{"id":3584,"date":"2021-05-03T22:24:52","date_gmt":"2021-05-03T22:24:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3584"},"modified":"2022-08-11T03:40:15","modified_gmt":"2022-08-11T03:40:15","slug":"the-french-and-indian-war-1754-1763","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/the-french-and-indian-war-1754-1763\/","title":{"raw":"The French and Indian War (1754\u20131763)","rendered":"The French and Indian War (1754\u20131763)"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Describe the circumstances which led to the French and Indian War<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the outcomes and effects of the French and Indian War<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Stirrings of War in North America<\/h2>\r\nOf the 87 years between the Glorious Revolution in England (1688) and the American Revolution (1775), Britain was at war with France and her allies for 37 of them. These were not wars in which European soldiers fought other European soldiers on European soil.\u00a0In the Wars for Empire, ragtag American militiamen fought for the British army against French Catholics and their Native American allies for control of their own land. Warfare took a physical and spiritual toll on British-American colonists.\r\n\r\nColonial British towns located on the border between New England and New France experienced intermittent raiding by French-allied Native Americans. Raiding parties would destroy houses and burn crops, but they would also take captives. They brought these captives to French Quebec, where some were ransomed back to their families in New England and others were converted to Catholicism by\u00a0Jesuit\u00a0missionaries and remained in New France. In this sense, Catholicism threatened to literally capture Protestant lands and souls.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\r\nJesuits are members of the Society of Jesus, a religious order of the Catholic Church founded in 1540. Their primary aim is missionary work. Jesuit priests came to New France and New Spain starting in the 16th century with the aim of converting the Native American tribes and any other colonists they could to Catholicism. In fact, \u201csaving souls\u201d was part of the constitutions of both New France and New Spain and the missions were supported by the monarchs of both countries. The Jesuit missions did not gain a foothold in the New World until the mid-17th century, with the Spanish Jesuits establishing missions in Baja California as early as 1687. Many French Jesuit missionaries learned Indigenous languages in order to convert the First Nations people of Canada. In the 19th century, the French Jesuits had established missions as far south as Louisiana and as far west as Idaho, while the Spanish Jesuits had been suppressed and replaced by the Franciscan Order in 1767 by the Spanish government. The Jesuits in New France kept a record of their activities which were compiled and published annually from 1632 until 1673, called\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/moses.creighton.edu\/kripke\/jesuitrelations\/\">The Jesuit Relations.\u00a0<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn 1754 a force of British colonists and\u00a0Mingo tribal allies,\u00a0led by young George Washington, attacked and killed\u00a0Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville, a\u00a0French diplomat, at The Battle of Jumonville Glen. This incident led to what would become known as the Seven Years\u2019 War in Europe, the French and Indian War in America,\u00a0and the\u00a0<em>Guerre de la Conqu\u00eate<\/em>\u00a0(\u2018War of the Conquest\u2019) in French Canada.\u00a0The French achieved victory in the early portion of this war in the colonies. They attacked and burned multiple British outposts, such as Fort William Henry in 1757. In addition, the French seemed to easily defeat British attacks, such as General Braddock\u2019s attack on Fort Duquesne, and General Abercrombie\u2019s attack on Fort Carllion (Ticonderoga) in 1758. These victories were often the result of alliances with Native Americans.\r\n<h3>The Seven Years\u2019 War in Europe and India<\/h3>\r\nIn Europe, the war did not fully begin until 1756, when Frederick the Great, the British-allied King of Prussia, invaded the neutral state of Saxony in order to protect himself from a new French-Russian-Austrian alliance. As a result of this invasion, the French-Russian-Austrian coalition, along with Sweden, attacked Prussia, and their allied German states. The\u00a0last Hapsburg Queen of\u00a0Austria, Maria Theresa, hoped to conquer the province of Silesia, which had been lost to Prussia in a previous war. In the European war, the British monetarily supported the Prussians, as well as the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Braunschwieg-Wolfb\u00fcttel. These subsidy payments enabled the smaller German states to fight France and allowed the Prussian army,\u00a0which was well-trained and equipped but simply outnumbered,\u00a0to fight against the large enemy alliance.