{"id":112,"date":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory2os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=112"},"modified":"2022-08-02T23:32:37","modified_gmt":"2022-08-02T23:32:37","slug":"leisure-and-entertainment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/leisure-and-entertainment\/","title":{"raw":"Leisure and Entertainment","rendered":"Leisure and Entertainment"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Describe new developments in popular culture and entertainment during the Gilded Age<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm7952576\" data-depth=\"1\"><section id=\"fs-idm8264384\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Popular Culture and Entertainment<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202854\/CNX_History_19_03_Coney.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows the Dreamland Amusement Park tower at Coney Island.\" width=\"390\" height=\"338\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The Dreamland Amusement Park tower was just one of Coney Island\u2019s amusements.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp35179632\">Working-class residents also found relief in the diverse and omnipresent offerings of popular culture and entertainment in and around cities. These offerings provided an immediate escape from the squalor and difficulties of everyday life. As improved means of internal transportation developed, working-class residents could escape the city and experience one of the popular new forms of entertainment\u2014the amusement park. For example, Coney Island on the Brooklyn shoreline consisted of several different amusement parks, the first of which opened in 1895. At these parks, New Yorkers enjoyed wild rides, animal attractions, and large stage productions designed to help them forget the struggles of their working-day lives. Freak \u201cside\u201d shows fed the public\u2019s curiosity about physical deviance. For a mere ten cents, spectators could watch a high-diving horse, take a ride to the moon to watch moon maidens eat green cheese, or witness the electrocution of an elephant, a spectacle that fascinated the public both with technological marvels and exotic wildlife. The treatment of animals in many acts at Coney Island and other public amusement parks drew the attention of middle-class reformers such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Despite questions regarding the propriety of many of the acts, other cities quickly followed New York\u2019s lead with similar, if smaller, versions of Coney Island\u2019s attractions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3737\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"840\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/28143831\/Luna-Park-11.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3737 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/28143831\/Luna-Park-11.jpeg\" alt=\"Luna Park photograph showing big buildings and fun rides with people walking in the plaza.\" width=\"840\" height=\"472\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Amusement-hungry Americans flocked to new entertainments at the turn of the twentieth century. In this early-twentieth-century photograph, visitors enjoy Luna Park, one of the original amusement parks on Brooklyn\u2019s famous Coney Island. Visitors to Coney Island\u2019s Luna Park, ca.1910-1915. Library of Congress (LC-B2- 2240-13).[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\r\nThe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/coney\/timeline\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Experience Timeline of Coney Island<\/a> shows a timeline, photo gallery, and other elements of Coney Island. Look to see what elements of American culture, from the hot dog to the roller coaster, debuted there.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Vaudeville<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6918\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"353\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/29160201\/Houdini-Elephant.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-6918 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/29160201\/Houdini-Elephant.jpeg\" alt=\"Houdini stands inside of a circus arena while an elephant stands on its hind legs behind him.\" width=\"353\" height=\"424\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Harry Houdini and Jennie, the Vanishing Elephant, January 7, 1918[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm163304560\">Another common form of popular entertainment was <strong>vaudeville<\/strong>\u2014large stage variety shows that included everything from singing, dancing, and comedy acts to live animals and magic. The vaudeville circuit gave rise to several prominent performers, including magician Harry Houdini, who began his career in these variety shows before his fame propelled him to solo acts. In addition to live theater shows, it was primarily working-class citizens who enjoyed the advent of the nickelodeon, a forerunner to the movie theater. The first nickelodeon opened in Pittsburgh in 1905, where nearly one hundred visitors packed into a storefront theater to see a traditional vaudeville show interspersed with one-minute film clips. Several theaters initially used the films as \u201cchasers\u201d to indicate the end of the show to the live audience so they would clear the auditorium. However, a vaudeville performers\u2019 strike generated even greater interest in the films, eventually resulting in the rise of modern movie theaters by 1910.