians were especially worried that the tariff was a potential point of entry for federal legislation that would limit slavery. Andrew Jackson\u2019s own vice president, John C. Calhoun, who was from South Carolina, asserted that the tariff was \u201cthe occasion, rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things.\u201d The real fear was that the federal government might attack \u201cthe peculiar domestick institution of the Southern States\u201d\u2014meaning slavery.[footnote]John C. Calhoun to Virgil Maxcy, September 11, 1830, quoted in William M. Meigs, The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun, Vol. 1 (New York: Stechert, 1917), 419. [\/footnote]\u00a0When Jackson failed to act against the tariff, Vice President Calhoun was caught in a tight position.\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Nullification Crisis<\/h2>\r\nIn 1828, Calhoun secretly drafted the \u201cSouth Carolina Exposition and Protest,\u201d an essay and set of resolutions that laid out the doctrine of nullification.\u201d[footnote]John C. Calhoun, \u201cExposition and Protest,\u201d in <em>Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun<\/em>, ed. Ross M. Lence (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1992), 311\u2013365. http:\/\/oll.libertyfund.org\/titles\/683.[\/footnote]\u00a0Drawing from the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799, Calhoun argued that the United States was a compact among the states rather than among the whole American people. Since the states had created the Union, he reasoned, they were still sovereign, so a state could nullify a federal statute it considered unconstitutional. Other states would then have to concede the right of nullification or agree to amend the Constitution. If necessary, a nullifying state could leave the Union.\r\n\r\nWhen Calhoun\u2019s authorship of the essay became public, Jackson was furious, interpreting it both as a personal betrayal and as a challenge to his authority as president. His most dramatic confrontation with Calhoun came in 1832 during a commemoration for Thomas Jefferson. At dinner, the president rose and toasted, \u201cOur Federal Union: it must be preserved.\u201d Calhoun responded with a toast of his own: \u201cThe Union: next to our Liberty the most dear.\"[footnote]Thomas Hart Benton, <em>Thirty Years\u2019 View: Or, a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years<\/em>, from 1820 to 1850, Vol. 1 (New York: Appleton, 1854), 148. http:\/\/catalog.hathitrust.org\/Record\/000405607. [\/footnote] Calhoun's eventual departure from the party ticket was acrimonious. Martin Van Buren, a New York political leader whose skill in making deals had earned him the nickname \u201cthe Little Magician,\u201d replaced Calhoun as the vice presidential candidate when Jackson ran for reelection in 1832.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"260\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202431\/CNX_History_10_03_Hayne.jpg\" alt=\"A portrait of Robert Hayne is shown.\" width=\"260\" height=\"360\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The governor of South Carolina, Robert Hayne, elected in 1832, was a strong proponent of states\u2019 rights and the theory of nullification.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTo deal with the crisis, Jackson advocated a reduction in tariff rates. The Tariff of 1832, passed in the summer, lowered the rates on imported goods, a move designed to calm southerners. It did not have the desired effect, however, and Calhoun\u2019s nullifiers still claimed their right to invalidate federal law. In November, South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification, declaring the 1828 and 1832 tariffs null and void in the Palmetto State. Jackson responded, however, by declaring in the December 1832 Nullification Proclamation that a state did not have the power to void a federal law.\r\n\r\nWith the states and the federal government at an impasse, civil war seemed a real possibility. The next governor of South Carolina, Robert Hayne, called for a force of ten thousand volunteers\u00a0to defend the state against any federal action. At the same time, South Carolinians who opposed the nullifiers told Jackson that eight thousand men stood ready to defend the Union.\r\n\r\nPresident Jackson responded dramatically and publically denounced the ordinance of nullification and declared that \u201cdisunion, by armed force, is TREASON.\u201d[footnote]Andrew Jackson, proclamation regarding nullification, December 10, 1832, Avalon Project, Yale Law School. http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/19th_century\/jack01.asp.[\/footnote]\u00a0Vowing to hang Calhoun and any other nullifier who defied federal power, he persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill that authorized him to send the military to enforce the tariffs. Privately, however, Jackson supported the idea of compromise and allowed his political enemy Henry Clay to broker a solution with Calhoun. Congress passed a compromise bill that slowly lowered federal tariff rates.\r\n\r\nThe crisis\u2014or at least the prospect of armed conflict in South Carolina\u2014was defused by the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which reduced tariff rates considerably. Nullifiers in South Carolina accepted it, but in a move that demonstrated their inflexibility, they nullified the Force Bill.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video summarizes how the tariffs and diverging opinions led to the nullification crisis.