\r\n\r\nHowever, as in North America, the early part of the war went against the British. The French defeated Britain\u2019s German allies and forced them to surrender after the Battle of Hastenbeck in 1757. The Austrians defeated the Prussians in the Battle of Kolin, also in 1757. However, Frederick of Prussia defeated the French at the Battle of Rossbach in November of 1757. This battle allowed the British to rejoin the war in Europe. Just a month later, Frederick\u2019s army defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Leuthen, reclaiming the vital province of Silesia.\r\n\r\nThe British navy also consistently defeated the French at sea.\u00a0The two nations fought by proxy to gain control of the Indian subcontinent at this time, as well as their wars in Europe and North America.\u00a0At the Battle of Plassey in India 1757,\u00a0the British forces, commanded by Robert Clive,\u00a0and their Indian allies defeated the French\u00a0and their Mughal Imperial allies.\u00a0This victory gave the British back control of the seas, allowing them to now send more troops to North America.\r\n<h3>The French and Indian War in the Americas<\/h3>\r\nThese newly arrived soldiers\u00a0allowed the British to launch new offensives in the American colonies and in New France.\u00a0The large French port and fortress of Louisbourg, in present-day Nova Scotia, fell to the British in 1758. In 1759, British General James Wolfe defeated French General Montcalm in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, outside of Quebec City. In Europe, 1759 saw the British defeat the French at the Battle of Minden, and destroy large portions of the French fleet. The British referred to 1759 as the\u00a0<em>annus mirabilis<\/em>\u00a0or \u201cthe year of miracles.\u201d These victories brought about the fall of\u00a0New France, and for all intents and purposes, the\u00a0French and Indian War\u00a0in North America ended in 1760 with the British capture of Montreal.\r\n\r\nThe British continued to fight\u00a0in Florida, the Caribbean, Central America, and South Asia\u00a0against the Spanish, who entered the war in 1762.\u00a0Portugal allied itself with the British, and when Spain attempted an invasion of Portugal in 1762 they were repelled. Portuguese and Spanish forces clashed throughout South America, especially in Brazil and Chile.\u00a0On the Central American and South Asian fronts, the Spanish successfully defended Nicaragua against British incursion but were unable to prevent the conquest of Cuba and the Philippines.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9fc262bf-0ab3-4f63-8d50-9fc1189fa92d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6056\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"585\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/05\/23134000\/French-and-Indian-War-1000x792.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-6056 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/05\/23134000\/French-and-Indian-War-1000x792.jpeg\" alt=\"A battle between white colonists and natives.\" width=\"585\" height=\"463\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Albert Bobbett, engraver, \u201cMontcalm trying to stop the massacre,\u201d c. 1870-1880.[\/caption]\r\n<h3>The End of the War<\/h3>\r\nThe Seven Years\u2019 War ended with the Treaties of Paris in 1762 and Hubertusburg in 1763. The British received much of modern-day Canada and North America from the French,\u00a0as well as Florida from Spain. They gave France back two Caribbean Islands, as well as two small islands in Northern Canada. The French lost control of their holdings in India, resulting in British hegemony on the subcontinent.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\r\nRead the diary of a provincial soldier who fought in the French and Indian War on the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com\/~dagjones\/captdavidperry\/chapter02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Captain David Perry Web Site<\/a>\u00a0hosted by Rootsweb. David Perry\u2019s journal, which includes a description of the 1758 campaign, provides a glimpse of warfare in the eighteenth century.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThese victories\u00a0gave the British a much larger empire than they could control, which contributed to tensions\u00a0between the British and their new subjects in Canada, as well as their colonists in America, leading to Pontiac\u2019s War and the American Revolution. In particular, it exposed divisions within the newly expanded empire, including language, national affiliation, and religious views. When the British captured Quebec in 1760, a\u00a0British\u00a0newspaper distributed in the\u00a0French colony boasted: \u201cThe time will come, when Pope and Friar\/Shall both be roasted in the fire\/When the proud Antichristian whore\/will sink, and never rise more.\u201d\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Watch this video to learn more about the Seven Years\u2019 War within the global context of global tensions, religious revival, and philosophical change.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=j0qbzNHmfW0[\/embed]\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/TheSevenYearsWarCrashCourseWorldHistory26.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Seven Years War: Crash Course World History #26\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Effects of the War<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Religious Tensions<\/h3>\r\nAmerican colonists rejoiced over the defeat of Catholic France and felt secure that the Catholics in Quebec could no longer threaten them.