{"id":1628,"date":"2021-07-16T18:17:53","date_gmt":"2021-07-16T18:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1628"},"modified":"2022-09-14T00:12:04","modified_gmt":"2022-09-14T00:12:04","slug":"radical-progressive-movements","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/radical-progressive-movements\/","title":{"raw":"Radical Progressive Movements","rendered":"Radical Progressive Movements"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the more radical movements associated with the Progressive Era as well as the growth of socialism<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Radical Progressives<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp12918224\">The Progressive Era also witnessed a wave of <strong>radicalism<\/strong>, with leaders who believed that America was beyond reform and that only a complete revolution would bring about the necessary changes. The radicals had early roots in the labor and political movements of the mid-nineteenth century but soon felt that the more moderate Progressive ideals were inadequate. Conversely, one reason why mainstream Progressives felt the need to succeed on issues of social inequity was because radicals offered remedies that middle-class Americans considered too dangerous.<\/p>\r\n<strong>Socialists<\/strong> argued that wealth and power were consolidated in the hands of too few individuals, that monopolies and trusts controlled too much of the economy, and that owners and investors grew rich while the workers who produced their wealth (in a broader context of increased productivity and rising national wealth), suffered from low pay, long hours, and unsafe conditions.\u00a0Under an imagined socialist cooperative commonwealth, the means of production would be owned collectively, ensuring that all men and women received a fair wage. According to socialist organizer and newspaper editor Oscar Ameringer, socialists wanted \u201cownership of the trust by the government, and the ownership of the government by the people.\u201d[footnote]Oscar Ameringer, <em>Socialism: What It Is and How to Get It<\/em> (Milwaukee, WI: Political Action, 1911), 31.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThe two most prominent radical movements to emerge at the beginning of the century were the <strong>Socialist Party of America (SPA)<\/strong>, founded in 1901, and the <strong>Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)<\/strong>, founded in 1905, whose emphasis on worker empowerment deviated from the more paternalistic approach of Progressive reformers.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm118721232\">Labor leader Eugene Debs, disenchanted with the failures of the labor movement, was a founding member and prominent leader of the SPA. According to Eugene Debs, socialists sought \u201cthe overthrow of the capitalist system and the emancipation of the working class from wage slavery.\u201d Advocating for change via the ballot box, the SPA sought to elect Socialists to positions at the local, state, and federal levels.\u00a0Party membership was open to all regardless of race, gender, class, ethnicity, or religion. Many prominent Americans, such as Helen Keller, Upton Sinclair, and Jack London, became socialists. They were joined by masses of American laborers from across the United States: factory workers, miners, railroad builders, tenant farmers, and small farmers united under the red flag of socialism.<\/p>\r\nBetween 1901 and 1918, the SPA enjoyed tremendous success, electing over seventy Socialist mayors, over thirty state legislators, and two U.S. congressmen, Victor Berger from Wisconsin and Meyer London from New York. All told, over one thousand Socialist candidates won various American political offices. Julius A. Wayland, editor of the socialist newspaper\u00a0<em>Appeal to Reason<\/em>, proclaimed that \u201csocialism is coming. It\u2019s coming like a prairie fire and nothing can stop it . . . you can feel it in the air.\u201d\u00a0Debs himself ran for president as the SPA candidate in five elections between 1900 and 1920, twice earning nearly one million votes. In the 1912 election, this was equivalent to 6% of the overall vote.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\r\nThis short video is a trailer for the documentary \"The Revolutionist: Eugene V. Debs\" which highlights his life as a leader of the Socialist Party of America, including his five presidential runs, one of which was from prison for violating the Espionage Act and speaking out against World War I.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170612&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=QaudU21maTg&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-xx7v29zd-QaudU21maTg\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/therevolutionisteugenevdebs-extendedtrailer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Revolutionist: Eugene V. Debs - Extended Trailer\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm23428384\">As had been true for the Populist and Progressive movements, the radical movement suffered numerous fissures. Although Debs established a tenuous relationship with Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor, some within the Socialist Party favored a more radical political stance than that available within Debs\u2019s craft union structure. As a result, William \u201cBig Bill\u201d Haywood formed the more radical\u00a0Industrial Workers of the World\u00a0(IWW), or <strong>Wobblies<\/strong>, in 1905. Although he remained an active member of the Socialist Party until 1919, Haywood appreciated the outcry of the more radical arm of the party that desired an industrial union approach to labor organization. The IWW advocated for direct action and, in particular, the general strike, as the most effective revolutionary method to overthrow the capitalist system. By 1912, the Wobblies had played a significant role in a number of major strikes, including the Paterson Silk Strike, the Lawrence Textile Strike, and the Mesabi Range Iron Strike. The government viewed the Wobblies as a significant threat, and in a response out of all proportion to the activists' tactics, targeted them with arrests, tar-and-featherings, shootings, and lynchings.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\r\nOne of the major strikes that the Wobblies played a significant role in was the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/goldman-paterson-silk-strike-1913\/\">Paterson Silk Strike of 1913<\/a>, where 25,000 silk workers went on strike for a period of five months.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm17895808\">Both the Socialist Party and the IWW reflected elements of the progressive desire for democracy and social justice. The difference was simply that for this small but vocal minority in the United States, the corruption of government at all levels meant that the desire for a better life required a different approach. What they sought mirrored the work of all grassroots progressives, differing only in degree and strategy.