{"id":137,"date":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory2os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=137"},"modified":"2022-09-09T21:57:38","modified_gmt":"2022-09-09T21:57:38","slug":"the-populist-movement","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/the-populist-movement\/","title":{"raw":"The Populist Movement","rendered":"The Populist Movement"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Examine how the economic and political climate of the Gilded Age promoted the formation of the farmers\u2019 protest movement<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how the farmers\u2019 revolt moved from protest to the creation of the Populist party<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Challenges in Farming<\/h2>\r\nThe challenges that many American farmers faced in the last quarter of the nineteenth century were significant. They contended with economic hardships born out of rapidly declining farm prices, prohibitively high tariffs on items they needed to purchase, and foreign competition. One of the largest challenges they faced was overproduction, where the glut of their products in the marketplace drove the price lower and lower.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202918\/CNX_History_20_03_Farmer.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a sod hut is shown. Before it stand a farmer, his wife, and two children.\" width=\"390\" height=\"281\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This North Dakota sod hut, built by a homesteading farmer for his family, was photographed in 1898, two years after it was built. While the country was quickly industrializing, many farmers still lived in rough, rural conditions.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm13090640\">Overproduction of crops occurred in part due to the westward expansion of homestead farms and in part because industrialization led to new farm tools that dramatically increased crop yields. As farmers fell deeper into debt, whether it be to the local stores where they bought supplies or to the railroads that shipped their produce, their response was to increase crop production each year in the hope of earning more money with which to pay back their debt. The more they produced, the lower prices dropped. To a hard-working farmer, the notion that their own overproduction was the greatest contributing factor to their debt was a completely foreign concept.<\/p>\r\nFarmers had always been dependent on the whims of the weather and local markets. But now they staked their financial security on a national economic system subject to rapid price swings, rampant speculation, and limited regulation. Frustrated American farmers attempted to reshape the fundamental structures of the nation\u2019s political and economic systems, systems they believed enriched parasitic bankers and industrial monopolists at the expense of the many laboring farmers who fed the nation by producing its many crops and farm goods. Their dissatisfaction with an erratic and impersonal system put many of them at the forefront of what would become perhaps the most serious challenge to the established political economy of Gilded Age America.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp47543712\">Few issues roused farmers' anger more than the high tariff rates that seemed to exclusively benefit Eastern industry.\u00a0Rising tariffs on industrial products made purchased items more expensive, yet tariffs were <em data-effect=\"italics\">not<\/em> being used to keep farm prices artificially high as well. Therefore, farmers were paying inflated prices but not benefiting from them. Even worse, reciprocal tariffs in other countries made it more difficult to sell their crops overseas.\u00a0Finally, the issue of gold versus silver as the basis of U.S. currency was a very real problem for many farmers. Farmers needed more money in circulation, whether it was paper or silver, in order to create inflationary pressure. Inflationary pressure would allow farm prices to increase, thus allowing them to earn more money that they could then spend on the higher-priced goods in stores. However, in 1878, federal law set the amount of paper money in circulation, and, as mentioned before, Harrison\u2019s Sherman Silver Act, intended to increase the amount of silver coinage, was too modest to do any real good, especially in light of the unintended consequence of depleting the nation\u2019s gold reserve. In short, farmers had a big stack of bills and wanted a big stack of money\u2014be it paper or silver\u2014to pay them. Neither was forthcoming from a government that seemed to care more about issues of patronage and how to stay in the White House for more than four years at a time.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7e651b27-c9ea-4991-9c37-64229f39a18c\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">Farmers Begin to Organize<\/span>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp30670032\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"260\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202919\/CNX_History_20_03_Granger.jpg\" alt=\"A poster shows a farmer at its center, surrounded by trees and idyllic country views. Happy scenes of farm life surround him, including the \u201cFarmers Fireside,\u201d an image of the \u201cGrange in Session,\u201d and a \u201cHarvest Dance.\u201d The bottom panel, headed \u201cI Pay for All,\u201d contains the words \u201cFaith, Hope, Charity, Fidelity\u201d and shows an illustration of a ruined cabin, whose barren trees contain signs reading \u201cIgnorance\u201d and \u201cSloth.