{"id":454,"date":"2015-08-21T17:59:30","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T17:59:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory1os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=454"},"modified":"2022-07-25T19:16:57","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T19:16:57","slug":"origins-of-the-civil-war","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/origins-of-the-civil-war\/","title":{"raw":"Origins of the Civil War","rendered":"Origins of the Civil War"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Explain the main factors leading up to the Civil War<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_15_01_Timeline\" class=\"timeline\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"780\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202638\/CNX_History_15_01_Timeline.jpg\" alt=\"A timeline shows important events of the era. In 1860, South Carolina secedes from the Union. In 1861, Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter, and the First Battle of Bull Run occurs; a painting of the attack on Fort Sumter and a painting of the Union forces in disarray at Bull Run are shown. In 1862, Confederate forces retreat after the Battle of Shiloh, General Robert E. Lee defends Richmond, and the Battle of Antietam occurs; a print of the Battle of Antietam is shown. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation, racially motivated riots break out in New York, General Ulysses S. Grant leads the Vicksburg campaign, and the Battle of Gettysburg occurs; an image of the Emancipation Proclamation is shown. In 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman invades the South, Atlanta falls to Sherman\u2019s forces, and Lincoln is reelected; a portrait of William Tecumseh Sherman is shown. In 1865, Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrenders; a painting of Robert E. Lee signing a document before Ulysses S. Grant and a group of Union soldiers is shown.\" width=\"780\" height=\"406\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Major events during the Civil War.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp208229664\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Causes of the Civil War<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp118127472\">Abraham Lincoln\u2019s election sparked the southern secession fever into flame, but it alone did not cause the Civil War. For decades before Lincoln took office, the sectional divisions in the country had been widening. Both the northern and southern states engaged in inflammatory rhetoric and agitation, and emotions ran strong on both sides. Several factors played into the ultimate split between the North and the South.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Westward Expansion of Slavery<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm12040896\">One key irritant was the question of slavery\u2019s expansion westward. The debate over whether new states would be slave or free reached back to the controversy over statehood for Missouri beginning in 1819 and Texas in the 1830s and early 1840s. This question arose again after the Mexican-American War (1846\u20131848), when the government debated whether slavery would be permitted in the territories taken from Mexico. Efforts in Congress to reach a compromise in 1850 fell back on the principle of popular sovereignty\u2014letting the people in the new territories south of the 1820 Missouri Compromise line decide whether to allow slavery. This same principle came to be applied to the Kansas-Nebraska territories in 1854, a move that added fuel to the sectional conflict by destroying the Missouri Compromise boundary. Antislavery proponents feared this would allow slavery to spread into these new territories. In the end, popular sovereignty proved to be no solution at all. Proslavery and antislavery forces violently battled each other in an effort to gain the upper hand, giving the area the nickname \"Bleeding Kansas.\"<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Abolitionists<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp260007520\">The small but very vocal abolitionist movement was another factor that contributed to the escalating tensions between the North and the South. Since the 1830s, abolitionists, led by journalist and reformer William Lloyd Garrison, had cast slavery as a national sin and called for its immediate end. For three decades, the abolitionists\u2014a minority even within the antislavery movement\u2014had had a significant effect on American society by bringing the evils of slavery into the public consciousness. By the 1850s, some of the most radical abolitionists, such as John Brown, had resorted to violence in their efforts to destroy the institution of slavery.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Three New Political Parties<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp144130240\">The formation of the Liberty Party (1840), the Free-Soil Party (1848), and the Republican Party (1854), all of which strongly opposed the spread of slavery to the West, brought the question solidly into the political arena. Although not all those who opposed the westward expansion of slavery had a strong abolitionist bent, the attempt to limit slaveholders\u2019 control of their human property stiffened the resolve of southern leaders to defend their society at all costs. Prohibiting slavery\u2019s expansion, they argued, ran counter to fundamental American property rights. Across the country, people of all political stripes worried that the nation\u2019s arguments would cause irreparable rifts in the country.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202640\/CNX_History_15_01_Crittenden.jpg\" alt=\"A map shows the Missouri Compromise line, as well as those states and regions below the Missouri Compromise line that would be affected by Crittenden\u2019s Compromise.\" width=\"520\" height=\"341\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Crittenden\u2019s Compromise would protect slavery in all states where it already existed. More importantly, however, it proposed to allow the western expansion of slavery into states below the Missouri Compromise line.