{"id":3427,"date":"2021-04-28T20:09:13","date_gmt":"2021-04-28T20:09:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/trace-claims-2\/"},"modified":"2022-08-11T03:50:36","modified_gmt":"2022-08-11T03:50:36","slug":"trace-claims-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/trace-claims-2\/","title":{"raw":"Trace Claims","rendered":"Trace Claims"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Corroborate and trace claims in order to determine the validity of sources<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Trace Claims<\/h2>\r\nA lot of things you find on the internet have been stripped of context. Maybe there\u2019s a video of a fight between two people. But what happened before that? Who started it? What was clipped out of the video and what stayed in? Maybe there\u2019s a picture that seems real but the caption is dubious at best. Maybe a claim is made about a new medical treatment supposedly based on a research paper \u2014 but you\u2019re not certain if the paper supports it.\r\n\r\nBy going to the original reporting or research source (or finding a high-quality secondary source that did the hard work of verification) you can get a story that is more complete or a research finding that is more accurate.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis two-minute video shows you how going to the source can be as easy as clicking through a link.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/tRZ-N3OvvUs\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/OnlineVerificationSkillsVideo3FindtheOriginal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cOnline Verification Skills - Video 3: Find the Original Source\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3><strong>Using Wikipedia footnotes to trace the source<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIf you can find a claim expressed in a Wikipedia article, you can almost always follow the footnote on the claim to a reliable source. Scholars, reporters, and students can all benefit from using Wikipedia to quickly find authoritative sources for claims.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Activity<\/h3>\r\nRecent statistics show that there are few Black farmers and only a small percentage of rural land is owned by Black farmers in the United States. Many sources make claims related to this, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/race-and-ethnicity-discrimination-kansas-cultures-agriculture-871f463bcf1e1e4fac8aa3492f7c8264\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this new article from the <em>Associated Press<\/em><\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/apr\/29\/why-have-americas-black-farmers-disappeared\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this article from <em>The Guardian<\/em><\/a>. Using one of those, or a similar article about the same topic, trace one of the claims made in the article back to the original source. For example, if the article claims that there are a certain percentage of Black farmers, try to find where those numbers came from. Who conducted that original research? Can you find other sources that confirm this information?\r\n\r\nThis is an open-ended exercise, but you can use the spaces below to jot down your ideas.\r\n\r\n1. What is a statement, or claim, made in the news article? (Include the claim and the link to the news article.)\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]<\/p>\r\n2. Where did this information originate? (Include a link to the original website.)\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]<\/p>\r\n3. What does the original source say about this statement?\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]<\/p>\r\n4. What, if anything, about the original source makes it more trustworthy?\r\n<p class=\"p1\">[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3><strong>Tracing the origins of a quote<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThe Wikipedia method works for quotes as well. If you are searching for evidence in a primary source, try <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikiquotes<\/a>, which is part of Wikipedia.\u00a0Only quotes properly sourced to an original work or a reputable secondary publication should appear in Wikiquote pages.\r\n\r\nThe location in the wikiquote entry may vary depending on the source. See the example below:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3314\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"470\"]<img class=\"wp-image-3314 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/02\/22161518\/IUhA0f7_ormCGIFB.jpeg\" alt=\"Wikipedia Table of Contents for the Poor Richard's Almanack\" width=\"470\" height=\"640\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This screenshot shows the Wikisources page for Benjamin Franklin.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nTo trace a quote, first search Wikiquote for the text, author, or name of the publication\r\nCheck to see if they are included in \"Quotes\", \"Attributed\", \"Misattributed\" or \"Unsourced\" categories.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Quotes<\/strong>- sourced to an original speech, book, interview, film, or other work. These are listed first on the page.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Attributed<\/strong>- found in a reputable secondary source. Listed under attributed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Misattributed<\/strong>- widely associated with an author or work but sourced to another author or work. Listed under misattributed.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Unsourced<\/strong>- widely attributed to the author or work but not sourced to an original work or reputable secondary publication.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\n<iframe title=\"Who said it?\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291307608322744078\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn summary, remember to STOP, INVESTIGATE, FIND BETTER COVERAGE, and TRACE CLAIMS when you encounter new information. Doing so will make you a better digital citizen as well as a better historian. If you follow these steps, you\u2019ll be an excellent fact-checker and will be well-equipped to think critically about both modern and historical sources.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Corroborate and trace claims in order to determine the validity of sources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Trace Claims<\/h2>\n<p>A lot of things you find on the internet have been stripped of context. Maybe there\u2019s a video of a fight between two people. But what happened before that? Who started it? What was clipped out of the video and what stayed in? Maybe there\u2019s a picture that seems real but the caption is dubious at best. Maybe a claim is made about a new medical treatment supposedly based on a research paper \u2014 but you\u2019re not certain if the paper supports it.