\u201d The top of the poster reads \u201cGift for the Grangers;\u201d beneath the title, three gowned women carry flowers, fruit, grains, and a scythe.\" width=\"260\" height=\"325\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This print from the early 1870s, with scenes of farm life, was a promotional poster for the Grangers, one of the earliest farmer reform groups.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm42748752\">The initial response by increasingly frustrated and angry farmers was to organize into groups that were similar to early labor unions. Taking note of how the industrial labor movement had unfolded in the last quarter of the century, farmers began to understand that a collective voice could create significant pressure among political leaders and produce substantive change. While farmers had their own challenges, including geography and diverse needs among different types of farmers, they believed this model to be useful to their cause.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp39723984\">One of the first efforts to organize farmers came in 1867 with Oliver Hudson Kelly\u2019s creation of the <strong>Patrons of Husbandry<\/strong>, more popularly known as the Grange. In the wake of the Civil War, the Grangers quickly grew to over 1.5 million members in less than a decade. Kelly believed that farmers could best help themselves by creating farmers\u2019 cooperatives in which they could pool resources and obtain better shipping rates, as well as prices on seeds, fertilizer, machinery, and other necessary inputs. These cooperatives, he believed, would let them self-regulate production as well as collectively obtain better rates from railroad companies and other businesses.<span style=\"color: #339966;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp3292256\">At the state level, specifically in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and Iowa, the Patrons of Husbandry did briefly succeed in urging the passage of <strong>Granger Laws<\/strong>, which regulated some railroad rates along with the prices charged by grain elevator operators. The movement also created a political party\u2014the <strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Greenback Party<\/span><\/strong>, so named for its support of print currency (or \u201cgreenbacks\u201d) not based upon a gold standard\u2014which saw brief success with the election of fifteen congressmen. However, such successes were short-lived and had little impact on the lives of everyday farmers. In the Wabash case of 1886, brought by the Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the State of Illinois for passing Granger Laws controlling railroad rates; the court found such laws to be unconstitutional. Their argument held that states did not have the authority to control interstate commerce; only the federal government could do that. As for the Greenback Party, when only seven delegates appeared at an 1888 national convention of the group, the party faded from existence.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nExplore <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/teachers\/classroommaterials\/presentationsandactivities\/presentations\/timeline\/riseind\/rural\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rural Life in the Late Nineteenth Century<\/a> to study photographs, firsthand reports, and other information about how farmers lived and struggled at the end of the nineteenth century.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Farmers' Alliance<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202920\/CNX_History_20_03_Alliance.jpg\" alt=\"A flag contains the words, \u201cThe most good for the most PEOPLE;\u201d \u201cWisdom, Justice, &amp; Moderation;\u201d \u201cFREE TRADE;\u201d and \u201cALLIANCE No. 1.\u201d The right side of the flag contains a star and the words \u201cTEXAS 1878.\u201d\" width=\"390\" height=\"326\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. The Farmers\u2019 Alliance flag displays the motto: \u201cThe most good for the most PEOPLE,\u201d clearly a sentiment they hoped that others would believe.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe next attempt by farmers to organize on a regional level took the form of the Farmers\u2019 Alliance. Texas agrarians met in Lampasas, Texas, in 1877 and organized the first Farmers\u2019 Alliance to restore some economic power to farmers as they dealt with railroads, merchants, and bankers. If big business relied on its numerical strength to exert its economic will, why shouldn\u2019t farmers unite to counter that power? They could share machinery, bargain from wholesalers, and negotiate higher prices for their crops. Over the following years, organizers spread from town to town across the former Confederacy, the Midwest, and the Great Plains, holding evangelical-style camp meetings, distributing pamphlets, and establishing over one thousand alliance newspapers. As the alliance spread, so too did its near-religious vision of the nation\u2019s future as a \u201ccooperative commonwealth\u201d that would protect the interests of the many from the predatory greed of the few.