{"id":1634,"date":"2021-07-16T18:56:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-16T18:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1634"},"modified":"2022-09-15T20:05:21","modified_gmt":"2022-09-15T20:05:21","slug":"leaders-emerge-in-the-early-civil-rights-movement","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/leaders-emerge-in-the-early-civil-rights-movement\/","title":{"raw":"Leaders Emerge in the Early Civil Rights Movement","rendered":"Leaders Emerge in the Early Civil Rights Movement"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Compare and contrast the viewpoints of African-American reformers in the Early Civil Rights Movement, including Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Booker T. Washington<\/h2>\r\nBorn into bondage in Virginia in 1856, Booker Taliaferro Washington was subjected to the degradation and exploitation of slavery early in life. But Washington also developed an insatiable thirst to learn. Working against tremendous odds, Washington matriculated into Hampton University in Virginia and thereafter established a southern institution that would educate many Black Americans, the Tuskegee Institute, the leadership of which he would retain from 1881until his death in 1915. Tuskegee was an all-Black \u201cnormal school\u201d\u2014an old term for a teachers\u2019 college\u2014teaching African Americans a curriculum geared towards practical skills such as cooking, farming, and housekeeping. Graduates would often then travel through the South, teaching new farming and industrial techniques to rural communities. Washington encouraged the school\u2019s graduates to focus on the Black community\u2019s self-betterment and prove that they were productive members of society even in freedom\u2014something many White Americans throughout the nation vocally doubted.\r\n\r\nWashington envisioned that Tuskegee\u2019s contribution to Black life would come through industrial education and vocational training. He believed that such skills would help African Americans accomplish economic independence while developing a sense of self-worth, even while living within the constraints of Jim Crow. Washington poured his life into Tuskegee, and thereby connected with leading White philanthropic interests. Individuals such as Andrew Carnegie, for instance, financially assisted Washington and his educational ventures.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202944\/CNX_History_21_03_Booker.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Booker T. Washington speaking and gesturing before a large crowd.\" width=\"390\" height=\"293\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. In Booker T. Washington\u2019s speech at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, he urged his audience to \u201ccast down your bucket where you are\u201d and make friends with the people around them.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm15430736\">In a speech delivered at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895, which was meant to promote the economy of a \u201cNew South,\u201d Washington proposed what came to be known as the <span data-type=\"term\">Atlanta Compromise<\/span>. Speaking to a racially mixed audience, Washington called upon African Americans to work diligently for their own uplift and prosperity rather than preoccupy themselves with political and civil rights. Their success and hard work, he implied, would eventually convince southern Whites to grant these rights.\u00a0In the same speech, delivered one year before the Supreme Court\u2019s\u00a0<em>Plessy\u00a0<\/em>v.\u00a0<em>Ferguson<\/em>\u00a0decision that legalized segregation under the \u201cseparate but equal\u201d doctrine, Washington said to White Americans, \u201cIn all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.\u201d[footnote]Booker T. Washington, <em>Up from Slavery: An Autobiography<\/em> (New York: Doubleday, 1901), 221\u2013222.[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\nNot surprisingly, most White people liked Washington\u2019s model of race relations, since it placed the burden of change on Black people and required nothing of them. Wealthy industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller provided funding for many of Washington\u2019s self-help programs, as did Sears, Roebuck &amp; Co. co-founder Julius Rosenwald, and Washington was the first African American invited to the White House by President Roosevelt in 1901. At the same time, his message also appealed to many in the Black community, and some attribute this widespread popularity to his consistent message that social and economic growth, even within a segregated society, would do more for African Americans than an all-out agitation for equal rights on all fronts.\r\n\r\nWashington was both praised as a race leader and pilloried as an accommodationist to America\u2019s unjust racial hierarchy; his public advocacy of a conciliatory posture toward White supremacy concealed the efforts to which he went to assist African Americans in the legal and economic quest for racial justice. In addition to founding Tuskegee, Washington also published a handful of influential books, including the autobiography\u00a0<em>Up from Slavery<\/em>\u00a0(1901).