<\/p>\n<p>By going to the original reporting or research source (or finding a high-quality secondary source that did the hard work of verification) you can get a story that is more complete or a research finding that is more accurate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This two-minute video shows you how going to the source can be as easy as clicking through a link.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Online Verification Skills \u2014 Video 3: Find the Original Source\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tRZ-N3OvvUs?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/OnlineVerificationSkillsVideo3FindtheOriginal.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cOnline Verification Skills &#8211; Video 3: Find the Original Source\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3><strong>Using Wikipedia footnotes to trace the source<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>If you can find a claim expressed in a Wikipedia article, you can almost always follow the footnote on the claim to a reliable source. Scholars, reporters, and students can all benefit from using Wikipedia to quickly find authoritative sources for claims.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Activity<\/h3>\n<p>Recent statistics show that there are few Black farmers and only a small percentage of rural land is owned by Black farmers in the United States. Many sources make claims related to this, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/race-and-ethnicity-discrimination-kansas-cultures-agriculture-871f463bcf1e1e4fac8aa3492f7c8264\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this new article from the <em>Associated Press<\/em><\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/apr\/29\/why-have-americas-black-farmers-disappeared\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this article from <em>The Guardian<\/em><\/a>. Using one of those, or a similar article about the same topic, trace one of the claims made in the article back to the original source. For example, if the article claims that there are a certain percentage of Black farmers, try to find where those numbers came from. Who conducted that original research? Can you find other sources that confirm this information?<\/p>\n<p>This is an open-ended exercise, but you can use the spaces below to jot down your ideas.<\/p>\n<p>1. What is a statement, or claim, made in the news article? (Include the claim and the link to the news article.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>2. Where did this information originate? (Include a link to the original website.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>3. What does the original source say about this statement?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>4. What, if anything, about the original source makes it more trustworthy?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3><strong>Tracing the origins of a quote<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>The Wikipedia method works for quotes as well. If you are searching for evidence in a primary source, try <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/Main_Page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikiquotes<\/a>, which is part of Wikipedia.\u00a0Only quotes properly sourced to an original work or a reputable secondary publication should appear in Wikiquote pages.<\/p>\n<p>The location in the wikiquote entry may vary depending on the source. See the example below:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3314\" style=\"width: 480px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3314\" class=\"wp-image-3314\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/02\/22161518\/IUhA0f7_ormCGIFB.jpeg\" alt=\"Wikipedia Table of Contents for the Poor Richard's Almanack\" width=\"470\" height=\"640\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3314\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This screenshot shows the Wikisources page for Benjamin Franklin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To trace a quote, first search Wikiquote for the text, author, or name of the publication<br \/>\nCheck to see if they are included in &#8220;Quotes&#8221;, &#8220;Attributed&#8221;, &#8220;Misattributed&#8221; or &#8220;Unsourced&#8221; categories.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Quotes<\/strong>&#8211; sourced to an original speech, book, interview, film, or other work. These are listed first on the page.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Attributed<\/strong>&#8211; found in a reputable secondary source. Listed under attributed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Misattributed<\/strong>&#8211; widely associated with an author or work but sourced to another author or work. Listed under misattributed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Unsourced<\/strong>&#8211; widely attributed to the author or work but not sourced to an original work or reputable secondary publication.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Who said it?\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291307608322744078\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"637\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In summary, remember to STOP, INVESTIGATE, FIND BETTER COVERAGE, and TRACE CLAIMS when you encounter new information. Doing so will make you a better digital citizen as well as a better historian. If you follow these steps, you\u2019ll be an excellent fact-checker and will be well-equipped to think critically about both modern and historical sources.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3427\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Check, Please! Starter Course. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Michael Caulfield. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.notion.so\/Check-Please-Starter-Course-ae34d043575e42828dc2964437ea4eed\">https:\/\/www.notion.so\/Check-Please-Starter-Course-ae34d043575e42828dc2964437ea4eed<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Online Verification Skills u2014 Video 3: Find the Original Source. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Ctrl-F. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tRZ-N3OvvUs&#038;feature=emb_logo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tRZ-N3OvvUs&#038;feature=emb_logo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":16,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Check, Please! 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