\u00a0Over the following years, however, the embrace of many socialist policies by progressive reformers, internal ideological and tactical disagreements, a failure to dissuade most Americans of the perceived incompatibility between socialism and American values, and, especially, government oppression and censorship, ultimately sank the party. Like the Populists, however, socialists had tapped into a deep well of discontent, and their energy and organizing filtered out into American culture and politics.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/98575384-94c4-42e9-b4ce-46d8b6a6c16f\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video to learn about the Progressive Era. This time period, overlapping with industrial growth and capitalism of the Gilded Age, brought along with it a desire for economic growth but also a need for social reform. In short, as corporations desired to make more money, workers' fought for decent living and working conditions. While some progress was made, the changes were not universal, with Jim Crow laws restricting the rights of Black Americans and new policies stunting opportunities for some immigrants.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/i0Q4zPR4G7M?t=1s\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/TheProgressiveEraCrashCourseUSHistory27.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Progressive Era: Crash Course US History #27\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>radicalism:\u00a0<\/strong>belief that America was beyond reform and that only a complete revolution of sorts would bring about the necessary changes\r\n\r\n<strong>Socialist Party of America (SPA):\u00a0<\/strong>Founded in 1901, the SPA focused on collectivizing the means of production in the United States, ensuring that all workers received fair wages and conditions for their labor. The SPA attracted immigrants, farmers, and the working class to its movement.\r\n\r\n<strong>Wobblies:\u00a0<\/strong>a nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a radical Progressive group that grew out of the earlier labor movement and desired an industrial union model of labor organization\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the more radical movements associated with the Progressive Era as well as the growth of socialism<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Radical Progressives<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp12918224\">The Progressive Era also witnessed a wave of <strong>radicalism<\/strong>, with leaders who believed that America was beyond reform and that only a complete revolution would bring about the necessary changes. The radicals had early roots in the labor and political movements of the mid-nineteenth century but soon felt that the more moderate Progressive ideals were inadequate. Conversely, one reason why mainstream Progressives felt the need to succeed on issues of social inequity was because radicals offered remedies that middle-class Americans considered too dangerous.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Socialists<\/strong> argued that wealth and power were consolidated in the hands of too few individuals, that monopolies and trusts controlled too much of the economy, and that owners and investors grew rich while the workers who produced their wealth (in a broader context of increased productivity and rising national wealth), suffered from low pay, long hours, and unsafe conditions.\u00a0Under an imagined socialist cooperative commonwealth, the means of production would be owned collectively, ensuring that all men and women received a fair wage. According to socialist organizer and newspaper editor Oscar Ameringer, socialists wanted \u201cownership of the trust by the government, and the ownership of the government by the people.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Oscar Ameringer, Socialism: What It Is and How to Get It (Milwaukee, WI: Political Action, 1911), 31.\" id=\"return-footnote-1628-1\" href=\"#footnote-1628-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The two most prominent radical movements to emerge at the beginning of the century were the <strong>Socialist Party of America (SPA)<\/strong>, founded in 1901, and the <strong>Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)<\/strong>, founded in 1905, whose emphasis on worker empowerment deviated from the more paternalistic approach of Progressive reformers.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm118721232\">Labor leader Eugene Debs, disenchanted with the failures of the labor movement, was a founding member and prominent leader of the SPA. According to Eugene Debs, socialists sought \u201cthe overthrow of the capitalist system and the emancipation of the working class from wage slavery.\u201d Advocating for change via the ballot box, the SPA sought to elect Socialists to positions at the local, state, and federal levels.\u00a0Party membership was open to all regardless of race, gender, class, ethnicity, or religion. Many prominent Americans, such as Helen Keller, Upton Sinclair, and Jack London, became socialists. They were joined by masses of American laborers from across the United States: factory workers, miners, railroad builders, tenant farmers, and small farmers united under the red flag of socialism.<\/p>\n<p>Between 1901 and 1918, the SPA enjoyed tremendous success, electing over seventy Socialist mayors, over thirty state legislators, and two U.S. congressmen, Victor Berger from Wisconsin and Meyer London from New York. All told, over one thousand Socialist candidates won various American political offices. Julius A. Wayland, editor of the socialist newspaper\u00a0<em>Appeal to Reason<\/em>, proclaimed that \u201csocialism is coming. It\u2019s coming like a prairie fire and nothing can stop it . . . you can feel it in the air.\u201d\u00a0Debs himself ran for president as the SPA candidate in five elections between 1900 and 1920, twice earning nearly one million votes. In the 1912 election, this was equivalent to 6% of the overall vote.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\n<p>This short video is a trailer for the documentary &#8220;The Revolutionist: Eugene V. Debs&#8221; which highlights his life as a leader of the Socialist Party of America, including his five presidential runs, one of which was from prison for violating the Espionage Act and speaking out against World War I.