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Crittenden Compromise<\/h2>\r\nAs the political debate over slavery intensified towards the end of the 1850s, President James Buchanan would not directly address the issue of secession prior to his term\u2019s end. Any effort to try to solve the issue therefore fell upon Congress, specifically a Committee of Thirteen including prominent men such as Stephen Douglas, William Seward, Robert Toombs, and John Crittenden.\u00a0Crittenden, a senator from Kentucky who had helped form the Constitutional Union Party during the 1860 presidential election, attempted to diffuse the explosive situation by offering six constitutional amendments and a series of resolutions, known as the <strong>Crittenden Compromise<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"260\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202641\/CNX_History_15_01_Georgia.jpg\" alt=\"An image of Georgia\u2019s Ordinance of Secession is shown.\" width=\"260\" height=\"325\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Georgia\u2019s Ordinance of Secession and those of the other Deep South states were all based on that of South Carolina, which was drafted just a month after Abraham Lincoln was elected, but before he took office.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp178275696\">Crittenden\u2019s immediate goal was to keep the South from seceding, and his long term strategy was to transform the Constitution to explicitly protect slavery forever. Specifically, Crittenden proposed an amendment that would restore the 36\u00b030\u2032 line from the Missouri Compromise and extend it all the way to the Pacific Ocean, protecting and ensuring slavery south of the line while prohibiting it north of the line. He further proposed an amendment that would prohibit Congress from abolishing slavery anywhere it already existed or from interfering with the interstate slave trade.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_15_01_Crittenden\"><\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp228509840\">Republicans, including President-elect Lincoln, rejected Crittenden\u2019s proposals because they ran counter to the party\u2019s goal of keeping slavery out of the territories. The southern states also rejected Crittenden\u2019s attempts at compromise, because it would prevent enslavers from taking human chattel north of the 36\u00b030\u2032 line.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Southern States Secede<\/h2>\r\nIn the end, no compromise would be had by either side. The election of Lincoln and the perceived threat to the institution of slavery proved too much for the deep southern states. South Carolina acted almost immediately, calling a convention to declare secession. On December 20, 1860, only a few days after Crittenden\u2019s proposal was introduced in Congress, South Carolina seceded from the United States in a unanimous 169\u20130 vote. Three more states of the Deep South\u2014Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama\u2014also seceded before the U.S. Senate rejected Crittenden\u2019s proposal on January 16, 1861. Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas joined them in rapid succession on January 19, January 26, and February 1, respectively. In many cases, these secessions occurred after extremely divided conventions and popular votes. Once these states declared secession, Lincoln and the North would be forced to respond, while other southern states, especially those bordering northern states, would be forced to take sides.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Watch It<\/span><\/h3>\r\nFor a quick review of the events leading up to war, watch the video summary below.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Dr0OyB1Uj8Q&amp;t=186s\r\n\r\nNote that the video has no narration. You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+History\/Transcripts\/TriggerEventsOfTheCivilWar_transcript.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for this segmented clip of \"Trigger Events of the Civil War\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nExplore the causes, battles, and aftermath of the Civil War at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/civilwar\/overview.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive website<\/a> offered by the National Parks Service.\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp208229664\" data-depth=\"1\"><\/section><\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp208229664\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\">https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/98aa6173-718b-4145-832b-0e9ea3a3782c<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\nWhy did the states of the Deep South secede from the Union sooner than the states of the Upper South and the border states?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"406667\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"406667\"]Slavery was more deeply entrenched in the Deep South than it was in the Upper South or the border states. The Deep South was home to larger numbers of both slaveholders and slaves. Pro-Union sentiment remained strong in parts of the Upper South and border states, particularly those areas with smaller populations of slaveholders.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Crittenden Compromise:\u00a0<\/strong>a compromise, suggested by Kentucky senator John Crittenden, that would restore the 36\u00b030\u2032 line from the Missouri Compromise and extend it to the Pacific Ocean, allowing slavery to expand into the southwestern territories\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Explain the main factors leading up to the Civil War<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_15_01_Timeline\" class=\"timeline\">\n<div style=\"width: 790px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202638\/CNX_History_15_01_Timeline.jpg\" alt=\"A timeline shows important events of the era. In 1860, South Carolina secedes from the Union. In 1861, Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter, and the First Battle of Bull Run occurs; a painting of the attack on Fort Sumter and a painting of the Union forces in disarray at Bull Run are shown. In 1862, Confederate forces retreat after the Battle of Shiloh, General Robert E. Lee defends Richmond, and the Battle of Antietam occurs; a print of the Battle of Antietam is shown. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation, racially motivated riots break out in New York, General Ulysses S. Grant leads the Vicksburg campaign, and the Battle of Gettysburg occurs; an image of the Emancipation Proclamation is shown. In 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman invades the South, Atlanta falls to Sherman\u2019s forces, and Lincoln is reelected; a portrait of William Tecumseh Sherman is shown. In 1865, Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrenders; a painting of Robert E. Lee signing a document before Ulysses S. Grant and a group of Union soldiers is shown.\" width=\"780\" height=\"406\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Major events during the Civil War.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<section id=\"fs-idp208229664\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Causes of the Civil War<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp118127472\">Abraham Lincoln\u2019s election sparked the southern secession fever into flame, but it alone did not cause the Civil War. For decades before Lincoln took office, the sectional divisions in the country had been widening. Both the northern and southern states engaged in inflammatory rhetoric and agitation, and emotions ran strong on both sides. Several factors played into the ultimate split between the North and the South.<\/p>\n<h3>Westward Expansion of Slavery<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm12040896\">One key irritant was the question of slavery\u2019s expansion westward. The debate over whether new states would be slave or free reached back to the controversy over statehood for Missouri beginning in 1819 and Texas in the 1830s and early 1840s. This question arose again after the Mexican-American War (1846\u20131848), when the government debated whether slavery would be permitted in the territories taken from Mexico. Efforts in Congress to reach a compromise in 1850 fell back on the principle of popular sovereignty\u2014letting the people in the new territories south of the 1820 Missouri Compromise line decide whether to allow slavery. This same principle came to be applied to the Kansas-Nebraska territories in 1854, a move that added fuel to the sectional conflict by destroying the Missouri Compromise boundary. Antislavery proponents feared this would allow slavery to spread into these new territories. In the end, popular sovereignty proved to be no solution at all. Proslavery and antislavery forces violently battled each other in an effort to gain the upper hand, giving the area the nickname &#8220;Bleeding Kansas.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Abolitionists<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp260007520\">The small but very vocal abolitionist movement was another factor that contributed to the escalating tensions between the North and the South. Since the 1830s, abolitionists, led by journalist and reformer William Lloyd Garrison, had cast slavery as a national sin and called for its immediate end. For three decades, the abolitionists\u2014a minority even within the antislavery movement\u2014had had a significant effect on American society by bringing the evils of slavery into the public consciousness. By the 1850s, some of the most radical abolitionists, such as John Brown, had resorted to violence in their efforts to destroy the institution of slavery.<\/p>\n<h3>Three New Political Parties<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp144130240\">The formation of the Liberty Party (1840), the Free-Soil Party (1848), and the Republican Party (1854), all of which strongly opposed the spread of slavery to the West, brought the question solidly into the political arena. Although not all those who opposed the westward expansion of slavery had a strong abolitionist bent, the attempt to limit slaveholders\u2019 control of their human property stiffened the resolve of southern leaders to defend their society at all costs. Prohibiting slavery\u2019s expansion, they argued, ran counter to fundamental American property rights. Across the country, people of all political stripes worried that the nation\u2019s arguments would cause irreparable rifts in the country.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202640\/CNX_History_15_01_Crittenden.jpg\" alt=\"A map shows the Missouri Compromise line, as well as those states and regions below the Missouri Compromise line that would be affected by Crittenden\u2019s Compromise.\" width=\"520\" height=\"341\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Crittenden\u2019s Compromise would protect slavery in all states where it already existed. More importantly, however, it proposed to allow the western expansion of slavery into states below the Missouri Compromise line.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Crittenden Compromise<\/h2>\n<p>As the political debate over slavery intensified towards the end of the 1850s, President James Buchanan would not directly address the issue of secession prior to his term\u2019s end. Any effort to try to solve the issue therefore fell upon Congress, specifically a Committee of Thirteen including prominent men such as Stephen Douglas, William Seward, Robert Toombs, and John Crittenden.\u00a0Crittenden, a senator from Kentucky who had helped form the Constitutional Union Party during the 1860 presidential election, attempted to diffuse the explosive situation by offering six constitutional amendments and a series of resolutions, known as the <strong>Crittenden Compromise<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202641\/CNX_History_15_01_Georgia.jpg\" alt=\"An image of Georgia\u2019s Ordinance of Secession is shown.\" width=\"260\" height=\"325\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Georgia\u2019s Ordinance of Secession and those of the other Deep South states were all based on that of South Carolina, which was drafted just a month after Abraham Lincoln was elected, but before he took office.