{"id":163,"date":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory2os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=163"},"modified":"2022-09-15T16:36:12","modified_gmt":"2022-09-15T16:36:12","slug":"the-womens-rights-movement-and-the-19th-amendment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/the-womens-rights-movement-and-the-19th-amendment\/","title":{"raw":"The Women's Rights Movement and the 19th Amendment","rendered":"The Women&#8217;s Rights Movement and the 19th Amendment"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the origins and growth of the women\u2019s rights movement leading to the passage of the 19th amendment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"399\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202927\/CNX_History_21_00_Awakening.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon shows a suffragist standing on a map of the United States, wearing a flowing gown that bears the words &quot;Votes for Women.&quot; She holds a torch over the western states, which are bright and bear their state names; the rest of the nation appears as a dark abyss, from which crowds of desperate women reach up. The main figure walks toward these women, extending her other hand to them.\" width=\"399\" height=\"258\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The western states were the first to allow women the right to vote, a freedom that grew out of the less deeply entrenched gendered spheres in the region. This illustration, from 1915, shows a suffragist holding a torch over the western states and inviting the beckoning women from the rest of the country to join her.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm77701056\">The Progressive drive for a more perfect democracy and social justice also fostered the growth of two new movements that attacked the oldest and most long-standing betrayals of the American promise of equal opportunity and citizenship\u2014the disfranchisement of women and the lack of civil rights for African Americans. African Americans across the nation identified an agenda for civil rights and economic opportunity during the Progressive Era, but they disagreed strongly on how to meet these goals in the face of broad discrimination and disfranchisement, segregation, and racial violence in the South. And beginning in the late nineteenth century, the women\u2019s movement cultivated a cadre of new leaders, national organizations, and competing rationales for women\u2019s rights\u2014especially the right to vote.<\/p>\r\nIt would be suffrage, ultimately, that would mark the full emergence of women in American public life. Generations of women\u2014and, occasionally, men\u2014had organized and worked for women\u2019s suffrage. Suffragists\u2019 efforts resulted in slow but encouraging steps forward during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Notable victories were won in the West, where suffragists mobilized large numbers of women and male politicians were open to experimental forms of governance. By 1911, six western states had passed suffrage amendments to their constitutions.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202940\/CNX_History_21_03_Suffrage.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows women suffragists standing outside a building. The sign above them reads &quot;Woman Suffrage Headquarters. Men of Ohio! Give The Women A Square Deal. Vote For Amendment No. 23 on September 3\u20141912.&quot; A second sign reads &quot;Come In And Learn Why Women OUGHT to Vote.&quot;\" width=\"390\" height=\"291\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Women suffragists in Ohio sought to educate and convince men that they should support a woman\u2019s right to vote. As the feature below on the backlash against suffragists illustrates, it was a far from simple task.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm37174496\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Leaders Emerge in the Women's Movement<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm42046112\">Women like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley were instrumental in the early Progressive settlement house movement, and female leaders dominated organizations such as the WCTU and the Anti-Saloon League. From these earlier efforts came new leaders who, in their turn, focused their efforts on the key goal of the Progressive Era as it pertained to women: the right to vote.<\/p>\r\nWomen had first formulated their demand for the right to vote in the Declaration of Sentiments at the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention in New York, and saw their first opportunity of securing suffrage during Reconstruction when legislators, driven by racial animosity, sought to enfranchise women to counter the votes of Black men following the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment. By 1900, the western frontier states of Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming had already responded to the suffragists by granting women the right to vote in state and local elections.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4181\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"222\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/14153039\/Alice_Paul_1915_by_Harris__Ewing.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-4181 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/14153039\/Alice_Paul_1915_by_Harris__Ewing-222x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Alice Paul in 1915, sitting at a desk working on some papers. She is wearing a white dress, has her hair pulled back and under a hat, looking rather serious.\" width=\"222\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Suffragette, advocate, sociologist, and lawyer Alice Paul.