{"id":79,"date":"2015-08-21T17:59:33","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T17:59:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory1os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=79"},"modified":"2022-07-25T19:16:21","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T19:16:21","slug":"portuguese-and-spanish-exploration","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/chapter\/portuguese-and-spanish-exploration\/","title":{"raw":"Portuguese Exploration","rendered":"Portuguese Exploration"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Describe Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic and the importance of these voyages to the developing Atlantic World<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp7810656\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Portuguese Exploration<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp22923216\">Portugal\u2019s Prince Henry the Navigator spearheaded his country\u2019s exploration of Africa and the Atlantic in the 1400s. With his support, Portuguese mariners successfully navigated an eastward route to Africa, establishing a foothold that became a foundation of their nation\u2019s trade empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm264176\">Portuguese mariners built an Atlantic empire by colonizing the Canary, Cape Verde, and Azores Islands, as well as the island of Madeira. Merchants then used these Atlantic outposts as departure points for subsequent journeys. From these strategic ports, Portugal spread its empire down the western coast of Africa to the Congo, along the western coast of India, and eventually to Brazil on the eastern coast of South America. It also established trading posts in China and Japan. While the Portuguese didn\u2019t rule over an immense landmass, their strategic holdings of islands and coastal ports gave them almost unrivaled control of nautical trade routes and a global empire of trading posts during the 1400s.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202058\/CNX_History_02_01_Elmina.jpg\" alt=\"A painting shows Elmina Castle, which is flying the Dutch flag.\" width=\"520\" height=\"356\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Elmina Castle on the west coast of Ghana was used as a holding pen for enslaved people before they were brought across the Atlantic and sold. Originally built by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century, it appears in this image as it was in the 1660s, after being seized by Dutch slave traders in 1637.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe travels of Portuguese traders to western Africa introduced them to the African slave trade, already brisk among African states. Seeing the value of this source of labor in growing the profitable crop of sugar on their Atlantic islands, the Portuguese soon began exporting African slaves along with African ivory and gold. Sugar fueled the Atlantic slave trade, and the Portuguese islands quickly became home to sugar plantations. The Portuguese also traded enslaved people, introducing human capital to other European nations. In the following years, as European exploration spread, slavery spread as well. In time, much of the Atlantic World would become a gargantuan sugar-plantation complex in which Africans labored to produce the highly profitable commodity for European consumers.\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp7428096\" class=\"history americana\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Americana\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Elmina Castle<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm1516608\">In 1482, Portuguese traders built Elmina Castle (also called S\u00e3o Jorge da Mina, or Saint George\u2019s of the Mine) in present-day Ghana, on the west coast of Africa. A fortified trading post, it had mounted cannons facing out to sea, not inland toward continental Africa; the Portuguese had greater fear of a naval attack from other Europeans than of a land attack from Africans. Portuguese traders soon began to settle around the fort and established the town of Elmina.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp10442400\">Although the Portuguese originally used the fort primarily for trading gold, by the sixteenth century they had shifted their focus. The dungeon of the fort eventually served as a holding pen for enslaved Africans from the interior of the continent, while on the upper floors Portuguese traders ate, slept, and prayed in a chapel. These enslaved workers lived in the dungeon for weeks or months until ships arrived to transport them to Europe or the Americas. For them, the dungeon of Elmina was their last sight of their home country.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video shows a tour of Elmina Castle and reveals many of the horrors that occurred there while enslaved persons awaited a journey across the Atlantic.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6771094&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=xWupcOOPUOE&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-eadrcwee-xWupcOOPUOE\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/Elmina+Castle+shows+horrors+of+slave+trade.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cElmina Castle shows horrors of slave trade\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9cb103d6-d50c-424b-ac4c-358a048d3193\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Describe Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic and the importance of these voyages to the developing Atlantic World<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idp7810656\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Portuguese Exploration<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp22923216\">Portugal\u2019s Prince Henry the Navigator spearheaded his country\u2019s exploration of Africa and the Atlantic in the 1400s. With his support, Portuguese mariners successfully navigated an eastward route to Africa, establishing a foothold that became a foundation of their nation\u2019s trade empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm264176\">Portuguese mariners built an Atlantic empire by colonizing the Canary, Cape Verde, and Azores Islands, as well as the island of Madeira. Merchants then used these Atlantic outposts as departure points for subsequent journeys. From these strategic ports, Portugal spread its empire down the western coast of Africa to the Congo, along the western coast of India, and eventually to Brazil on the eastern coast of South America. It also established trading posts in China and Japan. While the Portuguese didn\u2019t rule over an immense landmass, their strategic holdings of islands and coastal ports gave them almost unrivaled control of nautical trade routes and a global empire of trading posts during the 1400s.