\u00a0While\u00a0the American colonies had been a haven for religious minorities since the seventeenth century,\u00a0and\u00a0early religious pluralism served as evidence of an \u201cAmerican melting pot\u201d that included Catholic Maryland, practical toleration of Catholics existed alongside virulent anti-Catholicism in public and political arenas. It was powerful and enduring rhetoric borne out of\u00a0centuries of\u00a0warfare between\u00a0Protestant\u00a0Britain and\u00a0Catholic\u00a0France.\u00a0This tension would later be reflected in the anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant sentiments of the American Industrial Revolution, the founding of the Ku Klux Klan, and even the McCarthy Hearings of the 20th century.\r\n\r\nIn part because of the conflict with Catholic France, British citizens on both sides of the Atlantic, and of a variety of other Protestant sects, cohered around a pan-Protestant interest. British ministers in England called for a coalition to fight French and Catholic empires that imperiled Protestantism. Missionary organizations such as the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Society for Propagation of the Gospel were founded at the turn of the seventeenth century to evangelize Native Americans and limit the\u00a0Jesuits\u2019\u00a0attempts to convert them to Catholicism. The previously mentioned Protestant Great Awakening crossed the Atlantic and founded a participatory religious movement during the 1730s and 1740s that united British Protestant churches. Preachers and merchants alike urged greater Atlantic trade to knit the\u00a0Anglo-Protestant\u00a0Atlantic together through commerce.\r\n<h3>The American Colonies<\/h3>\r\nThe Seven Years\u2019 War pushed the thirteen American colonies closer together politically and culturally than ever before. In 1754, Benjamin Franklin suggested a plan of union to coordinate colonial defenses on a continental scale. Tens of thousands of colonials fought during the war. Of the 11,000 British soldiers present for the French surrender of Montreal in 1760, 6,500 were colonials from every colony north of Pennsylvania. At home, many heard or read sermons that portrayed the war as a struggle between civilizations with liberty-loving Britons arrayed against tyrannical Frenchmen and supposedly savage Natives. American colonists rejoiced in their collective victory as a millennial moment of newfound peace and prosperity. After nearly seven decades of warfare, they looked to the newly acquired lands west of the Appalachian Mountains as their reward.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_565\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"687\"]<a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/wp-content\/uploads\/Join-or-Die-Snake.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-565\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/880\/2015\/04\/23193056\/Join-or-Die-Snake.jpg\" alt=\"A snake is cut into pieces that each represent a colony. Beneath the snake are the words &quot;Join or Die.&quot;\" width=\"687\" height=\"491\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>.\u00a0 Benjamin Franklin, \u201cJoin or Die,\u201d May 9, 1754.\u00a0Library of Congress. This political cartoon shows\u00a0a snake cut into eighths, with each segment labeled with the initials of one of the American colonies or regions. New England was represented as one segment, rather than the four colonies it was at that time. Delaware was not listed separately as it was part of Pennsylvania. Georgia, however, was omitted completely. Thus, it has eight segments of a snake rather than the traditional 13 colonies.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe Seven Years\u2019 War was tremendously expensive and precipitated\u00a0British\u00a0imperial reforms on taxation, commerce, and politics. Britain spent over \u00a3140 million on the war, an astronomical figure for the day. Tens of thousands of British soldiers served in North America, and 10,000 were left to garrison the conquests in Canada and the Ohio Valley at a cost of \u00a3100,000. Britain wanted to recoup some of its expenses and looked to the colonies to\u00a0contribute to\u00a0the costs of their own security. To do this, Parliament started legislating the colonies\u00a0in a way that had not been done\u00a0before. Different taxation schemes implemented across the colonies between 1763 and 1774 placed duties\u00a0and tariffs\u00a0on items like tea, paper, molasses, and stamps. Consumption and trade, an important bond between Britain and the colonies, was being threatened. To enforce these unpopular measures, Britain implemented increasingly restrictive civil liberty policies like unlawful searches and the suspension of trial by jury. The rise of the Abolitionist movement in Britain, bolstered by the 1772 <em>Somerset v. Stewart<\/em> case, made many colonists worry that slavery would soon be attacked as well.\u00a0The colonists in America felt increasingly separated and at odds with the British government, who they felt no longer had their best interests at heart.