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm37755648\">These states conceded to the suffragists\u2019 demands largely to attract more women settlers to these male-dominated regions. Despite such accommodations, it was still a challenge to show that women\u2019s lives in the West rarely fit with the nineteenth-century ideology of gendered \u201cseparate spheres\u201d that had legitimized the exclusion of women from the rough-and-tumble party competitions of public politics. In 1890, the National American Women\u2019s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) organized several hundred state and local chapters to urge the passage of a federal amendment to guarantee a woman\u2019s right to vote. Its leaders, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, were veterans of the suffrage movement and had formulated the first demand for the right to vote at Seneca Falls in 1848. Under the subsequent leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt, beginning in 1900, the group decided to make suffrage its first priority. Soon, its membership began to grow. Using modern marketing efforts like celebrity endorsements to attract a younger audience, the NAWSA became a significant political pressure group for the passage of a suffrage amendment to the Constitution.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp19814272\">For some in the NAWSA, however, the pace of change was too slow. Frustrated with the lack of response by state and national legislators, Alice Paul, who joined the organization in 1912, sought to expand the scope of the group as well as to adopt more direct protest tactics to draw greater media attention. When others in the group were unwilling to move in her direction, Paul split from the NAWSA to create the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, later renamed the National Woman\u2019s Party, in 1913. Known as the <strong>Silent Sentinels<\/strong>, Paul and her group picketed outside the White House for nearly two years, starting in 1917. In the latter stages of their protests, many women, including Paul, were arrested and thrown in jail, where they staged a hunger strike as self-proclaimed political prisoners. Prison guards ultimately force-fed Paul to keep her alive. At a time\u2014during World War I\u2014when women volunteered as army nurses, worked in vital defense industries, and supported President Wilson\u2019s campaign to \u201cmake the world safe for democracy,\u201d the scandalous mistreatment of Paul embarrassed Wilson. Enlightened as to the injustice affecting American women, he changed his position in support of a woman\u2019s constitutional right to vote.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202941\/CNX_History_21_03_Sentinels.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Alice Paul and the Silent Sentinels picketing outside of the White House. Each woman wears a banner stating her alma mater. The women hold two large signs, the first of which reads &quot;Mr. President\/How Long Must Women Wait For Liberty.&quot; The second sign reads &quot;Mr. President\/What Will You Do For Woman Suffrage.&quot;\" width=\"520\" height=\"247\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Alice Paul and her Silent Sentinels picketed outside the White House for almost two years, and, when arrested, went on hunger strike until they were force-fed in order to save their lives.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\r\nAlice Paul, a descendent of William Penn, had an impressive educational background. Graduating at the top of her class, she then attended\u00a0Swarthmore College, earned a Master of Arts from the\u00a0University of Pennsylvania\u00a0in 1907, then\u00a0\u00a0Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre\u00a0in\u00a0Birmingham, England, and took economics classes from the\u00a0University of Birmingham, eventually returning to\u00a0the University of Pennsylvania, where she earned a Ph.D. in sociology. Her dissertation was entitled \"The Legal Position of Women in Pennsylvania\"; it discussed the history of the women's movement in Pennsylvania and the rest of the U.S., and promoted suffrage as the key issue of the day. Paul later received her law degree (LL.B) from the\u00a0Washington College of Law\u00a0at\u00a0American University\u00a0in 1922, after the suffrage fight was over.\u00a0In 1927, she earned a\u00a0master of laws\u00a0degree, and in 1928, a doctorate in civil law from American University.\r\n\r\nWatch this video from the Alice Paul Institute about the mistreatment and imprisonment of many of the suffragettes.\r\n\r\n<center><iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170613&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=ZL-wxQTXISM&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-khahxt1d-ZL-wxQTXISM\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/center><center><\/center><center>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/jailedandforcefedconditionsforthesilentsentinelsandthenightofterror.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cJailed and Force Fed: Conditions for the Silent Sentinels and the Night of Terror\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/center><\/div>\r\n<h3>The Nineteenth Amendment<\/h3>\r\n<\/section>In January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson declared his support for a constitutional amendment, and two years later women\u2019s suffrage became a reality.\r\n\r\nWhile Catt and Paul used different strategies, their combined efforts brought enough pressure to bear for Congress to pass the <strong>Nineteenth Amendment<\/strong>, which prohibited voter discrimination on the basis of sex, during a special session in the summer of 1919. Subsequently, the required thirty-six states approved its adoption, with Tennessee doing so in August of 1920, in time for that year\u2019s presidential election. After the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, women from all walks of life mobilized to vote. They were driven by the promise of change but also in some cases by their anxieties about the future. Much had changed since their campaign began; the United States was now more industrial than not, increasingly more urban than rural. The activism and activities of these new urban denizens also gave rise to a new American culture.