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6790516&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=jfQf208o3eI&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-qdqm6iir-jfQf208o3eI\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/thenullificationcrisis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Nullification Crisis\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">The Legacy of the Nullification Crisis<\/span>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm5037152\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm120041680\">The Nullification Crisis illustrated the growing tensions in American democracy: an aggrieved minority of elite, wealthy enslavers taking a stand against the will of a democratic majority; an emerging sectional divide between South and North over slavery; and a clash between those who believed in free trade and those who believed in protective tariffs to encourage the nation\u2019s economic growth. These tensions would color the next three decades of politics in the United States.<\/p>\r\nThe legacy of the Nullification Crisis is difficult to sort out. Jackson\u2019s decisive action seemed to have forced South Carolina to back down. But the crisis also united the ideas of secession and states\u2019 rights, two concepts that had not necessarily been linked before. Perhaps most clearly, nullification showed that the immense political power of enslavers was matched only by their immense anxiety about the future of slavery. During later debates in the 1840s and 1850s, they would raise the ideas of the Nullification Crisis again.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/409591cd-30da-4f52-b3bd-e5baaff2eec2\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>nullification:\u00a0<\/strong>the theory, advocated in response to the Tariff of 1828, that states could void federal law at their discretion\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Explain the factors that contributed to the Nullification Crisis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Nearly every American had an opinion about President Jackson. To some, he epitomized democratic government and popular rule. To others, he represented the worst in a powerful and unaccountable executive, acting as president with the same arrogance he had shown as a general in Florida. One of the key issues dividing Americans during his presidency was a sectional dispute over national tax policy that would come to define Jackson\u2019s no-holds-barred approach to government.<\/p>\n<p>Once Andrew Jackson moved into the White House, most southerners expected him to do away with the hated Tariff of 1828, the so-called Tariff of Abominations. This import tax provided protection for northern manufacturing interests by raising the prices of European products in America. Southerners, however, blamed the tariff for a massive transfer of wealth. It forced them to purchase goods from the North\u2019s manufacturers at higher prices, and it provoked European countries to retaliate with high tariffs of their own, reducing foreign purchases of the South\u2019s raw materials.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp10971120\">By the early 1830s, the battle over the tariff took on new urgency as the price of cotton continued to fall. In 1818, cotton had been thirty-one cents per pound. By 1831, it had sunk to eight cents per pound. While production of cotton had soared during this time and this increase contributed to the decline in prices, many southerners blamed their economic problems squarely on the tariff for raising the prices they had to pay for imported goods while their own income shrank.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp280524032\">Resentment of the tariff was linked directly to the issue of slavery, because the tariff demonstrated the use of federal power. Some southerners feared the federal government would next take additional action against the South, including the abolition of slavery. The theory of <strong>nullification<\/strong>, or the state-level voiding of unwelcome federal laws, provided wealthy enslavers, who were a minority in the United States, with an argument for resisting the national government if it acted contrary to their interests. James Hamilton, who served as governor of South Carolina in the early 1830s, denounced the \u201cdespotic majority that oppresses us.\u201d Nullification also raised the specter of secession; aggrieved states at the mercy of an aggressive majority might choose to leave the Union.<\/p>\n<p>The crisis over the Tariff of 1828 continued into the 1830s and highlighted one of the currents of democracy in the Age of Jackson: namely, that many southerners believed a northern democratic majority could be harmful to their interests. These southerners saw themselves as an embattled minority and claimed the right of states to nullify federal laws that appeared to threaten state sovereignty. Another undercurrent was resentment and anger toward symbols of elite privilege, especially powerful financial institutions like the Second Bank of the United States.<\/p>\n<h3>South Carolina and Nullification<\/h3>\n<p>Only in South Carolina, though, did the discomfort turn into organized action. The state was still trying to shrug off the economic problems of the Panic of 1819, a national collapse of speculative finance that produced widespread unemployment and bankruptcies, leading to a new wariness toward the banking centers of the North. Furthermore, South Carolina had recently endured the Denmark Vesey slave conspiracy<strong>,<\/strong>\u00a0an alleged 1822 plot among Charlestown slaves to rise up, free each other, and slay their masters. Before the plot could unfold, its leader, a free former slave named Denmark Vesey, and thirty-four other slaves and free men were detained, hastily tried by a secret court, and executed. This dark turn of events convinced White South Carolinians that antislavery ideas put them in imminent danger of violence in addition to the more abstract danger of regional economic precarity.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty: an American History, 3rd ed. (New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Co., 2011), 380; 446-47.