{"id":172,"date":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory2os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=172"},"modified":"2022-09-15T20:11:37","modified_gmt":"2022-09-15T20:11:37","slug":"roosevelt-and-the-square-deal","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/roosevelt-and-the-square-deal\/","title":{"raw":"Roosevelt and the Square Deal","rendered":"Roosevelt and the Square Deal"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the key features of Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s Square Deal, including his regulation of business practices<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"483\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202946\/CNX_History_21_04_McKinley.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing (a) depicts William McKinley's assassination. Photograph (b) is a portrait of Theodore Roosevelt.\" width=\"483\" height=\"290\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. President William McKinley\u2019s assassination (a) at the hands of an anarchist made Theodore Roosevelt (b) the country\u2019s youngest president.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nProgressive groups made tremendous strides on issues involving democracy, efficiency, and social justice. But they found that their grassroots approach was ill-suited to push back against the most powerful beneficiaries of growing inequality, economic concentration, and corruption\u2014big business. In their fight against the trusts, Progressives needed the leadership of the federal government, and they found it in Theodore Roosevelt in 1901, through an accident of history.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"260\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202948\/CNX_History_21_04_CoalStrike.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon entitled &quot;The Washington Schoolmaster&quot; shows President Roosevelt disciplining coal barons like J. P. Morgan, threatening to beat them with a stick labeled &quot;Federal Authority.&quot; A sign on the wall reads &quot;Primary Classroom for Coal Barons.&quot; Below the sign, a &quot;Map of the World&quot; shows Earth with an oversized Pennsylvania at its center.\" width=\"260\" height=\"385\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This cartoon shows President Roosevelt disciplining coal barons like J. P. Morgan, threatening to beat them with a stick labeled \u201cFederal Authority.\u201d It illustrates Roosevelt\u2019s new approach to business.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp154230624\">In 1900, a sound economic recovery, a unifying victory in the Spanish-American War, and the annexation of the Philippines had helped President William McKinley secure his reelection with the first solid popular majority since 1872. His new vice president was former New York Governor and Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt. But when an assassin shot and killed President McKinley in 1901\u00a0at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became the youngest president in the nation\u2019s history. More importantly, it ushered in a new era of progressive national politics and changed the role of the presidency for the twentieth century.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm20122832\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Enter In Teddy Roosevelt<\/h2>\r\nRoosevelt\u2019s early career showed him to be a dynamic leader with a Progressive agenda. Many Republican Party leaders disliked Roosevelt\u2019s Progressive ideas and popular appeal and hoped to end his career with a nomination to the vice presidency\u2014long considered a dead end in politics. When an assassin\u2019s bullet toppled this scheme, Mark Hanna, a prominent Republican senator and party leader, lamented, \u201cNow look! That damned cowboy is now president!\u201d\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm59873824\">As the new president, however, Roosevelt moved cautiously with his agenda while he finished out McKinley\u2019s term. Roosevelt kept much of McKinley\u2019s cabinet intact, and his initial message to Congress gave only one overriding Progressive goal for his presidency: to eliminate business <strong>trusts<\/strong>. In the three years prior to Roosevelt\u2019s presidency, the nation had witnessed a wave of mergers and the creation of mega-corporations. To counter this trend, Roosevelt created the Department of Commerce and Labor in 1903, which included the Bureau of Corporations, whose job it was to investigate trusts. He also asked the Department of Justice to resume prosecutions under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. Intended to empower federal prosecutors to ban monopolies as conspiracies against interstate trade, the law had run afoul of a conservative Supreme Court.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm20122832\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\r\nThis video provides a quick introduction to the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.\r\n\r\n<center><iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170615&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=3y-8aHZr0Nk&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-219qnnqv-3y-8aHZr0Nk\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/center><center><\/center><center>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/theodoreroosevelt60-secondpresidentspbs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cTheodore Roosevelt | 60-Second Presidents | PBS\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/center><\/div>\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Busting the Trusts<\/h2>\r\nAggression against the trusts\u2014and the progressive vogue for \u201ctrust-busting\u201d\u2014took on new meaning under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.