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Music and Motion Pictures<\/h3>\r\nBy the turn of the century, two technologies pioneered by Edison\u2014the phonograph and motion pictures\u2014stood ready to revolutionize leisure and help create the mass entertainment culture of the twentieth century. The phonograph was the first reliable device capable of recording and reproducing sound. But it was more than that. The phonograph could create multiple copies of recordings, sparking a great expansion of the market for popular music. Although the phonograph was a technical success, Edison at first had trouble developing commercial applications for it. He thought it might be used for dictation, recording audio letters, preserving speeches and dying words of great men, producing talking clocks, or teaching elocution. He did not anticipate that its greatest use would be in the field of mass entertainment, but Edison\u2019s sales agents soon reported that many phonographs were being used for just that, especially in so-called phonograph parlors, where customers could pay a nickel to hear a piece of music. By the turn of the century, Americans were purchasing phonographs for home use. Entertainment became the phonograph\u2019s major market.\r\n\r\nInspired by the success of the phonograph as an entertainment device, Edison decided in 1888 to develop \u201can instrument which does for the Eye what the phonograph does for the Ear.\u201d In 1888, he patented the concept of motion pictures. In 1889, he innovated the rolling of film. By 1891, he was exhibiting a motion-picture camera (a kinetograph) and a viewer (a kinetoscope). By 1894, the Edison Company had produced about seventy-five films suitable for sale and viewing. They could be viewed through a small eyepiece in an arcade or parlor. They were short, typically about three minutes long. Many of the early films depicted athletic feats and competitions. One 1894 film, for example, showed a six-round boxing match. The catalog description gave a sense of the appeal it had for male viewers: \u201cFull of hard fighting, clever hits, punches, leads, dodges, body blows and some slugging.\u201d Other early kinetoscope subjects included Indian dances, nature and outdoor scenes, re-creations of historical events, and humorous skits. By 1896, the Edison Vitascope could project film, shifting audiences away from arcades and pulling them into theaters. Edison\u2019s film catalog meanwhile grew in sophistication. He sent filmmakers to distant and exotic locales like Japan and China. Long-form fictional films created a demand for \u201cmovie stars,\u201d such as the glamorous Mary Pickford, the swashbuckling Douglas Fairbanks, and the acrobatic comedian Buster Keaton, who began to appear in the popular imagination beginning around 1910. Alongside professional boxing and baseball, the film industry was creating the modern culture of celebrity that would characterize twentieth-century mass entertainment.\r\n<h3>Baseball: An American Pastime<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp38300880\">One other major form of entertainment for the working class was professional baseball. Club teams transformed into professional baseball teams with the Cincinnati Red Stockings, now the Cincinnati Reds, in 1869. Soon, professional teams sprang up in several major American cities. Baseball games provided an inexpensive form of entertainment, where for less than a dollar, a person could enjoy a double-header, two hot dogs, and a beer. But more importantly, the teams became a way for newly relocated Americans and immigrants of diverse backgrounds to develop a unified civic identity, all cheering for one team. By 1876, the National League had formed, and soon after, cathedral-style ballparks began to spring up in many cities. Fenway Park in Boston (1912), Forbes Field in Pittsburgh (1909), and the Polo Grounds in New York (1890) all became touch points where working-class Americans came together to support a common cause.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_19_03_Baseball\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"780\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202855\/CNX_History_19_03_Baseball.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Boston\u2019s Fenway Park.\" width=\"780\" height=\"189\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Boston\u2019s Fenway Park opened in 1912 and was a popular site for working-class Bostonians to spend their leisure time. The \u201cGreen Monster,\u201d the iconic left-field wall, makes it one of the most recognizable stadiums in baseball today.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6921\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"783\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/29161121\/Green_Monster_Left_Field_-_panoramio.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-6921\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/29161121\/Green_Monster_Left_Field_-_panoramio.jpeg\" alt=\"The Green Monster from left field.\" width=\"783\" height=\"163\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. The Green Monster today.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm120826144\">Other popular sports included prize-fighting, which attracted a predominantly male, working- and middle-class audience who lived vicariously through the triumphs of the boxers at a time where opportunities for individual success were shrinking, and college football, which paralleled a modern corporation in its team hierarchy, division of duties, and emphasis on time management.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/bf545da4-e2a5-4e29-a685-cfb50c14e480\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Masculine Man<\/h2>\r\nAs industrialization changed family and social life, many men worried about a change in their \"masculinity.\" To anxious observers, industrial capitalism was diminishing American manhood. Rather than working on farms and in factories, where young men formed physical muscle and spiritual grit, new generations of workers labored behind desks, wore white collars, and, in the words of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, appeared \u201cblack-coated, stiff-jointed, soft-muscled, [and] paste-complexioned.\u201d[footnote]Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 41.[\/footnote] Neurologist George Beard even coined a medical term, neurasthenia, for a new emasculated condition that was marked by depression, indigestion, hypochondria, and extreme nervousness. The philosopher William James called it \u201cAmericanitis.\u201d Academics increasingly warned that America had become a nation of emasculated men.