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170612&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=QaudU21maTg&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-xx7v29zd-QaudU21maTg\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/therevolutionisteugenevdebs-extendedtrailer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Revolutionist: Eugene V. Debs &#8211; Extended Trailer\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm23428384\">As had been true for the Populist and Progressive movements, the radical movement suffered numerous fissures. Although Debs established a tenuous relationship with Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor, some within the Socialist Party favored a more radical political stance than that available within Debs\u2019s craft union structure. As a result, William \u201cBig Bill\u201d Haywood formed the more radical\u00a0Industrial Workers of the World\u00a0(IWW), or <strong>Wobblies<\/strong>, in 1905. Although he remained an active member of the Socialist Party until 1919, Haywood appreciated the outcry of the more radical arm of the party that desired an industrial union approach to labor organization. The IWW advocated for direct action and, in particular, the general strike, as the most effective revolutionary method to overthrow the capitalist system. By 1912, the Wobblies had played a significant role in a number of major strikes, including the Paterson Silk Strike, the Lawrence Textile Strike, and the Mesabi Range Iron Strike. The government viewed the Wobblies as a significant threat, and in a response out of all proportion to the activists&#8217; tactics, targeted them with arrests, tar-and-featherings, shootings, and lynchings.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\n<p>One of the major strikes that the Wobblies played a significant role in was the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/goldman-paterson-silk-strike-1913\/\">Paterson Silk Strike of 1913<\/a>, where 25,000 silk workers went on strike for a period of five months.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm17895808\">Both the Socialist Party and the IWW reflected elements of the progressive desire for democracy and social justice. The difference was simply that for this small but vocal minority in the United States, the corruption of government at all levels meant that the desire for a better life required a different approach. What they sought mirrored the work of all grassroots progressives, differing only in degree and strategy.\u00a0Over the following years, however, the embrace of many socialist policies by progressive reformers, internal ideological and tactical disagreements, a failure to dissuade most Americans of the perceived incompatibility between socialism and American values, and, especially, government oppression and censorship, ultimately sank the party. Like the Populists, however, socialists had tapped into a deep well of discontent, and their energy and organizing filtered out into American culture and politics.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_98575384-94c4-42e9-b4ce-46d8b6a6c16f\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/98575384-94c4-42e9-b4ce-46d8b6a6c16f?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_98575384-94c4-42e9-b4ce-46d8b6a6c16f\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video to learn about the Progressive Era. This time period, overlapping with industrial growth and capitalism of the Gilded Age, brought along with it a desire for economic growth but also a need for social reform. In short, as corporations desired to make more money, workers&#8217; fought for decent living and working conditions. While some progress was made, the changes were not universal, with Jim Crow laws restricting the rights of Black Americans and new policies stunting opportunities for some immigrants.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"The Progressive Era: Crash Course US History #27\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/i0Q4zPR4G7M?start=1&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/TheProgressiveEraCrashCourseUSHistory27.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe Progressive Era: Crash Course US History #27\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>radicalism:\u00a0<\/strong>belief that America was beyond reform and that only a complete revolution of sorts would bring about the necessary changes<\/p>\n<p><strong>Socialist Party of America (SPA):\u00a0<\/strong>Founded in 1901, the SPA focused on collectivizing the means of production in the United States, ensuring that all workers received fair wages and conditions for their labor. The SPA attracted immigrants, farmers, and the working class to its movement.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Wobblies:\u00a0<\/strong>a nickname for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a radical Progressive group that grew out of the earlier labor movement and desired an industrial union model of labor organization<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1628\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: CJ McClung for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The Progressive Era. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/#footnote_11_105\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/#footnote_11_105<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Progressive Era: Crash Course US History #27. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Crash Course. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/i0Q4zPR4G7M?t=1s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/i0Q4zPR4G7M?t=1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>The Revolutionist: Eugene V. Debs - Extended Trailer. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: WFYI. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QaudU21maTg\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QaudU21maTg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1628-1\">Oscar Ameringer, <em>Socialism: What It Is and How to Get It<\/em> (Milwaukee, WI: Political Action, 1911), 31. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1628-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":6,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The Progressive Era: Crash Course US History #27\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Crash Course\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/i0Q4zPR4G7M?t=1s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Progressive Era\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/#footnote_11_105\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The Revolutionist: Eugene V. Debs - Extended Trailer\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"WFYI\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QaudU21maTg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"CJ McClung for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"0388cb11-b0a5-4028-b2a6-81b80da93b0d,d88bb5d7-8bb8-4dd1-b1af-36ae0de7dce8","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1628","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":143,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1628","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23592"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1628\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9412,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1628\/revisions\/9412"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/143"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1628\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1628"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1628"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1628"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1628"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}