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp51193168\">In 1890, Dr. Charles Macune, who led the Southern Alliance, which was based in Texas and had over 100,000 members by 1886, urged the creation of a national alliance between his organization, the Northwest Alliance, and the <strong>Colored Alliance<\/strong>, the largest African American organization in the United States. Led by Tom Watson, the Colored Alliance, which was founded in Texas but quickly spread throughout the Old South, counted over one million members. Although they originally advocated for self-help, African Americans in the group soon understood the benefits of political organization and a unified voice to improve their plight, regardless of race. While racism kept the alliance splintered among the three component branches, they still managed to craft a national agenda that appealed to their large membership. All told, the Farmers\u2019 Alliance brought together over 2.5 million members, 1.5 million White farmers, and 1 million Black farmers.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nIn December 1890, the National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union, more commonly known as the Southern Farmers' Alliance, its affiliate the Colored Farmers' Alliance, and the Farmers' Mutual Benefit Association met jointly in the Marion Opera House in Ocala, Florida, where they adopted the Ocala Demands. The \"Demands\" adopted by the Ocala convention called for:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>the abolition of national banks; the establishment of sub-treasuries or depositories in every state, which would make low-interest direct loans to farmers and property owners<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the increase of money in circulation to not less than $50 per capita (as a comparison, that would be just over $1,500 in today's money, but the money supply per capita today is over $4,000)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the abolishment of futures of all agricultural and mechanical productions (futures require selling at a predetermined price at a later date)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the introduction of free silver (unlimited coinage of silver)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the prohibition of alien ownership of land, the reclamation of all lands held by railroads and other corporations in excess of what was actually used and needed by them, held for actual settlers only<\/li>\r\n \t<li>legislation to ensure that one industry would not be built up at the expense of another<\/li>\r\n \t<li>removal of the tariff tax on necessities of life<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a graduated income tax; the limitation of all national and state revenues to the necessary expenses of the government economically and honestly administered;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>strict regulation or ownership of the means of public communication and transportation;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>and an amendment of the United States Constitution providing for the direct election of United States senators (this eventually happened with the passage of the 17th Amendment in\u00a01912).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nMany of these ideas were later\u00a0incorporated into the new People's (or Populist) Party Platform.\r\n\r\n<center><iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8159758&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=xu6sawYX360&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-wne84seq-xu6sawYX360\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/center><center>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/ocalademandsandthebirthofpopulism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cOcala Demands and the Birth of Populism\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/center><\/div>\r\n<h3 id=\"fs-idp8154512\">Women in the Farmer's Alliance Movement<\/h3>\r\nThe alliance movement, and the subsequent political party that emerged from it, also featured prominent roles for women. Nearly 250,000 women joined the movement due to their shared interest in the farmers\u2019 worsening situation as well as the promise of being a full partner with political rights within the group, which they saw as an important step towards women\u2019s suffrage on a national level. The ability to vote and stand for office within the organization encouraged many women who sought similar rights on the larger American political scene. Prominent alliance spokeswoman, Mary Elizabeth Lease of Kansas, often spoke of membership in the Farmers\u2019 Alliance as an opportunity to \u201craise less corn and more hell!\u201d\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/4890b3df-5495-4cbe-8b98-756ddacacad6\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>From Organization to Political Party: The Populist Party<\/h2>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp11411936\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm1952896\">Angry at the federal government\u2019s continued unwillingness to substantively address the plight of the average farmer, Charles Macune and the Farmers\u2019 Alliance chose to create a political party whose representatives\u2014if elected\u2014could enact real change. Put simply, if the government would not address the problem, then it was time to change those elected to power.<\/p>\r\nIn 1891, the alliance formed the People\u2019s Party, or the <strong>Populists<\/strong>, as they came to be known.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">At their national convention that summer in Omaha, Nebraska, they wrote the Omaha Platform to more fully explain to all Americans the goals of the new party. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">The\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">platform statement vilified railroad owners, bankers, and big businessmen as all being part of a widespread conspiracy to control farmers. As for policy changes, the platform called for government control over railroads, an end to the national bank system, the creation of a federal income tax, the direct election of U.S. senators, and several other measures, all of which aimed at a more proactive federal government that would support the economic and social welfare of all Americans. At the close of the convention, the party nominated <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">former Union general\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">James B. Weaver as its presidential candidate.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp11411936\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<figure id=\"Figure_20_03_PeoplesPar\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"585\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202921\/CNX_History_20_03_PeoplesPar.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows members of the People\u2019s Party gathered outside of their nominating convention in Nebraska.\" width=\"585\" height=\"321\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. The People\u2019s Party gathered for its nominating convention in Nebraska, where they wrote the Omaha Platform to state their concerns and goals.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<h2>The 1892 Election<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp16762224\">In a rematch of the 1888 election, the Democrats again nominated Grover Cleveland in 1892, while Republicans stuck with the incumbent, Benjamin Harrison. Despite the presence of a third-party challenger, Cleveland won another close popular vote to become the first U.S. president to be elected to non-consecutive terms. Although he finished a distant third, Populist candidate Weaver polled a respectable one million votes and won electors in six different states.<\/p>\r\nThe first major political force to tap into the vast discomfort of many Americans with the disruptions wrought by industrial capitalism, the Populist Party seemed poised to capture a political victory. And yet, even as Populism gained national traction, the movement was stumbling. The party\u2019s often divided leadership found it difficult to shepherd what remained a diverse and loosely organized coalition of reformers toward unified political action. The Omaha platform was a radical document, and some state party leaders selectively embraced its reforms. More importantly, the institutionalized parties were still too strong, and the Democrats loomed, ready to swallow Populist frustrations and inaugurate a new era of American politics.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video to learn about the Gilded Age and political, social, and economic changes during the years leading up to the 20th century.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/Spgdy3HkcSs?t=1s\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/GildedAgePoliticsCrashCourseUSHistory26.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cGilded Age Politics: Crash Course US History #26\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\n<section>What were women\u2019s roles within the Farmer\u2019s Alliance?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"712176\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"712176\"]Women were able to play key roles in the alliance movement. The alliance provided them with political rights, including the ability to vote and hold office within the organization, which many women hoped would be a positive step in their struggle for national women\u2019s rights and suffrage. In the end, nearly 250,000 women joined the movement.[\/hidden-answer]<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Farmers\u2019 Alliance:\u00a0<\/strong>a national conglomeration of regional farmers\u2019 alliances that joined together in 1890 with the goal of furthering farmers\u2019 concerns in politics\r\n\r\n<strong>Grange:\u00a0<\/strong>a farmers\u2019 organization, launched in 1867, which grew to over 1.5 million members in less than a decade\r\n\r\n<strong>Populists:\u00a0<\/strong>a political party formed in 1890 that sought to represent the rights of primarily farmers, but eventually all workers, in regional and federal elections\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Examine how the economic and political climate of the Gilded Age promoted the formation of the farmers\u2019 protest movement<\/li>\n<li>Explain how the farmers\u2019 revolt moved from protest to the creation of the Populist party<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Challenges in Farming<\/h2>\n<p>The challenges that many American farmers faced in the last quarter of the nineteenth century were significant. They contended with economic hardships born out of rapidly declining farm prices, prohibitively high tariffs on items they needed to purchase, and foreign competition. One of the largest challenges they faced was overproduction, where the glut of their products in the marketplace drove the price lower and lower.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202918\/CNX_History_20_03_Farmer.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of a sod hut is shown. Before it stand a farmer, his wife, and two children.