\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\r\nVisit George Mason University\u2019s History Matters website for the text and audio of Booker T. Washington\u2019s famous <a href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/booker\" target=\"_window\">Atlanta Compromise<\/a> speech.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 id=\"fs-idp68992512\">W.E.B. Dubois<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"260\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202945\/CNX_History_21_03_DuBois.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows ten posed men, one of whom sits with a little boy. W. E. B. Du Bois is seated in the center.\" width=\"260\" height=\"349\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This photo of the Niagara Movement shows W. E. B. Du Bois seated in the second row, center, in the white hat. The proud and self-confident postures of this group stood in marked contrast to the humility that Booker T. Washington urged of Black people.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nDespite his substantial contributions, many African Americans disagreed with Washington\u2019s approach. Much in the same manner that Alice Paul felt the pace of the struggle for women\u2019s rights was moving too slowly under the NAWSA, some within the African American community felt that immediate agitation for the rights guaranteed under the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, was necessary. In 1905, a group of prominent civil rights leaders, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, met in a small hotel on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls\u2014where segregation laws did not bar them from hotel accommodations\u2014to discuss what immediate steps were needed for equal rights. Du Bois, a professor at the all-Black Atlanta University and the first African American with a doctorate from Harvard, emerged as the main spokesperson for what would later be dubbed the <span data-type=\"term\">Niagara Movement<\/span>. By 1905, he had grown wary of Booker T. Washington\u2019s calls for African Americans to accommodate White racism and focus solely on self-improvement. Du Bois and others wished to carve a more direct path towards equality that drew on the political leadership and litigation skills of the Black, educated elite, which he termed the <strong>talented tenth<\/strong>.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp136626976\">At the meeting, Du Bois led the others in drafting a \u201cDeclaration of Principles,\u201d which called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. These rights included universal suffrage, compulsory education, and the elimination of the convict lease system in which tens of thousands of Black prisoners had endured slavery-like conditions in southern road construction, mines, prisons, and penal farms since the end of Reconstruction. Within a year, Niagara chapters had sprung up in twenty-one states across the country. By 1908, internal fights over the role of women in the fight for African American equal rights lessened interest in the Niagara Movement. But it played an important role in preparing the groundwork for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (<span data-type=\"term\">NAACP<\/span>), founded in 1909. Du Bois served as the influential director of publications for the NAACP from its inception until 1933. As the editor of the journal <em data-effect=\"italics\">The Crisis<\/em>, Du Bois had a platform to express his views on a variety of issues facing African Americans in the later Progressive Era, as well as during World War I and its aftermath.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\r\nIn 1905, the Niagara Movement drafted the <a href=\"https:\/\/credo.library.umass.edu\/cgi-bin\/pdf.cgi?id=scua:mums312-b004-i092\">Declaration of Principles<\/a> which included concepts such as progress, suffrage, civil liberty, and economic opportunity.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp114957872\">In both Washington and Du Bois, African Americans found leaders to push forward the fight for their place in the new century, each with a very different strategy. Both men cultivated the conditions in which a new generation of African American spokespeople and leaders would establish the modern civil rights movement after World War II.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\r\nBoth Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois were important leaders in the early Civil Rights Movement for African Americans. What similarities and differences existed in their philosophies and strategies?\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170614&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=HaLstb_t8yc&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-zfjm773t-HaLstb_t8yc\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/webduboisrivalrywithbookertwashingtonbiography.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cW.E.B. Du Bois' Rivalry with Booker T. Washington | Biography\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<center><\/center>If you'd like to learn more, watch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zHn-vSTMOWE&amp;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNYJO8JWpXO2JP0ezgxsrJJ&amp;index=23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video from Crash Course Black American History<\/a> to differentiate between the philosophies held by Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/05ec57a0-7fbc-445d-b238-0d08af86e8cb\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\n<section>Describe the philosophy and strategies of the Niagara Movement. How did it differ from Washington\u2019s way of thinking?