\r\n\r\nChurches too worried about feminization. Women had always comprised a clear majority of church memberships in the United States, but now the theologian Washington Gladden said, \u201cA preponderance of female influence in the Church or anywhere else in society is unnatural and injurious.\u201d Many feared that the feminized church had feminized Christ himself. Rather than a rough-hewn carpenter, Jesus had been made \u201cmushy\u201d and \u201csweetly effeminate,\u201d in the words of Walter Rauschenbusch. Advocates of a so-called muscular Christianity sought to stiffen young men\u2019s backbones by putting them back in touch with their primal manliness. Pulling from contemporary developmental theory, they believed that young men ought to evolve as civilization evolved, advancing from primitive nature-dwelling to modern industrial enlightenment. To facilitate \u201cprimitive\u201d encounters with nature, muscular Christians founded summer camps and outdoor boys\u2019 clubs like the Woodcraft Indians, the Sons of Daniel Boone, and the Boy Brigades\u2014all precursors of the Boy Scouts. Other champions of muscular Christianity, such as the newly formed Young Men\u2019s Christian Association, built gymnasiums, often attached to churches, where youths could strengthen their bodies as well as their spirits. It was a Young Men\u2019s Christian Association (YMCA) leader who coined the term bodybuilding, and others invented the sports of basketball and volleyball.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7660eb0c-e666-4c2c-a7d0-46da1b3b8341\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>vaudeville:\u00a0<\/strong>large stage variety shows that included everything from singing, dancing, and comedy acts to live animals and magic\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Describe new developments in popular culture and entertainment during the Gilded Age<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm7952576\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<section id=\"fs-idm8264384\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Popular Culture and Entertainment<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202854\/CNX_History_19_03_Coney.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows the Dreamland Amusement Park tower at Coney Island.\" width=\"390\" height=\"338\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The Dreamland Amusement Park tower was just one of Coney Island\u2019s amusements.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp35179632\">Working-class residents also found relief in the diverse and omnipresent offerings of popular culture and entertainment in and around cities. These offerings provided an immediate escape from the squalor and difficulties of everyday life. As improved means of internal transportation developed, working-class residents could escape the city and experience one of the popular new forms of entertainment\u2014the amusement park. For example, Coney Island on the Brooklyn shoreline consisted of several different amusement parks, the first of which opened in 1895. At these parks, New Yorkers enjoyed wild rides, animal attractions, and large stage productions designed to help them forget the struggles of their working-day lives. Freak \u201cside\u201d shows fed the public\u2019s curiosity about physical deviance. For a mere ten cents, spectators could watch a high-diving horse, take a ride to the moon to watch moon maidens eat green cheese, or witness the electrocution of an elephant, a spectacle that fascinated the public both with technological marvels and exotic wildlife. The treatment of animals in many acts at Coney Island and other public amusement parks drew the attention of middle-class reformers such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Despite questions regarding the propriety of many of the acts, other cities quickly followed New York\u2019s lead with similar, if smaller, versions of Coney Island\u2019s attractions.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3737\" style=\"width: 850px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/28143831\/Luna-Park-11.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3737\" class=\"wp-image-3737\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/28143831\/Luna-Park-11.jpeg\" alt=\"Luna Park photograph showing big buildings and fun rides with people walking in the plaza.\" width=\"840\" height=\"472\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3737\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Amusement-hungry Americans flocked to new entertainments at the turn of the twentieth century. In this early-twentieth-century photograph, visitors enjoy Luna Park, one of the original amusement parks on Brooklyn\u2019s famous Coney Island. Visitors to Coney Island\u2019s Luna Park, ca.1910-1915. Library of Congress (LC-B2- 2240-13).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/coney\/timeline\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Experience Timeline of Coney Island<\/a> shows a timeline, photo gallery, and other elements of Coney Island. Look to see what elements of American culture, from the hot dog to the roller coaster, debuted there.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Vaudeville<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_6918\" style=\"width: 363px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/29160201\/Houdini-Elephant.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6918\" class=\"wp-image-6918\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/29160201\/Houdini-Elephant.jpeg\" alt=\"Houdini stands inside of a circus arena while an elephant stands on its hind legs behind him.