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\r\nThe\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.commonlii.org\/int\/cases\/EngR\/1772\/57.pdf\">1772\u00a0<em>Somerset v. Stewart<\/em>\u00a0case<\/a>\u00a0in Britain decided that England had never established slavery as a legal institution by statute or by common law, meaning that if any enslaved person brought from an English colony to England was automatically free. Granville Sharp, a British abolitionist, argued that British law stated that any contract not made with the explicit consent of the people involved was void, therefore no person could be removed from England to be sold overseas. Although the ruling did not apply to British colonies, which had passed positive laws allowing slavery, the precedent that this case set allowed for enslaved people in the American colonies to file suits for freedom. Starting with Vermont in 1777, many northern states began to draw up constitutions that explicitly forbade chattel slavery (although it still allowed for indentured servitude):\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\"I. That all men are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent, and unalienable rights, amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. Therefore, no male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law, to serve any person, as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years; nor female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent, after they arrive to such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like.\"[footnote]<em>A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont<\/em>, from the 1777 Constitution of the State of Vermont.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>TRY IT<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/fdd093c0-55ee-46ec-aacc-5e75cde284cc\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Describe the circumstances which led to the French and Indian War<\/li>\n<li>Explain the outcomes and effects of the French and Indian War<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Stirrings of War in North America<\/h2>\n<p>Of the 87 years between the Glorious Revolution in England (1688) and the American Revolution (1775), Britain was at war with France and her allies for 37 of them. These were not wars in which European soldiers fought other European soldiers on European soil.\u00a0In the Wars for Empire, ragtag American militiamen fought for the British army against French Catholics and their Native American allies for control of their own land. Warfare took a physical and spiritual toll on British-American colonists.<\/p>\n<p>Colonial British towns located on the border between New England and New France experienced intermittent raiding by French-allied Native Americans. Raiding parties would destroy houses and burn crops, but they would also take captives. They brought these captives to French Quebec, where some were ransomed back to their families in New England and others were converted to Catholicism by\u00a0Jesuit\u00a0missionaries and remained in New France. In this sense, Catholicism threatened to literally capture Protestant lands and souls.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\n<p>Jesuits are members of the Society of Jesus, a religious order of the Catholic Church founded in 1540. Their primary aim is missionary work. Jesuit priests came to New France and New Spain starting in the 16th century with the aim of converting the Native American tribes and any other colonists they could to Catholicism. In fact, \u201csaving souls\u201d was part of the constitutions of both New France and New Spain and the missions were supported by the monarchs of both countries. The Jesuit missions did not gain a foothold in the New World until the mid-17th century, with the Spanish Jesuits establishing missions in Baja California as early as 1687. Many French Jesuit missionaries learned Indigenous languages in order to convert the First Nations people of Canada. In the 19th century, the French Jesuits had established missions as far south as Louisiana and as far west as Idaho, while the Spanish Jesuits had been suppressed and replaced by the Franciscan Order in 1767 by the Spanish government. The Jesuits in New France kept a record of their activities which were compiled and published annually from 1632 until 1673, called\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/moses.creighton.edu\/kripke\/jesuitrelations\/\">The Jesuit Relations.\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In 1754 a force of British colonists and\u00a0Mingo tribal allies,\u00a0led by young George Washington, attacked and killed\u00a0Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville, a\u00a0French diplomat, at The Battle of Jumonville Glen. This incident led to what would become known as the Seven Years\u2019 War in Europe, the French and Indian War in America,\u00a0and the\u00a0<em>Guerre de la Conqu\u00eate<\/em>\u00a0(\u2018War of the Conquest\u2019) in French Canada.\u00a0The French achieved victory in the early portion of this war in the colonies. They attacked and burned multiple British outposts, such as Fort William Henry in 1757. In addition, the French seemed to easily defeat British attacks, such as General Braddock\u2019s attack on Fort Duquesne, and General Abercrombie\u2019s attack on Fort Carllion (Ticonderoga) in 1758. These victories were often the result of alliances with Native Americans.