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\r\nSome suffragists, even outside the South, argued that White women\u2019s votes were necessary to maintain White supremacy. Many White American women argued that enfranchising White upper- and middle-class women would counteract Black voters. Despite this, many Black women fought tirelessly towards the passage of the 19th amendment, including<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/black-women-and-the-fight-for-voting-rights.htm\">\u00a0Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Sojourner Truth<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm37174496\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp54121888\" class=\"history defining-american\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Defining American\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Anti-Suffragist Movement<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202942\/CNX_History_21_03_AntiSuff.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows five men and a woman standing outside of a building labeled &quot;Headquarters National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage.&quot;\" width=\"390\" height=\"314\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. The anti-suffrage group used ridicule and embarrassment to try and sway the public away from supporting a woman\u2019s right to vote.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp94473424\">The early suffragists may have believed that the right to vote was a universal one, but they faced waves of discrimination and ridicule from both men and women. The image below shows one of the organizations pushing back against the movement, but much of the anti-suffrage campaign was carried out through ridiculing postcards and signs that showed suffragists as sexually wanton, grasping, irresponsible, or impossibly ugly. Men in anti-suffragist posters were depicted as henpecked, crouching to clean the floor, while their suffragist wives marched out the door to campaign for the vote. They also showed cartoons of women gambling, drinking, and smoking cigars, that is, taking on men\u2019s vices, once they gained voting rights.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm105280976\">Other anti-suffragists believed that women could better influence the country from outside the realm of party politics, through their clubs, petitions, and churches. Many women also opposed women\u2019s suffrage because they thought the dirty world of politics was a morass to which ladies should not be exposed. The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage formed in 1911; around the country, state representatives used the organization\u2019s speakers, funds, and literature to promote the anti-suffragist cause. As the link below illustrates, the suffragists endured much prejudice and backlash in their push for equal rights and fair representation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nBrowse this <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2236694\/War-women-Propaganda-postcards-suffragette-era-fierce-battle-fought-American-women-vote--Obama-thank-job.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collection of anti-suffragist cartoons<\/a> to see examples of the stereotypes and fear-mongering that the anti-suffragist campaign promoted.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp27290384\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video explains the women's suffrage movement and other social reform movements led by women during the Progressive Era, including Jane Addams, Alice Paul, Margaret Sanger, and Emma Goldman, among others.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/HGEMscZE5dY?t=1s\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/WomensSuffrageCrashCourseUSHistory31.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWomen's Suffrage: Crash Course US History #31\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\nFor a light-hearted review of the 19th Amendment, watch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=3&amp;v=CGHGDO_b_q0&amp;feature=emb_logo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this classic School House Rock song \"Sufferin' Till Suffrage\".<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5056e25f-c391-44c5-b323-6f78bb2727c0\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Nineteenth Amendment: <\/strong>granted women the constitutional right to vote\r\n\r\n<strong>Seneca Falls Convention:<\/strong> 1848 suffragist meeting where the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted, outlining a set of demands that would help to secure the right of women to vote\r\n\r\n<strong>Silent Sentinels:\u00a0<\/strong>women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women\u2019s right to vote; they went on a hunger strike after their arrest, and their force-feeding became a national scandal\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the origins and growth of the women\u2019s rights movement leading to the passage of the 19th amendment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 409px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202927\/CNX_History_21_00_Awakening.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon shows a suffragist standing on a map of the United States, wearing a flowing gown that bears the words &quot;Votes for Women.&quot; She holds a torch over the western states, which are bright and bear their state names; the rest of the nation appears as a dark abyss, from which crowds of desperate women reach up. The main figure walks toward these women, extending her other hand to them.\" width=\"399\" height=\"258\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The western states were the first to allow women the right to vote, a freedom that grew out of the less deeply entrenched gendered spheres in the region. This illustration, from 1915, shows a suffragist holding a torch over the western states and inviting the beckoning women from the rest of the country to join her.