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"251468\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"251468\"]W. E. B. Du Bois sought to push for civil rights directly, through legal and political channels, drawing on the education and skills of the \u201ctalented tenth\u201d to advance the Niagara Movement\u2019s agenda. The movement\u2019s Declaration of Principles called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans, including universal suffrage, education, and an end to the convict-lease system. This represented, in many ways, a rejection of Booker T. Washington\u2019s advocacy of accommodation and self-improvement.[\/hidden-answer]<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Atlanta Compromise:\u00a0<\/strong>Booker T. Washington\u2019s speech, given at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895, where he urged African Americans to work hard and avoid conflict with others in their White communities, so as to earn the goodwill of the country\r\n\r\n<strong>NAACP:\u00a0<\/strong>the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization formed in 1909 by an interracial coalition including W. E. B. Du Bois and Florence Kelley\r\n\r\n<strong>Niagara Movement:\u00a0<\/strong>a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington's model of accommodation and advocated for a \u201cDeclaration of Principles\u201d that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans\r\n\r\n<strong>Talented tenth<\/strong>: term publicized by W.E.B. Du Bois, which referred to the concept that \"one in ten\" African-American men are college-educated and have the opportunity to make meaningful social and political change within the Black community\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Compare and contrast the viewpoints of African-American reformers in the Early Civil Rights Movement, including Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Booker T. Washington<\/h2>\n<p>Born into bondage in Virginia in 1856, Booker Taliaferro Washington was subjected to the degradation and exploitation of slavery early in life. But Washington also developed an insatiable thirst to learn. Working against tremendous odds, Washington matriculated into Hampton University in Virginia and thereafter established a southern institution that would educate many Black Americans, the Tuskegee Institute, the leadership of which he would retain from 1881until his death in 1915. Tuskegee was an all-Black \u201cnormal school\u201d\u2014an old term for a teachers\u2019 college\u2014teaching African Americans a curriculum geared towards practical skills such as cooking, farming, and housekeeping. Graduates would often then travel through the South, teaching new farming and industrial techniques to rural communities. Washington encouraged the school\u2019s graduates to focus on the Black community\u2019s self-betterment and prove that they were productive members of society even in freedom\u2014something many White Americans throughout the nation vocally doubted.<\/p>\n<p>Washington envisioned that Tuskegee\u2019s contribution to Black life would come through industrial education and vocational training. He believed that such skills would help African Americans accomplish economic independence while developing a sense of self-worth, even while living within the constraints of Jim Crow. Washington poured his life into Tuskegee, and thereby connected with leading White philanthropic interests. Individuals such as Andrew Carnegie, for instance, financially assisted Washington and his educational ventures.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202944\/CNX_History_21_03_Booker.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Booker T. Washington speaking and gesturing before a large crowd.\" width=\"390\" height=\"293\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. In Booker T. Washington\u2019s speech at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, he urged his audience to \u201ccast down your bucket where you are\u201d and make friends with the people around them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm15430736\">In a speech delivered at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta in 1895, which was meant to promote the economy of a \u201cNew South,\u201d Washington proposed what came to be known as the <span data-type=\"term\">Atlanta Compromise<\/span>. Speaking to a racially mixed audience, Washington called upon African Americans to work diligently for their own uplift and prosperity rather than preoccupy themselves with political and civil rights. Their success and hard work, he implied, would eventually convince southern Whites to grant these rights.\u00a0In the same speech, delivered one year before the Supreme Court\u2019s\u00a0<em>Plessy\u00a0<\/em>v.\u00a0<em>Ferguson<\/em>\u00a0decision that legalized segregation under the \u201cseparate but equal\u201d doctrine, Washington said to White Americans, \u201cIn all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Booker T. Washington, Up from Slavery: An Autobiography (New York: Doubleday, 1901), 221\u2013222.