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp178275696\">Crittenden\u2019s immediate goal was to keep the South from seceding, and his long term strategy was to transform the Constitution to explicitly protect slavery forever. Specifically, Crittenden proposed an amendment that would restore the 36\u00b030\u2032 line from the Missouri Compromise and extend it all the way to the Pacific Ocean, protecting and ensuring slavery south of the line while prohibiting it north of the line. He further proposed an amendment that would prohibit Congress from abolishing slavery anywhere it already existed or from interfering with the interstate slave trade.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_15_01_Crittenden\"><\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idp228509840\">Republicans, including President-elect Lincoln, rejected Crittenden\u2019s proposals because they ran counter to the party\u2019s goal of keeping slavery out of the territories. The southern states also rejected Crittenden\u2019s attempts at compromise, because it would prevent enslavers from taking human chattel north of the 36\u00b030\u2032 line.<\/p>\n<h2>Southern States Secede<\/h2>\n<p>In the end, no compromise would be had by either side. The election of Lincoln and the perceived threat to the institution of slavery proved too much for the deep southern states. South Carolina acted almost immediately, calling a convention to declare secession. On December 20, 1860, only a few days after Crittenden\u2019s proposal was introduced in Congress, South Carolina seceded from the United States in a unanimous 169\u20130 vote. Three more states of the Deep South\u2014Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama\u2014also seceded before the U.S. Senate rejected Crittenden\u2019s proposal on January 16, 1861. Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas joined them in rapid succession on January 19, January 26, and February 1, respectively. In many cases, these secessions occurred after extremely divided conventions and popular votes. Once these states declared secession, Lincoln and the North would be forced to respond, while other southern states, especially those bordering northern states, would be forced to take sides.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Watch It<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>For a quick review of the events leading up to war, watch the video summary below.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Trigger Events of the Civil War\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Dr0OyB1Uj8Q?start=186&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Note that the video has no narration. You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/oerfiles.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+History\/Transcripts\/TriggerEventsOfTheCivilWar_transcript.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for this segmented clip of &#8220;Trigger Events of the Civil War&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Explore the causes, battles, and aftermath of the Civil War at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/civilwar\/overview.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interactive website<\/a> offered by the National Parks Service.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idp208229664\" data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idp208229664\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\">\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_98aa6173-718b-4145-832b-0e9ea3a3782c\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/98aa6173-718b-4145-832b-0e9ea3a3782c?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_98aa6173-718b-4145-832b-0e9ea3a3782c\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<p>Why did the states of the Deep South secede from the Union sooner than the states of the Upper South and the border states?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q406667\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q406667\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Slavery was more deeply entrenched in the Deep South than it was in the Upper South or the border states. The Deep South was home to larger numbers of both slaveholders and slaves. Pro-Union sentiment remained strong in parts of the Upper South and border states, particularly those areas with smaller populations of slaveholders.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Crittenden Compromise:\u00a0<\/strong>a compromise, suggested by Kentucky senator John Crittenden, that would restore the 36\u00b030\u2032 line from the Missouri Compromise and extend it to the Pacific Ocean, allowing slavery to expand into the southwestern territories<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-454\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/15-1-the-origins-and-outbreak-of-the-civil-war\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/15-1-the-origins-and-outbreak-of-the-civil-war<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The Election of 1860 and Secession. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/14-the-civil-war\/#footnote_4_90\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/14-the-civil-war\/#footnote_4_90<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Trigger Events of the Civil War. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: American Battlefield Trust. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Dr0OyB1Uj8Q\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Dr0OyB1Uj8Q<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":969,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/15-1-the-origins-and-outbreak-of-the-civil-war\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Election of 1860 and Secession\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/14-the-civil-war\/#footnote_4_90\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Trigger Events of the Civil War\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"American Battlefield Trust\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Dr0OyB1Uj8Q\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube 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