<\/p>\n<h3>The Seven Years\u2019 War in Europe and India<\/h3>\n<p>In Europe, the war did not fully begin until 1756, when Frederick the Great, the British-allied King of Prussia, invaded the neutral state of Saxony in order to protect himself from a new French-Russian-Austrian alliance. As a result of this invasion, the French-Russian-Austrian coalition, along with Sweden, attacked Prussia, and their allied German states. The\u00a0last Hapsburg Queen of\u00a0Austria, Maria Theresa, hoped to conquer the province of Silesia, which had been lost to Prussia in a previous war. In the European war, the British monetarily supported the Prussians, as well as the German states of Hesse-Kassel and Braunschwieg-Wolfb\u00fcttel. These subsidy payments enabled the smaller German states to fight France and allowed the Prussian army,\u00a0which was well-trained and equipped but simply outnumbered,\u00a0to fight against the large enemy alliance.<\/p>\n<p>However, as in North America, the early part of the war went against the British. The French defeated Britain\u2019s German allies and forced them to surrender after the Battle of Hastenbeck in 1757. The Austrians defeated the Prussians in the Battle of Kolin, also in 1757. However, Frederick of Prussia defeated the French at the Battle of Rossbach in November of 1757. This battle allowed the British to rejoin the war in Europe. Just a month later, Frederick\u2019s army defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Leuthen, reclaiming the vital province of Silesia.<\/p>\n<p>The British navy also consistently defeated the French at sea.\u00a0The two nations fought by proxy to gain control of the Indian subcontinent at this time, as well as their wars in Europe and North America.\u00a0At the Battle of Plassey in India 1757,\u00a0the British forces, commanded by Robert Clive,\u00a0and their Indian allies defeated the French\u00a0and their Mughal Imperial allies.\u00a0This victory gave the British back control of the seas, allowing them to now send more troops to North America.<\/p>\n<h3>The French and Indian War in the Americas<\/h3>\n<p>These newly arrived soldiers\u00a0allowed the British to launch new offensives in the American colonies and in New France.\u00a0The large French port and fortress of Louisbourg, in present-day Nova Scotia, fell to the British in 1758. In 1759, British General James Wolfe defeated French General Montcalm in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, outside of Quebec City. In Europe, 1759 saw the British defeat the French at the Battle of Minden, and destroy large portions of the French fleet. The British referred to 1759 as the\u00a0<em>annus mirabilis<\/em>\u00a0or \u201cthe year of miracles.\u201d These victories brought about the fall of\u00a0New France, and for all intents and purposes, the\u00a0French and Indian War\u00a0in North America ended in 1760 with the British capture of Montreal.<\/p>\n<p>The British continued to fight\u00a0in Florida, the Caribbean, Central America, and South Asia\u00a0against the Spanish, who entered the war in 1762.\u00a0Portugal allied itself with the British, and when Spain attempted an invasion of Portugal in 1762 they were repelled. Portuguese and Spanish forces clashed throughout South America, especially in Brazil and Chile.\u00a0On the Central American and South Asian fronts, the Spanish successfully defended Nicaragua against British incursion but were unable to prevent the conquest of Cuba and the Philippines.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_9fc262bf-0ab3-4f63-8d50-9fc1189fa92d\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9fc262bf-0ab3-4f63-8d50-9fc1189fa92d?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_9fc262bf-0ab3-4f63-8d50-9fc1189fa92d\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_6056\" style=\"width: 595px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/05\/23134000\/French-and-Indian-War-1000x792.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6056\" class=\"wp-image-6056\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5595\/2021\/05\/23134000\/French-and-Indian-War-1000x792.jpeg\" alt=\"A battle between white colonists and natives.\" width=\"585\" height=\"463\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6056\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Albert Bobbett, engraver, \u201cMontcalm trying to stop the massacre,\u201d c. 1870-1880.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>The End of the War<\/h3>\n<p>The Seven Years\u2019 War ended with the Treaties of Paris in 1762 and Hubertusburg in 1763. The British received much of modern-day Canada and North America from the French,\u00a0as well as Florida from Spain. They gave France back two Caribbean Islands, as well as two small islands in Northern Canada. The French lost control of their holdings in India, resulting in British hegemony on the subcontinent.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\n<p>Read the diary of a provincial soldier who fought in the French and Indian War on the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com\/~dagjones\/captdavidperry\/chapter02.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Captain David Perry Web Site<\/a>\u00a0hosted by Rootsweb. David Perry\u2019s journal, which includes a description of the 1758 campaign, provides a glimpse of warfare in the eighteenth century.