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm77701056\">The Progressive drive for a more perfect democracy and social justice also fostered the growth of two new movements that attacked the oldest and most long-standing betrayals of the American promise of equal opportunity and citizenship\u2014the disfranchisement of women and the lack of civil rights for African Americans. African Americans across the nation identified an agenda for civil rights and economic opportunity during the Progressive Era, but they disagreed strongly on how to meet these goals in the face of broad discrimination and disfranchisement, segregation, and racial violence in the South. And beginning in the late nineteenth century, the women\u2019s movement cultivated a cadre of new leaders, national organizations, and competing rationales for women\u2019s rights\u2014especially the right to vote.<\/p>\n<p>It would be suffrage, ultimately, that would mark the full emergence of women in American public life. Generations of women\u2014and, occasionally, men\u2014had organized and worked for women\u2019s suffrage. Suffragists\u2019 efforts resulted in slow but encouraging steps forward during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Notable victories were won in the West, where suffragists mobilized large numbers of women and male politicians were open to experimental forms of governance. By 1911, six western states had passed suffrage amendments to their constitutions.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202940\/CNX_History_21_03_Suffrage.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows women suffragists standing outside a building. The sign above them reads &quot;Woman Suffrage Headquarters. Men of Ohio! Give The Women A Square Deal. Vote For Amendment No. 23 on September 3\u20141912.&quot; A second sign reads &quot;Come In And Learn Why Women OUGHT to Vote.&quot;\" width=\"390\" height=\"291\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Women suffragists in Ohio sought to educate and convince men that they should support a woman\u2019s right to vote. As the feature below on the backlash against suffragists illustrates, it was a far from simple task.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm37174496\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Leaders Emerge in the Women&#8217;s Movement<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm42046112\">Women like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley were instrumental in the early Progressive settlement house movement, and female leaders dominated organizations such as the WCTU and the Anti-Saloon League. From these earlier efforts came new leaders who, in their turn, focused their efforts on the key goal of the Progressive Era as it pertained to women: the right to vote.<\/p>\n<p>Women had first formulated their demand for the right to vote in the Declaration of Sentiments at the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention in New York, and saw their first opportunity of securing suffrage during Reconstruction when legislators, driven by racial animosity, sought to enfranchise women to counter the votes of Black men following the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment. By 1900, the western frontier states of Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming had already responded to the suffragists by granting women the right to vote in state and local elections.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4181\" style=\"width: 232px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/14153039\/Alice_Paul_1915_by_Harris__Ewing.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4181\" class=\"wp-image-4181 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/14153039\/Alice_Paul_1915_by_Harris__Ewing-222x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Alice Paul in 1915, sitting at a desk working on some papers. She is wearing a white dress, has her hair pulled back and under a hat, looking rather serious.\" width=\"222\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4181\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Suffragette, advocate, sociologist, and lawyer Alice Paul.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm37755648\">These states conceded to the suffragists\u2019 demands largely to attract more women settlers to these male-dominated regions. Despite such accommodations, it was still a challenge to show that women\u2019s lives in the West rarely fit with the nineteenth-century ideology of gendered \u201cseparate spheres\u201d that had legitimized the exclusion of women from the rough-and-tumble party competitions of public politics. In 1890, the National American Women\u2019s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) organized several hundred state and local chapters to urge the passage of a federal amendment to guarantee a woman\u2019s right to vote. Its leaders, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, were veterans of the suffrage movement and had formulated the first demand for the right to vote at Seneca Falls in 1848. Under the subsequent leadership of Carrie Chapman Catt, beginning in 1900, the group decided to make suffrage its first priority. Soon, its membership began to grow. Using modern marketing efforts like celebrity endorsements to attract a younger audience, the NAWSA became a significant political pressure group for the passage of a suffrage amendment to the Constitution.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp19814272\">For some in the NAWSA, however, the pace of change was too slow. Frustrated with the lack of response by state and national legislators, Alice Paul, who joined the organization in 1912, sought to expand the scope of the group as well as to adopt more direct protest tactics to draw greater media attention. When others in the group were unwilling to move in her direction, Paul split from the NAWSA to create the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, later renamed the National Woman\u2019s Party, in 1913. Known as the <strong>Silent Sentinels<\/strong>, Paul and her group picketed outside the White House for nearly two years, starting in 1917. In the latter stages of their protests, many women, including Paul, were arrested and thrown in jail, where they staged a hunger strike as self-proclaimed political prisoners. Prison guards ultimately force-fed Paul to keep her alive. At a time\u2014during World War I\u2014when women volunteered as army nurses, worked in vital defense industries, and supported President Wilson\u2019s campaign to \u201cmake the world safe for democracy,\u201d the scandalous mistreatment of Paul embarrassed Wilson. Enlightened as to the injustice affecting American women, he changed his position in support of a woman\u2019s constitutional right to vote.