\" id=\"return-footnote-311-1\" href=\"#footnote-311-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Elite South Carolinians were especially worried that the tariff was a potential point of entry for federal legislation that would limit slavery. Andrew Jackson\u2019s own vice president, John C. Calhoun, who was from South Carolina, asserted that the tariff was \u201cthe occasion, rather than the real cause of the present unhappy state of things.\u201d The real fear was that the federal government might attack \u201cthe peculiar domestick institution of the Southern States\u201d\u2014meaning slavery.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John C. Calhoun to Virgil Maxcy, September 11, 1830, quoted in William M. Meigs, The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun, Vol. 1 (New York: Stechert, 1917), 419.\" id=\"return-footnote-311-2\" href=\"#footnote-311-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0When Jackson failed to act against the tariff, Vice President Calhoun was caught in a tight position.<\/p>\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Nullification Crisis<\/h2>\n<p>In 1828, Calhoun secretly drafted the \u201cSouth Carolina Exposition and Protest,\u201d an essay and set of resolutions that laid out the doctrine of nullification.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John C. Calhoun, \u201cExposition and Protest,\u201d in Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun, ed. Ross M. Lence (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1992), 311\u2013365. http:\/\/oll.libertyfund.org\/titles\/683.\" id=\"return-footnote-311-3\" href=\"#footnote-311-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Drawing from the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799, Calhoun argued that the United States was a compact among the states rather than among the whole American people. Since the states had created the Union, he reasoned, they were still sovereign, so a state could nullify a federal statute it considered unconstitutional. Other states would then have to concede the right of nullification or agree to amend the Constitution. If necessary, a nullifying state could leave the Union.<\/p>\n<p>When Calhoun\u2019s authorship of the essay became public, Jackson was furious, interpreting it both as a personal betrayal and as a challenge to his authority as president. His most dramatic confrontation with Calhoun came in 1832 during a commemoration for Thomas Jefferson. At dinner, the president rose and toasted, \u201cOur Federal Union: it must be preserved.\u201d Calhoun responded with a toast of his own: \u201cThe Union: next to our Liberty the most dear.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years\u2019 View: Or, a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850, Vol. 1 (New York: Appleton, 1854), 148. http:\/\/catalog.hathitrust.org\/Record\/000405607.\" id=\"return-footnote-311-4\" href=\"#footnote-311-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a> Calhoun&#8217;s eventual departure from the party ticket was acrimonious. Martin Van Buren, a New York political leader whose skill in making deals had earned him the nickname \u201cthe Little Magician,\u201d replaced Calhoun as the vice presidential candidate when Jackson ran for reelection in 1832.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202431\/CNX_History_10_03_Hayne.jpg\" alt=\"A portrait of Robert Hayne is shown.\" width=\"260\" height=\"360\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The governor of South Carolina, Robert Hayne, elected in 1832, was a strong proponent of states\u2019 rights and the theory of nullification.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>To deal with the crisis, Jackson advocated a reduction in tariff rates. The Tariff of 1832, passed in the summer, lowered the rates on imported goods, a move designed to calm southerners. It did not have the desired effect, however, and Calhoun\u2019s nullifiers still claimed their right to invalidate federal law. In November, South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification, declaring the 1828 and 1832 tariffs null and void in the Palmetto State. Jackson responded, however, by declaring in the December 1832 Nullification Proclamation that a state did not have the power to void a federal law.<\/p>\n<p>With the states and the federal government at an impasse, civil war seemed a real possibility. The next governor of South Carolina, Robert Hayne, called for a force of ten thousand volunteers\u00a0to defend the state against any federal action. At the same time, South Carolinians who opposed the nullifiers told Jackson that eight thousand men stood ready to defend the Union.<\/p>\n<p>President Jackson responded dramatically and publically denounced the ordinance of nullification and declared that \u201cdisunion, by armed force, is TREASON.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Andrew Jackson, proclamation regarding nullification, December 10, 1832, Avalon Project, Yale Law School. http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/19th_century\/jack01.asp.\" id=\"return-footnote-311-5\" href=\"#footnote-311-5\" aria-label=\"Footnote 5\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[5]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Vowing to hang Calhoun and any other nullifier who defied federal power, he persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill that authorized him to send the military to enforce the tariffs. Privately, however, Jackson supported the idea of compromise and allowed his political enemy Henry Clay to broker a solution with Calhoun. Congress passed a compromise bill that slowly lowered federal tariff rates.<\/p>\n<p>The crisis\u2014or at least the prospect of armed conflict in South Carolina\u2014was defused by the Compromise Tariff of 1833, which reduced tariff rates considerably. Nullifiers in South Carolina accepted it, but in a move that demonstrated their inflexibility, they nullified the Force Bill.