\" id=\"return-footnote-1634-1\" href=\"#footnote-1634-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Not surprisingly, most White people liked Washington\u2019s model of race relations, since it placed the burden of change on Black people and required nothing of them. Wealthy industrialists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller provided funding for many of Washington\u2019s self-help programs, as did Sears, Roebuck &amp; Co. co-founder Julius Rosenwald, and Washington was the first African American invited to the White House by President Roosevelt in 1901. At the same time, his message also appealed to many in the Black community, and some attribute this widespread popularity to his consistent message that social and economic growth, even within a segregated society, would do more for African Americans than an all-out agitation for equal rights on all fronts.<\/p>\n<p>Washington was both praised as a race leader and pilloried as an accommodationist to America\u2019s unjust racial hierarchy; his public advocacy of a conciliatory posture toward White supremacy concealed the efforts to which he went to assist African Americans in the legal and economic quest for racial justice. In addition to founding Tuskegee, Washington also published a handful of influential books, including the autobiography\u00a0<em>Up from Slavery<\/em>\u00a0(1901).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\n<p>Visit George Mason University\u2019s History Matters website for the text and audio of Booker T. Washington\u2019s famous <a href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/l\/booker\" target=\"_window\">Atlanta Compromise<\/a> speech.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"fs-idp68992512\">W.E.B. Dubois<\/h2>\n<div style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202945\/CNX_History_21_03_DuBois.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows ten posed men, one of whom sits with a little boy. W. E. B. Du Bois is seated in the center.\" width=\"260\" height=\"349\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This photo of the Niagara Movement shows W. E. B. Du Bois seated in the second row, center, in the white hat. The proud and self-confident postures of this group stood in marked contrast to the humility that Booker T. Washington urged of Black people.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Despite his substantial contributions, many African Americans disagreed with Washington\u2019s approach. Much in the same manner that Alice Paul felt the pace of the struggle for women\u2019s rights was moving too slowly under the NAWSA, some within the African American community felt that immediate agitation for the rights guaranteed under the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, was necessary. In 1905, a group of prominent civil rights leaders, led by W. E. B. Du Bois, met in a small hotel on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls\u2014where segregation laws did not bar them from hotel accommodations\u2014to discuss what immediate steps were needed for equal rights. Du Bois, a professor at the all-Black Atlanta University and the first African American with a doctorate from Harvard, emerged as the main spokesperson for what would later be dubbed the <span data-type=\"term\">Niagara Movement<\/span>. By 1905, he had grown wary of Booker T. Washington\u2019s calls for African Americans to accommodate White racism and focus solely on self-improvement. Du Bois and others wished to carve a more direct path towards equality that drew on the political leadership and litigation skills of the Black, educated elite, which he termed the <strong>talented tenth<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp136626976\">At the meeting, Du Bois led the others in drafting a \u201cDeclaration of Principles,\u201d which called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. These rights included universal suffrage, compulsory education, and the elimination of the convict lease system in which tens of thousands of Black prisoners had endured slavery-like conditions in southern road construction, mines, prisons, and penal farms since the end of Reconstruction. Within a year, Niagara chapters had sprung up in twenty-one states across the country. By 1908, internal fights over the role of women in the fight for African American equal rights lessened interest in the Niagara Movement. But it played an important role in preparing the groundwork for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (<span data-type=\"term\">NAACP<\/span>), founded in 1909. Du Bois served as the influential director of publications for the NAACP from its inception until 1933. As the editor of the journal <em data-effect=\"italics\">The Crisis<\/em>, Du Bois had a platform to express his views on a variety of issues facing African Americans in the later Progressive Era, as well as during World War I and its aftermath.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\n<p>In 1905, the Niagara Movement drafted the <a href=\"https:\/\/credo.library.umass.edu\/cgi-bin\/pdf.cgi?id=scua:mums312-b004-i092\">Declaration of Principles<\/a> which included concepts such as progress, suffrage, civil liberty, and economic opportunity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp114957872\">In both Washington and Du Bois, African Americans found leaders to push forward the fight for their place in the new century, each with a very different strategy. Both men cultivated the conditions in which a new generation of African American spokespeople and leaders would establish the modern civil rights movement after World War II.