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202941\/CNX_History_21_03_Sentinels.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Alice Paul and the Silent Sentinels picketing outside of the White House. Each woman wears a banner stating her alma mater. The women hold two large signs, the first of which reads &quot;Mr. President\/How Long Must Women Wait For Liberty.&quot; The second sign reads &quot;Mr. President\/What Will You Do For Woman Suffrage.&quot;\" width=\"520\" height=\"247\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Alice Paul and her Silent Sentinels picketed outside the White House for almost two years, and, when arrested, went on hunger strike until they were force-fed in order to save their lives.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\n<p>Alice Paul, a descendent of William Penn, had an impressive educational background. Graduating at the top of her class, she then attended\u00a0Swarthmore College, earned a Master of Arts from the\u00a0University of Pennsylvania\u00a0in 1907, then\u00a0\u00a0Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre\u00a0in\u00a0Birmingham, England, and took economics classes from the\u00a0University of Birmingham, eventually returning to\u00a0the University of Pennsylvania, where she earned a Ph.D. in sociology. Her dissertation was entitled &#8220;The Legal Position of Women in Pennsylvania&#8221;; it discussed the history of the women&#8217;s movement in Pennsylvania and the rest of the U.S., and promoted suffrage as the key issue of the day. Paul later received her law degree (LL.B) from the\u00a0Washington College of Law\u00a0at\u00a0American University\u00a0in 1922, after the suffrage fight was over.\u00a0In 1927, she earned a\u00a0master of laws\u00a0degree, and in 1928, a doctorate in civil law from American University.<\/p>\n<p>Watch this video from the Alice Paul Institute about the mistreatment and imprisonment of many of the suffragettes.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170613&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=ZL-wxQTXISM&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-khahxt1d-ZL-wxQTXISM\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/jailedandforcefedconditionsforthesilentsentinelsandthenightofterror.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cJailed and Force Fed: Conditions for the Silent Sentinels and the Night of Terror\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>The Nineteenth Amendment<\/h3>\n<\/section>\n<p>In January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson declared his support for a constitutional amendment, and two years later women\u2019s suffrage became a reality.<\/p>\n<p>While Catt and Paul used different strategies, their combined efforts brought enough pressure to bear for Congress to pass the <strong>Nineteenth Amendment<\/strong>, which prohibited voter discrimination on the basis of sex, during a special session in the summer of 1919. Subsequently, the required thirty-six states approved its adoption, with Tennessee doing so in August of 1920, in time for that year\u2019s presidential election. After the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, women from all walks of life mobilized to vote. They were driven by the promise of change but also in some cases by their anxieties about the future. Much had changed since their campaign began; the United States was now more industrial than not, increasingly more urban than rural. The activism and activities of these new urban denizens also gave rise to a new American culture.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\n<p>Some suffragists, even outside the South, argued that White women\u2019s votes were necessary to maintain White supremacy. Many White American women argued that enfranchising White upper- and middle-class women would counteract Black voters. Despite this, many Black women fought tirelessly towards the passage of the 19th amendment, including<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/black-women-and-the-fight-for-voting-rights.htm\">\u00a0Mary Ann Shadd Cary and Sojourner Truth<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm37174496\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div id=\"fs-idp54121888\" class=\"history defining-american\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"Defining American\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Anti-Suffragist Movement<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202942\/CNX_History_21_03_AntiSuff.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows five men and a woman standing outside of a building labeled &quot;Headquarters National Association Opposed To Woman Suffrage.&quot;\" width=\"390\" height=\"314\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. The anti-suffrage group used ridicule and embarrassment to try and sway the public away from supporting a woman\u2019s right to vote.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp94473424\">The early suffragists may have believed that the right to vote was a universal one, but they faced waves of discrimination and ridicule from both men and women. The image below shows one of the organizations pushing back against the movement, but much of the anti-suffrage campaign was carried out through ridiculing postcards and signs that showed suffragists as sexually wanton, grasping, irresponsible, or impossibly ugly. Men in anti-suffragist posters were depicted as henpecked, crouching to clean the floor, while their suffragist wives marched out the door to campaign for the vote. They also showed cartoons of women gambling, drinking, and smoking cigars, that is, taking on men\u2019s vices, once they gained voting rights.