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video summarizes how the tariffs and diverging opinions led to the nullification crisis.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6790516&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=jfQf208o3eI&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-qdqm6iir-jfQf208o3eI\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/thenullificationcrisis.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Nullification Crisis\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">The Legacy of the Nullification Crisis<\/span><\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idm5037152\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm120041680\">The Nullification Crisis illustrated the growing tensions in American democracy: an aggrieved minority of elite, wealthy enslavers taking a stand against the will of a democratic majority; an emerging sectional divide between South and North over slavery; and a clash between those who believed in free trade and those who believed in protective tariffs to encourage the nation\u2019s economic growth. These tensions would color the next three decades of politics in the United States.<\/p>\n<p>The legacy of the Nullification Crisis is difficult to sort out. Jackson\u2019s decisive action seemed to have forced South Carolina to back down. But the crisis also united the ideas of secession and states\u2019 rights, two concepts that had not necessarily been linked before. Perhaps most clearly, nullification showed that the immense political power of enslavers was matched only by their immense anxiety about the future of slavery. During later debates in the 1840s and 1850s, they would raise the ideas of the Nullification Crisis again.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_409591cd-30da-4f52-b3bd-e5baaff2eec2\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/409591cd-30da-4f52-b3bd-e5baaff2eec2?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_409591cd-30da-4f52-b3bd-e5baaff2eec2\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>nullification:\u00a0<\/strong>the theory, advocated in response to the Tariff of 1828, that states could void federal law at their discretion<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-311\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Scott Barr for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/10-3-the-nullification-crisis-and-the-bank-war\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/10-3-the-nullification-crisis-and-the-bank-war<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The Nullification Crisis. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/09-democracy-in-america\/#footnote_18_79\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/09-democracy-in-america\/#footnote_18_79<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Nullification Crisis. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: NBC News Learn. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jfQf208o3eI\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jfQf208o3eI<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-311-1\">Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty: an American History, 3rd ed. (New York: W.W. Norton &amp; Co., 2011), 380; 446-47. <a href=\"#return-footnote-311-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-311-2\">John C. Calhoun to Virgil Maxcy, September 11, 1830, quoted in William M. Meigs, The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun, Vol. 1 (New York: Stechert, 1917), 419.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-311-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-311-3\">John C. Calhoun, \u201cExposition and Protest,\u201d in <em>Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun<\/em>, ed. Ross M. Lence (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1992), 311\u2013365. http:\/\/oll.libertyfund.org\/titles\/683. <a href=\"#return-footnote-311-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-311-4\">Thomas Hart Benton, <em>Thirty Years\u2019 View: Or, a History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years<\/em>, from 1820 to 1850, Vol. 1 (New York: Appleton, 1854), 148. http:\/\/catalog.hathitrust.org\/Record\/000405607.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-311-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-311-5\">Andrew Jackson, proclamation regarding nullification, December 10, 1832, Avalon Project, Yale Law School. http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/19th_century\/jack01.asp. <a href=\"#return-footnote-311-5\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 5\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":969,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/10-3-the-nullification-crisis-and-the-bank-war\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Nullification Crisis\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/09-democracy-in-america\/#footnote_18_79\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The Nullification Crisis\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"NBC News Learn\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jfQf208o3eI\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Scott Barr for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"1147ed03-21ce-44ac-ada4-86b266929fce,64b65d85-0a2d-4431-8ea4-f1ecb118bf97","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-311","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":296,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/311","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/969"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8487,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/311\/revisions\/8487"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/296"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/311\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}