\" width=\"353\" height=\"424\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6918\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Harry Houdini and Jennie, the Vanishing Elephant, January 7, 1918<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm163304560\">Another common form of popular entertainment was <strong>vaudeville<\/strong>\u2014large stage variety shows that included everything from singing, dancing, and comedy acts to live animals and magic. The vaudeville circuit gave rise to several prominent performers, including magician Harry Houdini, who began his career in these variety shows before his fame propelled him to solo acts. In addition to live theater shows, it was primarily working-class citizens who enjoyed the advent of the nickelodeon, a forerunner to the movie theater. The first nickelodeon opened in Pittsburgh in 1905, where nearly one hundred visitors packed into a storefront theater to see a traditional vaudeville show interspersed with one-minute film clips. Several theaters initially used the films as \u201cchasers\u201d to indicate the end of the show to the live audience so they would clear the auditorium. However, a vaudeville performers\u2019 strike generated even greater interest in the films, eventually resulting in the rise of modern movie theaters by 1910.<\/p>\n<h3>Music and Motion Pictures<\/h3>\n<p>By the turn of the century, two technologies pioneered by Edison\u2014the phonograph and motion pictures\u2014stood ready to revolutionize leisure and help create the mass entertainment culture of the twentieth century. The phonograph was the first reliable device capable of recording and reproducing sound. But it was more than that. The phonograph could create multiple copies of recordings, sparking a great expansion of the market for popular music. Although the phonograph was a technical success, Edison at first had trouble developing commercial applications for it. He thought it might be used for dictation, recording audio letters, preserving speeches and dying words of great men, producing talking clocks, or teaching elocution. He did not anticipate that its greatest use would be in the field of mass entertainment, but Edison\u2019s sales agents soon reported that many phonographs were being used for just that, especially in so-called phonograph parlors, where customers could pay a nickel to hear a piece of music. By the turn of the century, Americans were purchasing phonographs for home use. Entertainment became the phonograph\u2019s major market.<\/p>\n<p>Inspired by the success of the phonograph as an entertainment device, Edison decided in 1888 to develop \u201can instrument which does for the Eye what the phonograph does for the Ear.\u201d In 1888, he patented the concept of motion pictures. In 1889, he innovated the rolling of film. By 1891, he was exhibiting a motion-picture camera (a kinetograph) and a viewer (a kinetoscope). By 1894, the Edison Company had produced about seventy-five films suitable for sale and viewing. They could be viewed through a small eyepiece in an arcade or parlor. They were short, typically about three minutes long. Many of the early films depicted athletic feats and competitions. One 1894 film, for example, showed a six-round boxing match. The catalog description gave a sense of the appeal it had for male viewers: \u201cFull of hard fighting, clever hits, punches, leads, dodges, body blows and some slugging.\u201d Other early kinetoscope subjects included Indian dances, nature and outdoor scenes, re-creations of historical events, and humorous skits. By 1896, the Edison Vitascope could project film, shifting audiences away from arcades and pulling them into theaters. Edison\u2019s film catalog meanwhile grew in sophistication. He sent filmmakers to distant and exotic locales like Japan and China. Long-form fictional films created a demand for \u201cmovie stars,\u201d such as the glamorous Mary Pickford, the swashbuckling Douglas Fairbanks, and the acrobatic comedian Buster Keaton, who began to appear in the popular imagination beginning around 1910. Alongside professional boxing and baseball, the film industry was creating the modern culture of celebrity that would characterize twentieth-century mass entertainment.<\/p>\n<h3>Baseball: An American Pastime<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp38300880\">One other major form of entertainment for the working class was professional baseball. Club teams transformed into professional baseball teams with the Cincinnati Red Stockings, now the Cincinnati Reds, in 1869. Soon, professional teams sprang up in several major American cities. Baseball games provided an inexpensive form of entertainment, where for less than a dollar, a person could enjoy a double-header, two hot dogs, and a beer. But more importantly, the teams became a way for newly relocated Americans and immigrants of diverse backgrounds to develop a unified civic identity, all cheering for one team. By 1876, the National League had formed, and soon after, cathedral-style ballparks began to spring up in many cities. Fenway Park in Boston (1912), Forbes Field in Pittsburgh (1909), and the Polo Grounds in New York (1890) all became touch points where working-class Americans came together to support a common cause.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_19_03_Baseball\">\n<div style=\"width: 790px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202855\/CNX_History_19_03_Baseball.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Boston\u2019s Fenway Park.\" width=\"780\" height=\"189\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Boston\u2019s Fenway Park opened in 1912 and was a popular site for working-class Bostonians to spend their leisure time. The \u201cGreen Monster,\u201d the iconic left-field wall, makes it one of the most recognizable stadiums in baseball today.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_6921\" style=\"width: 793px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/29161121\/Green_Monster_Left_Field_-_panoramio.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6921\" class=\"wp-image-6921\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/29161121\/Green_Monster_Left_Field_-_panoramio.jpeg\" alt=\"The Green Monster from left field.\" width=\"783\" height=\"163\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6921\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. The Green Monster today.