\" width=\"390\" height=\"281\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This North Dakota sod hut, built by a homesteading farmer for his family, was photographed in 1898, two years after it was built. While the country was quickly industrializing, many farmers still lived in rough, rural conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm13090640\">Overproduction of crops occurred in part due to the westward expansion of homestead farms and in part because industrialization led to new farm tools that dramatically increased crop yields. As farmers fell deeper into debt, whether it be to the local stores where they bought supplies or to the railroads that shipped their produce, their response was to increase crop production each year in the hope of earning more money with which to pay back their debt. The more they produced, the lower prices dropped. To a hard-working farmer, the notion that their own overproduction was the greatest contributing factor to their debt was a completely foreign concept.<\/p>\n<p>Farmers had always been dependent on the whims of the weather and local markets. But now they staked their financial security on a national economic system subject to rapid price swings, rampant speculation, and limited regulation. Frustrated American farmers attempted to reshape the fundamental structures of the nation\u2019s political and economic systems, systems they believed enriched parasitic bankers and industrial monopolists at the expense of the many laboring farmers who fed the nation by producing its many crops and farm goods. Their dissatisfaction with an erratic and impersonal system put many of them at the forefront of what would become perhaps the most serious challenge to the established political economy of Gilded Age America.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp47543712\">Few issues roused farmers&#8217; anger more than the high tariff rates that seemed to exclusively benefit Eastern industry.\u00a0Rising tariffs on industrial products made purchased items more expensive, yet tariffs were <em data-effect=\"italics\">not<\/em> being used to keep farm prices artificially high as well. Therefore, farmers were paying inflated prices but not benefiting from them. Even worse, reciprocal tariffs in other countries made it more difficult to sell their crops overseas.\u00a0Finally, the issue of gold versus silver as the basis of U.S. currency was a very real problem for many farmers. Farmers needed more money in circulation, whether it was paper or silver, in order to create inflationary pressure. Inflationary pressure would allow farm prices to increase, thus allowing them to earn more money that they could then spend on the higher-priced goods in stores. However, in 1878, federal law set the amount of paper money in circulation, and, as mentioned before, Harrison\u2019s Sherman Silver Act, intended to increase the amount of silver coinage, was too modest to do any real good, especially in light of the unintended consequence of depleting the nation\u2019s gold reserve. In short, farmers had a big stack of bills and wanted a big stack of money\u2014be it paper or silver\u2014to pay them. Neither was forthcoming from a government that seemed to care more about issues of patronage and how to stay in the White House for more than four years at a time.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7e651b27-c9ea-4991-9c37-64229f39a18c\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7e651b27-c9ea-4991-9c37-64229f39a18c?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7e651b27-c9ea-4991-9c37-64229f39a18c\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">Farmers Begin to Organize<\/span><\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idp30670032\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202919\/CNX_History_20_03_Granger.jpg\" alt=\"A poster shows a farmer at its center, surrounded by trees and idyllic country views. Happy scenes of farm life surround him, including the \u201cFarmers Fireside,\u201d an image of the \u201cGrange in Session,\u201d and a \u201cHarvest Dance.\u201d The bottom panel, headed \u201cI Pay for All,\u201d contains the words \u201cFaith, Hope, Charity, Fidelity\u201d and shows an illustration of a ruined cabin, whose barren trees contain signs reading \u201cIgnorance\u201d and \u201cSloth.\u201d The top of the poster reads \u201cGift for the Grangers;\u201d beneath the title, three gowned women carry flowers, fruit, grains, and a scythe.\" width=\"260\" height=\"325\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This print from the early 1870s, with scenes of farm life, was a promotional poster for the Grangers, one of the earliest farmer reform groups.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm42748752\">The initial response by increasingly frustrated and angry farmers was to organize into groups that were similar to early labor unions. Taking note of how the industrial labor movement had unfolded in the last quarter of the century, farmers began to understand that a collective voice could create significant pressure among political leaders and produce substantive change. While farmers had their own challenges, including geography and diverse needs among different types of farmers, they believed this model to be useful to their cause.