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>These victories\u00a0gave the British a much larger empire than they could control, which contributed to tensions\u00a0between the British and their new subjects in Canada, as well as their colonists in America, leading to Pontiac\u2019s War and the American Revolution. In particular, it exposed divisions within the newly expanded empire, including language, national affiliation, and religious views. When the British captured Quebec in 1760, a\u00a0British\u00a0newspaper distributed in the\u00a0French colony boasted: \u201cThe time will come, when Pope and Friar\/Shall both be roasted in the fire\/When the proud Antichristian whore\/will sink, and never rise more.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Watch this video to learn more about the Seven Years\u2019 War within the global context of global tensions, religious revival, and philosophical change.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"The Seven Years War: Crash Course World History #26\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/j0qbzNHmfW0?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/TheSevenYearsWarCrashCourseWorldHistory26.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Seven Years War: Crash Course World History #26\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Effects of the War<\/h2>\n<h3>Religious Tensions<\/h3>\n<p>American colonists rejoiced over the defeat of Catholic France and felt secure that the Catholics in Quebec could no longer threaten them.\u00a0While\u00a0the American colonies had been a haven for religious minorities since the seventeenth century,\u00a0and\u00a0early religious pluralism served as evidence of an \u201cAmerican melting pot\u201d that included Catholic Maryland, practical toleration of Catholics existed alongside virulent anti-Catholicism in public and political arenas. It was powerful and enduring rhetoric borne out of\u00a0centuries of\u00a0warfare between\u00a0Protestant\u00a0Britain and\u00a0Catholic\u00a0France.\u00a0This tension would later be reflected in the anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant sentiments of the American Industrial Revolution, the founding of the Ku Klux Klan, and even the McCarthy Hearings of the 20th century.<\/p>\n<p>In part because of the conflict with Catholic France, British citizens on both sides of the Atlantic, and of a variety of other Protestant sects, cohered around a pan-Protestant interest. British ministers in England called for a coalition to fight French and Catholic empires that imperiled Protestantism. Missionary organizations such as the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Society for Propagation of the Gospel were founded at the turn of the seventeenth century to evangelize Native Americans and limit the\u00a0Jesuits\u2019\u00a0attempts to convert them to Catholicism. The previously mentioned Protestant Great Awakening crossed the Atlantic and founded a participatory religious movement during the 1730s and 1740s that united British Protestant churches. Preachers and merchants alike urged greater Atlantic trade to knit the\u00a0Anglo-Protestant\u00a0Atlantic together through commerce.<\/p>\n<h3>The American Colonies<\/h3>\n<p>The Seven Years\u2019 War pushed the thirteen American colonies closer together politically and culturally than ever before. In 1754, Benjamin Franklin suggested a plan of union to coordinate colonial defenses on a continental scale. Tens of thousands of colonials fought during the war. Of the 11,000 British soldiers present for the French surrender of Montreal in 1760, 6,500 were colonials from every colony north of Pennsylvania. At home, many heard or read sermons that portrayed the war as a struggle between civilizations with liberty-loving Britons arrayed against tyrannical Frenchmen and supposedly savage Natives. American colonists rejoiced in their collective victory as a millennial moment of newfound peace and prosperity. After nearly seven decades of warfare, they looked to the newly acquired lands west of the Appalachian Mountains as their reward.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_565\" style=\"width: 697px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/wp-content\/uploads\/Join-or-Die-Snake.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-565\" class=\"wp-image-565\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/880\/2015\/04\/23193056\/Join-or-Die-Snake.jpg\" alt=\"A snake is cut into pieces that each represent a colony. Beneath the snake are the words &quot;Join or Die.&quot;\" width=\"687\" height=\"491\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-565\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>.\u00a0 Benjamin Franklin, \u201cJoin or Die,\u201d May 9, 1754.\u00a0Library of Congress. This political cartoon shows\u00a0a snake cut into eighths, with each segment labeled with the initials of one of the American colonies or regions. New England was represented as one segment, rather than the four colonies it was at that time. Delaware was not listed separately as it was part of Pennsylvania. Georgia, however, was omitted completely. Thus, it has eight segments of a snake rather than the traditional 13 colonies.