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/883\/2015\/08\/23202058\/CNX_History_02_01_Elmina.jpg\" alt=\"A painting shows Elmina Castle, which is flying the Dutch flag.\" width=\"520\" height=\"356\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Elmina Castle on the west coast of Ghana was used as a holding pen for enslaved people before they were brought across the Atlantic and sold. Originally built by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century, it appears in this image as it was in the 1660s, after being seized by Dutch slave traders in 1637.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The travels of Portuguese traders to western Africa introduced them to the African slave trade, already brisk among African states. Seeing the value of this source of labor in growing the profitable crop of sugar on their Atlantic islands, the Portuguese soon began exporting African slaves along with African ivory and gold. Sugar fueled the Atlantic slave trade, and the Portuguese islands quickly became home to sugar plantations. The Portuguese also traded enslaved people, introducing human capital to other European nations. In the following years, as European exploration spread, slavery spread as well. In time, much of the Atlantic World would become a gargantuan sugar-plantation complex in which Africans labored to produce the highly profitable commodity for European consumers.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idp7428096\" class=\"history americana\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Americana\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Elmina Castle<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm1516608\">In 1482, Portuguese traders built Elmina Castle (also called S\u00e3o Jorge da Mina, or Saint George\u2019s of the Mine) in present-day Ghana, on the west coast of Africa. A fortified trading post, it had mounted cannons facing out to sea, not inland toward continental Africa; the Portuguese had greater fear of a naval attack from other Europeans than of a land attack from Africans. Portuguese traders soon began to settle around the fort and established the town of Elmina.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp10442400\">Although the Portuguese originally used the fort primarily for trading gold, by the sixteenth century they had shifted their focus. The dungeon of the fort eventually served as a holding pen for enslaved Africans from the interior of the continent, while on the upper floors Portuguese traders ate, slept, and prayed in a chapel. These enslaved workers lived in the dungeon for weeks or months until ships arrived to transport them to Europe or the Americas. For them, the dungeon of Elmina was their last sight of their home country.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video shows a tour of Elmina Castle and reveals many of the horrors that occurred there while enslaved persons awaited a journey across the Atlantic.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=6771094&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=xWupcOOPUOE&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-eadrcwee-xWupcOOPUOE\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/WM-US+History\/Elmina+Castle+shows+horrors+of+slave+trade.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cElmina Castle shows horrors of slave trade\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_9cb103d6-d50c-424b-ac4c-358a048d3193\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9cb103d6-d50c-424b-ac4c-358a048d3193?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_9cb103d6-d50c-424b-ac4c-358a048d3193\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-79\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: P. Scott Corbett, Volker  Janssen, John M. Lund,  Todd Pfannestiel, Paul Vickery, and Sylvie Waskiewicz. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/2-1-portuguese-exploration-and-spanish-conquest\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/2-1-portuguese-exploration-and-spanish-conquest<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11740\/latest\/<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Elmina Castle shows horrors of slave trade. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Newsy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xWupcOOPUOE\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xWupcOOPUOE<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":969,"menu_order":11,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"P. Scott Corbett, Volker  Janssen, John M. Lund,  Todd Pfannestiel, Paul Vickery, and Sylvie Waskiewicz\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax College\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/2-1-portuguese-exploration-and-spanish-conquest\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11740\/latest\/\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Elmina Castle shows horrors of slave trade\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Newsy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xWupcOOPUOE\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":" 2579a420-8c31-4050-a040-f630e9710668,ed2e24d4-41e3-4872-a934-f3a3eb827997","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-79","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":42,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/969"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8300,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79\/revisions\/8300"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/42"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/79\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=79"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=79"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=79"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}