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp39723984\">One of the first efforts to organize farmers came in 1867 with Oliver Hudson Kelly\u2019s creation of the <strong>Patrons of Husbandry<\/strong>, more popularly known as the Grange. In the wake of the Civil War, the Grangers quickly grew to over 1.5 million members in less than a decade. Kelly believed that farmers could best help themselves by creating farmers\u2019 cooperatives in which they could pool resources and obtain better shipping rates, as well as prices on seeds, fertilizer, machinery, and other necessary inputs. These cooperatives, he believed, would let them self-regulate production as well as collectively obtain better rates from railroad companies and other businesses.<span style=\"color: #339966;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp3292256\">At the state level, specifically in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and Iowa, the Patrons of Husbandry did briefly succeed in urging the passage of <strong>Granger Laws<\/strong>, which regulated some railroad rates along with the prices charged by grain elevator operators. The movement also created a political party\u2014the <strong><span class=\"no-emphasis\" data-type=\"term\">Greenback Party<\/span><\/strong>, so named for its support of print currency (or \u201cgreenbacks\u201d) not based upon a gold standard\u2014which saw brief success with the election of fifteen congressmen. However, such successes were short-lived and had little impact on the lives of everyday farmers. In the Wabash case of 1886, brought by the Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the State of Illinois for passing Granger Laws controlling railroad rates; the court found such laws to be unconstitutional. Their argument held that states did not have the authority to control interstate commerce; only the federal government could do that. As for the Greenback Party, when only seven delegates appeared at an 1888 national convention of the group, the party faded from existence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Explore <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/teachers\/classroommaterials\/presentationsandactivities\/presentations\/timeline\/riseind\/rural\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rural Life in the Late Nineteenth Century<\/a> to study photographs, firsthand reports, and other information about how farmers lived and struggled at the end of the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Farmers&#8217; Alliance<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202920\/CNX_History_20_03_Alliance.jpg\" alt=\"A flag contains the words, \u201cThe most good for the most PEOPLE;\u201d \u201cWisdom, Justice, &amp; Moderation;\u201d \u201cFREE TRADE;\u201d and \u201cALLIANCE No. 1.\u201d The right side of the flag contains a star and the words \u201cTEXAS 1878.\u201d\" width=\"390\" height=\"326\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. The Farmers\u2019 Alliance flag displays the motto: \u201cThe most good for the most PEOPLE,\u201d clearly a sentiment they hoped that others would believe.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The next attempt by farmers to organize on a regional level took the form of the Farmers\u2019 Alliance. Texas agrarians met in Lampasas, Texas, in 1877 and organized the first Farmers\u2019 Alliance to restore some economic power to farmers as they dealt with railroads, merchants, and bankers. If big business relied on its numerical strength to exert its economic will, why shouldn\u2019t farmers unite to counter that power? They could share machinery, bargain from wholesalers, and negotiate higher prices for their crops. Over the following years, organizers spread from town to town across the former Confederacy, the Midwest, and the Great Plains, holding evangelical-style camp meetings, distributing pamphlets, and establishing over one thousand alliance newspapers. As the alliance spread, so too did its near-religious vision of the nation\u2019s future as a \u201ccooperative commonwealth\u201d that would protect the interests of the many from the predatory greed of the few.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp51193168\">In 1890, Dr. Charles Macune, who led the Southern Alliance, which was based in Texas and had over 100,000 members by 1886, urged the creation of a national alliance between his organization, the Northwest Alliance, and the <strong>Colored Alliance<\/strong>, the largest African American organization in the United States. Led by Tom Watson, the Colored Alliance, which was founded in Texas but quickly spread throughout the Old South, counted over one million members. Although they originally advocated for self-help, African Americans in the group soon understood the benefits of political organization and a unified voice to improve their plight, regardless of race. While racism kept the alliance splintered among the three component branches, they still managed to craft a national agenda that appealed to their large membership. All told, the Farmers\u2019 Alliance brought together over 2.5 million members, 1.5 million White farmers, and 1 million Black farmers.