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\n<p>Both Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois were important leaders in the early Civil Rights Movement for African Americans. What similarities and differences existed in their philosophies and strategies?<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170614&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=HaLstb_t8yc&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-zfjm773t-HaLstb_t8yc\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/webduboisrivalrywithbookertwashingtonbiography.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cW.E.B. Du Bois&#8217; Rivalry with Booker T. Washington | Biography\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<p>If you&#8217;d like to learn more, watch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=zHn-vSTMOWE&amp;list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNYJO8JWpXO2JP0ezgxsrJJ&amp;index=23\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video from Crash Course Black American History<\/a> to differentiate between the philosophies held by Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_05ec57a0-7fbc-445d-b238-0d08af86e8cb\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/05ec57a0-7fbc-445d-b238-0d08af86e8cb?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_05ec57a0-7fbc-445d-b238-0d08af86e8cb\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<section>Describe the philosophy and strategies of the Niagara Movement. How did it differ from Washington\u2019s way of thinking?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q251468\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q251468\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">W. E. B. Du Bois sought to push for civil rights directly, through legal and political channels, drawing on the education and skills of the \u201ctalented tenth\u201d to advance the Niagara Movement\u2019s agenda. The movement\u2019s Declaration of Principles called for immediate political, economic, and social equality for African Americans, including universal suffrage, education, and an end to the convict-lease system. This represented, in many ways, a rejection of Booker T. Washington\u2019s advocacy of accommodation and self-improvement.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Atlanta Compromise:\u00a0<\/strong>Booker T. Washington\u2019s speech, given at the Atlanta Exposition in 1895, where he urged African Americans to work hard and avoid conflict with others in their White communities, so as to earn the goodwill of the country<\/p>\n<p><strong>NAACP:\u00a0<\/strong>the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization formed in 1909 by an interracial coalition including W. E. B. Du Bois and Florence Kelley<\/p>\n<p><strong>Niagara Movement:\u00a0<\/strong>a campaign led by W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African American reformers that departed from Booker T. Washington&#8217;s model of accommodation and advocated for a \u201cDeclaration of Principles\u201d that called for immediate political, social, and economic equality for African Americans<\/p>\n<p><strong>Talented tenth<\/strong>: term publicized by W.E.B. Du Bois, which referred to the concept that &#8220;one in ten&#8221; African-American men are college-educated and have the opportunity to make meaningful social and political change within the Black community<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1634\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Jim Crow and Progressivism. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/NgBFhmUc@11.2:YG9z3CDC@3\/10-7-%F0%9F%94%8E-Jim-Crow-and-Progressivism\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/NgBFhmUc@11.2:YG9z3CDC@3\/10-7-%F0%9F%94%8E-Jim-Crow-and-Progressivism<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/36004586-651c-4ded-af87-203aca22d946@11.2.<\/li><li> Jim Crow and African American Life. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>W.E.B. Du Bois&#039; Rivalry with Booker T. Washington. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Biography. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HaLstb_t8yc\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HaLstb_t8yc<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1634-1\">Booker T. Washington, <em>Up from Slavery: An Autobiography<\/em> (New York: Doubleday, 1901), 221\u2013222. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1634-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Jim Crow and Progressivism\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/NgBFhmUc@11.2:YG9z3CDC@3\/10-7-%F0%9F%94%8E-Jim-Crow-and-Progressivism\",\"project\":\"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/36004586-651c-4ded-af87-203aca22d946@11.2.\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\" Jim Crow and African American Life\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"W.E.B. 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