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The Seven Years\u2019 War was tremendously expensive and precipitated\u00a0British\u00a0imperial reforms on taxation, commerce, and politics. Britain spent over \u00a3140 million on the war, an astronomical figure for the day. Tens of thousands of British soldiers served in North America, and 10,000 were left to garrison the conquests in Canada and the Ohio Valley at a cost of \u00a3100,000. Britain wanted to recoup some of its expenses and looked to the colonies to\u00a0contribute to\u00a0the costs of their own security. To do this, Parliament started legislating the colonies\u00a0in a way that had not been done\u00a0before. Different taxation schemes implemented across the colonies between 1763 and 1774 placed duties\u00a0and tariffs\u00a0on items like tea, paper, molasses, and stamps. Consumption and trade, an important bond between Britain and the colonies, was being threatened. To enforce these unpopular measures, Britain implemented increasingly restrictive civil liberty policies like unlawful searches and the suspension of trial by jury. The rise of the Abolitionist movement in Britain, bolstered by the 1772 <em>Somerset v. Stewart<\/em> case, made many colonists worry that slavery would soon be attacked as well.\u00a0The colonists in America felt increasingly separated and at odds with the British government, who they felt no longer had their best interests at heart.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\n<p>The\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.commonlii.org\/int\/cases\/EngR\/1772\/57.pdf\">1772\u00a0<em>Somerset v. Stewart<\/em>\u00a0case<\/a>\u00a0in Britain decided that England had never established slavery as a legal institution by statute or by common law, meaning that if any enslaved person brought from an English colony to England was automatically free. Granville Sharp, a British abolitionist, argued that British law stated that any contract not made with the explicit consent of the people involved was void, therefore no person could be removed from England to be sold overseas. Although the ruling did not apply to British colonies, which had passed positive laws allowing slavery, the precedent that this case set allowed for enslaved people in the American colonies to file suits for freedom. Starting with Vermont in 1777, many northern states began to draw up constitutions that explicitly forbade chattel slavery (although it still allowed for indentured servitude):<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">&#8220;I. That all men are born equally free and independent, and have certain natural, inherent, and unalienable rights, amongst which are the enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety. Therefore, no male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law, to serve any person, as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years; nor female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent, after they arrive to such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont, from the 1777 Constitution of the State of Vermont.\" id=\"return-footnote-3584-1\" href=\"#footnote-3584-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>TRY IT<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_fdd093c0-55ee-46ec-aacc-5e75cde284cc\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/fdd093c0-55ee-46ec-aacc-5e75cde284cc?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_fdd093c0-55ee-46ec-aacc-5e75cde284cc\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3584\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Seven Years War: Crash Course World History #26. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Crash Course. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=j0qbzNHmfW0\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=j0qbzNHmfW0<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-3584-1\"><em>A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont<\/em>, from the 1777 Constitution of the State of Vermont. <a href=\"#return-footnote-3584-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":415692,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The Seven Years War: Crash Course World History #26\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Crash Course\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=j0qbzNHmfW0\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"95ec7668-42e7-44f3-97a0-851ec2c49338,9e1aa3a5-e649-4d5d-a10b-609cf8c2c103,831f80d6-ffda-455a-9fef-c9e7b09b0c5e","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3584","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":151,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3584","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/415692"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3584\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8565,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3584\/revisions\/8565"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/151"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3584\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3584"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3584"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3584"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3584"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}