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>In December 1890, the National Farmers&#8217; Alliance and Industrial Union, more commonly known as the Southern Farmers&#8217; Alliance, its affiliate the Colored Farmers&#8217; Alliance, and the Farmers&#8217; Mutual Benefit Association met jointly in the Marion Opera House in Ocala, Florida, where they adopted the Ocala Demands. The &#8220;Demands&#8221; adopted by the Ocala convention called for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the abolition of national banks; the establishment of sub-treasuries or depositories in every state, which would make low-interest direct loans to farmers and property owners<\/li>\n<li>the increase of money in circulation to not less than $50 per capita (as a comparison, that would be just over $1,500 in today&#8217;s money, but the money supply per capita today is over $4,000)<\/li>\n<li>the abolishment of futures of all agricultural and mechanical productions (futures require selling at a predetermined price at a later date)<\/li>\n<li>the introduction of free silver (unlimited coinage of silver)<\/li>\n<li>the prohibition of alien ownership of land, the reclamation of all lands held by railroads and other corporations in excess of what was actually used and needed by them, held for actual settlers only<\/li>\n<li>legislation to ensure that one industry would not be built up at the expense of another<\/li>\n<li>removal of the tariff tax on necessities of life<\/li>\n<li>a graduated income tax; the limitation of all national and state revenues to the necessary expenses of the government economically and honestly administered;<\/li>\n<li>strict regulation or ownership of the means of public communication and transportation;<\/li>\n<li>and an amendment of the United States Constitution providing for the direct election of United States senators (this eventually happened with the passage of the 17th Amendment in\u00a01912).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many of these ideas were later\u00a0incorporated into the new People&#8217;s (or Populist) Party Platform.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8159758&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=xu6sawYX360&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-wne84seq-xu6sawYX360\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/ocalademandsandthebirthofpopulism.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cOcala Demands and the Birth of Populism\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"fs-idp8154512\">Women in the Farmer&#8217;s Alliance Movement<\/h3>\n<p>The alliance movement, and the subsequent political party that emerged from it, also featured prominent roles for women. Nearly 250,000 women joined the movement due to their shared interest in the farmers\u2019 worsening situation as well as the promise of being a full partner with political rights within the group, which they saw as an important step towards women\u2019s suffrage on a national level. The ability to vote and stand for office within the organization encouraged many women who sought similar rights on the larger American political scene. Prominent alliance spokeswoman, Mary Elizabeth Lease of Kansas, often spoke of membership in the Farmers\u2019 Alliance as an opportunity to \u201craise less corn and more hell!\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_4890b3df-5495-4cbe-8b98-756ddacacad6\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/4890b3df-5495-4cbe-8b98-756ddacacad6?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_4890b3df-5495-4cbe-8b98-756ddacacad6\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>From Organization to Political Party: The Populist Party<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp11411936\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm1952896\">Angry at the federal government\u2019s continued unwillingness to substantively address the plight of the average farmer, Charles Macune and the Farmers\u2019 Alliance chose to create a political party whose representatives\u2014if elected\u2014could enact real change. Put simply, if the government would not address the problem, then it was time to change those elected to power.<\/p>\n<p>In 1891, the alliance formed the People\u2019s Party, or the <strong>Populists<\/strong>, as they came to be known.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">At their national convention that summer in Omaha, Nebraska, they wrote the Omaha Platform to more fully explain to all Americans the goals of the new party. <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">The\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">platform statement vilified railroad owners, bankers, and big businessmen as all being part of a widespread conspiracy to control farmers. As for policy changes, the platform called for government control over railroads, an end to the national bank system, the creation of a federal income tax, the direct election of U.S. senators, and several other measures, all of which aimed at a more proactive federal government that would support the economic and social welfare of all Americans. At the close of the convention, the party nominated <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">former Union general\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">James B. Weaver as its presidential candidate.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp11411936\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<figure id=\"Figure_20_03_PeoplesPar\">\n<div style=\"width: 595px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202921\/CNX_History_20_03_PeoplesPar.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows members of the People\u2019s Party gathered outside of their nominating convention in Nebraska.