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm105280976\">Other anti-suffragists believed that women could better influence the country from outside the realm of party politics, through their clubs, petitions, and churches. Many women also opposed women\u2019s suffrage because they thought the dirty world of politics was a morass to which ladies should not be exposed. The National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage formed in 1911; around the country, state representatives used the organization\u2019s speakers, funds, and literature to promote the anti-suffragist cause. As the link below illustrates, the suffragists endured much prejudice and backlash in their push for equal rights and fair representation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Browse this <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2236694\/War-women-Propaganda-postcards-suffragette-era-fierce-battle-fought-American-women-vote--Obama-thank-job.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">collection of anti-suffragist cartoons<\/a> to see examples of the stereotypes and fear-mongering that the anti-suffragist campaign promoted.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp27290384\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video explains the women&#8217;s suffrage movement and other social reform movements led by women during the Progressive Era, including Jane Addams, Alice Paul, Margaret Sanger, and Emma Goldman, among others.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Women&#39;s Suffrage: Crash Course US History #31\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HGEMscZE5dY?start=1&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/WomensSuffrageCrashCourseUSHistory31.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWomen&#8217;s Suffrage: Crash Course US History #31\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>For a light-hearted review of the 19th Amendment, watch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?time_continue=3&amp;v=CGHGDO_b_q0&amp;feature=emb_logo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this classic School House Rock song &#8220;Sufferin&#8217; Till Suffrage&#8221;.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_5056e25f-c391-44c5-b323-6f78bb2727c0\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5056e25f-c391-44c5-b323-6f78bb2727c0?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_5056e25f-c391-44c5-b323-6f78bb2727c0\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Nineteenth Amendment: <\/strong>granted women the constitutional right to vote<\/p>\n<p><strong>Seneca Falls Convention:<\/strong> 1848 suffragist meeting where the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted, outlining a set of demands that would help to secure the right of women to vote<\/p>\n<p><strong>Silent Sentinels:\u00a0<\/strong>women protesters who picketed the White House for years to protest for women\u2019s right to vote; they went on a hunger strike after their arrest, and their force-feeding became a national scandal<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-163\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Womens Movements. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/#III_Womens_Movements\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/#III_Womens_Movements<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Women&#039;s Suffrage: Crash Course US History #31. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Crash Course. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/HGEMscZE5dY?t=1s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/HGEMscZE5dY?t=1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Jailed and Force Fed: Conditions for the Silent Sentinels and the Night of Terror. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Alice Paul Institute. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZL-wxQTXISM\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZL-wxQTXISM<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Alice Paul. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alice_Paul#\/media\/File:Alice_Paul_(1915)_by_Harris_&#038;_Ewing.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alice_Paul#\/media\/File:Alice_Paul_(1915)_by_Harris_&#038;_Ewing.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Women\\'s Suffrage: Crash Course US History #31\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Crash Course\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/HGEMscZE5dY?t=1s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Alice Paul\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alice_Paul#\/media\/File:Alice_Paul_(1915)_by_Harris_&_Ewing.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Jailed and Force Fed: Conditions for the Silent Sentinels and the Night of Terror\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Alice Paul Institute\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZL-wxQTXISM\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Womens Movements\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/#III_Womens_Movements\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"99a5bdfb-4519-4c9c-b63f-1531677bb382,912369ca-580a-4558-9433-dd899e256ff2","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-163","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":143,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/163","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"version-history":[{"count":37,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/163\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9413,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/163\/revisions\/9413"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/143"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/163\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=163"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=163"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=163"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=163"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}