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idm120826144\">Other popular sports included prize-fighting, which attracted a predominantly male, working- and middle-class audience who lived vicariously through the triumphs of the boxers at a time where opportunities for individual success were shrinking, and college football, which paralleled a modern corporation in its team hierarchy, division of duties, and emphasis on time management.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_bf545da4-e2a5-4e29-a685-cfb50c14e480\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/bf545da4-e2a5-4e29-a685-cfb50c14e480?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_bf545da4-e2a5-4e29-a685-cfb50c14e480\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Masculine Man<\/h2>\n<p>As industrialization changed family and social life, many men worried about a change in their &#8220;masculinity.&#8221; To anxious observers, industrial capitalism was diminishing American manhood. Rather than working on farms and in factories, where young men formed physical muscle and spiritual grit, new generations of workers labored behind desks, wore white collars, and, in the words of Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, appeared \u201cblack-coated, stiff-jointed, soft-muscled, [and] paste-complexioned.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 41.\" id=\"return-footnote-112-1\" href=\"#footnote-112-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> Neurologist George Beard even coined a medical term, neurasthenia, for a new emasculated condition that was marked by depression, indigestion, hypochondria, and extreme nervousness. The philosopher William James called it \u201cAmericanitis.\u201d Academics increasingly warned that America had become a nation of emasculated men.<\/p>\n<p>Churches too worried about feminization. Women had always comprised a clear majority of church memberships in the United States, but now the theologian Washington Gladden said, \u201cA preponderance of female influence in the Church or anywhere else in society is unnatural and injurious.\u201d Many feared that the feminized church had feminized Christ himself. Rather than a rough-hewn carpenter, Jesus had been made \u201cmushy\u201d and \u201csweetly effeminate,\u201d in the words of Walter Rauschenbusch. Advocates of a so-called muscular Christianity sought to stiffen young men\u2019s backbones by putting them back in touch with their primal manliness. Pulling from contemporary developmental theory, they believed that young men ought to evolve as civilization evolved, advancing from primitive nature-dwelling to modern industrial enlightenment. To facilitate \u201cprimitive\u201d encounters with nature, muscular Christians founded summer camps and outdoor boys\u2019 clubs like the Woodcraft Indians, the Sons of Daniel Boone, and the Boy Brigades\u2014all precursors of the Boy Scouts. Other champions of muscular Christianity, such as the newly formed Young Men\u2019s Christian Association, built gymnasiums, often attached to churches, where youths could strengthen their bodies as well as their spirits. It was a Young Men\u2019s Christian Association (YMCA) leader who coined the term bodybuilding, and others invented the sports of basketball and volleyball.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7660eb0c-e666-4c2c-a7d0-46da1b3b8341\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7660eb0c-e666-4c2c-a7d0-46da1b3b8341?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7660eb0c-e666-4c2c-a7d0-46da1b3b8341\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>vaudeville:\u00a0<\/strong>large stage variety shows that included everything from singing, dancing, and comedy acts to live animals and magic<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-112\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lillian Wills for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Life in Industrial America. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/18-industrial-america\/\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/18-industrial-america\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>The Green Monster. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Baseball Panoramic. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Green_Monster_Left_Field_-_panoramio.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Green_Monster_Left_Field_-_panoramio.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Houdini and Jennie. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaudeville#\/media\/File:Houdini-Elephant.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaudeville#\/media\/File:Houdini-Elephant.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-112-1\">Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 41. <a href=\"#return-footnote-112-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":15,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Life in Industrial America\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/18-industrial-america\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Lillian Wills for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Houdini and Jennie\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaudeville#\/media\/File:Houdini-Elephant.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Green Monster\",\"author\":\"Baseball Panoramic\",\"organization\":\"Wikimedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Green_Monster_Left_Field_-_panoramio.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"e66162c2-44c4-4d68-a1d2-f87552e83a84,720eb810-d6dc-4850-aa64-a01950d6ecc4","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-112","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":70,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9028,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/112\/revisions\/9028"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/70"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/112\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=112"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=112"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}