\" width=\"585\" height=\"321\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. The People\u2019s Party gathered for its nominating convention in Nebraska, where they wrote the Omaha Platform to state their concerns and goals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h2>The 1892 Election<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp16762224\">In a rematch of the 1888 election, the Democrats again nominated Grover Cleveland in 1892, while Republicans stuck with the incumbent, Benjamin Harrison. Despite the presence of a third-party challenger, Cleveland won another close popular vote to become the first U.S. president to be elected to non-consecutive terms. Although he finished a distant third, Populist candidate Weaver polled a respectable one million votes and won electors in six different states.<\/p>\n<p>The first major political force to tap into the vast discomfort of many Americans with the disruptions wrought by industrial capitalism, the Populist Party seemed poised to capture a political victory. And yet, even as Populism gained national traction, the movement was stumbling. The party\u2019s often divided leadership found it difficult to shepherd what remained a diverse and loosely organized coalition of reformers toward unified political action. The Omaha platform was a radical document, and some state party leaders selectively embraced its reforms. More importantly, the institutionalized parties were still too strong, and the Democrats loomed, ready to swallow Populist frustrations and inaugurate a new era of American politics.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video to learn about the Gilded Age and political, social, and economic changes during the years leading up to the 20th century.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Gilded Age Politics: Crash Course US History #26\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Spgdy3HkcSs?start=1&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/GildedAgePoliticsCrashCourseUSHistory26.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cGilded Age Politics: Crash Course US History #26\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<section>What were women\u2019s roles within the Farmer\u2019s Alliance?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q712176\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q712176\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Women were able to play key roles in the alliance movement. The alliance provided them with political rights, including the ability to vote and hold office within the organization, which many women hoped would be a positive step in their struggle for national women\u2019s rights and suffrage. In the end, nearly 250,000 women joined the movement.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Farmers\u2019 Alliance:\u00a0<\/strong>a national conglomeration of regional farmers\u2019 alliances that joined together in 1890 with the goal of furthering farmers\u2019 concerns in politics<\/p>\n<p><strong>Grange:\u00a0<\/strong>a farmers\u2019 organization, launched in 1867, which grew to over 1.5 million members in less than a decade<\/p>\n<p><strong>Populists:\u00a0<\/strong>a political party formed in 1890 that sought to represent the rights of primarily farmers, but eventually all workers, in regional and federal elections<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-137\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The Ocala Demands. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocala_Demands#:~:text=The%20%22Demands%22%20adopted%20by%20the,%2450%20per%20capita%3B%20the%20abolishment\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocala_Demands#:~:text=The%20%22Demands%22%20adopted%20by%20the,%2450%20per%20capita%3B%20the%20abolishment<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>The Populist Movement. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/16-capital-and-labor\/#V_The_Populist_Movement\">https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/16-capital-and-labor\/#V_The_Populist_Movement<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Mark Lempke for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Gilded Age Politics:Crash Course US History #26. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Crash Course. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Spgdy3HkcSs?t=1s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Spgdy3HkcSs?t=1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Ocala Demands and the Birth of Populism. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: NBC News Learn. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xu6sawYX360\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xu6sawYX360<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Gilded Age Politics:Crash Course US History #26\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Crash Course\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Spgdy3HkcSs?t=1s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Ocala Demands and the Birth of Populism\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"NBC News Learn\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xu6sawYX360\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Ocala Demands\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocala_Demands#:~:text=The%20%22Demands%22%20adopted%20by%20the,%2450%20per%20capita%3B%20the%20abolishment\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Populist Movement\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/16-capital-and-labor\/#V_The_Populist_Movement\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Mark Lempke for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen 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