\u00a0Roosevelt was by no means anti-business. Instead, he envisioned his presidency as a mediator between opposing forces, such as between labor unions and corporate executives. Despite his own wealthy background, Roosevelt pushed for antitrust legislation and regulations, arguing that the courts could not be relied on to break up the trusts. Roosevelt also used his own moral judgment to determine which monopolies he would pursue. Roosevelt believed that there were good and bad trusts, necessary monopolies, and corrupt ones. Although his reputation as a trustbuster was wildly exaggerated, he was the first major national politician to go after the trusts. \u201cThe great corporations which we have grown to speak of rather loosely as trusts,\u201d he said, \u201care the creatures of the State, and the State not only has the right to control them, but it is in duty bound to control them wherever the need of such control is shown.\"\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm5185728\">In 1902, Roosevelt launched his administration\u2019s first antitrust suit against the Northern Securities Trust Company, which included powerful businessmen, like John D. Rockefeller and J. P. Morgan, and controlled many of the large midwestern railroads.\u00a0Holding trusts had emerged as a way to circumvent the Sherman Anti-Trust Act: by controlling the majority of shares, rather than the principal, Morgan and his collaborators tried to claim that their enterprise was not a monopoly. The suit wound through the judicial system, all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1904, the highest court in the land ultimately affirmed the ruling to break up the trust in a narrow five-to-four vote. For Roosevelt, that was enough of a mandate; he immediately moved against other corporations, including the American Tobacco Company and, most significantly, Rockefeller\u2019s Standard Oil Company.\u00a0Two years later, in 1906, Roosevelt signed the Hepburn Act, allowing the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate best practices and set reasonable rates for the railroads.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp64243088\">Although Roosevelt enjoyed the nickname \u201cthe Trustbuster,\u201d he did not consider all trusts dangerous to the public welfare. The \u201cgood trusts,\u201d Roosevelt reasoned, used their power in the marketplace and economies of scale to deliver goods and services to customers more cheaply. For example, he allowed Morgan\u2019s U.S. Steel Corporation to continue its operations and let it take over smaller steel companies. At the same time, Roosevelt used the presidency as a \u201cbully pulpit\u201d from which to publicly denounce \u201cbad trusts\u201d\u2014those corporations that exploited their market positions for short-term gains\u2014before he ordered prosecutions by the Justice Department. In total, Roosevelt initiated over two dozen successful anti-trust suits, more than any president before him.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm70520944\">Roosevelt confronted the power of big business in other instances. When an anthracite coal strike gripped the nation for much of 1902, Roosevelt directly intervened in the dispute and invited both sides to the White House to negotiate a deal that included minor wage increases and a slight improvement in working hours. For Roosevelt, his assistance in the matter symbolized his belief that the federal government should adopt a more proactive role and serve as a steward of all Americans. This stood in contrast to his predecessors, who had time and again bolstered industrialists in their fight against workers\u2019 rights with the deployment of federal troops.<\/p>\r\nRoosevelt was more interested in regulating corporations than breaking them apart. Besides, the courts were slow and unpredictable. However, his successor after 1908, William Howard Taft, firmly believed in court-oriented trust-busting and during his four years in office more than doubled the number of monopoly breakups that occurred during Roosevelt\u2019s seven years in office. Taft notably went after U.S. Steel, the world\u2019s first billion-dollar corporation formed from the consolidation of nearly every major American steel producer.\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm132155248\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Square Deal<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp22379760\">Roosevelt won his second term in 1904 with an overwhelming 57 percent of the popular vote. After the election, he moved quickly to enact his own brand of Progressivism, which he called a <strong>Square Deal<\/strong> for the American people.<\/p>\r\nThe Square Deal reflected Roosevelt's three major domestic goals: control of corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of natural resources. These three demands are often referred to as the \"three Cs\" of Roosevelt's Square Deal. Thus, the Square Deal aimed at helping middle-class citizens and involved attacking <strong>plutocracy<\/strong> and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor. He explained in 1901\u20131909: \"When I say that I am for the square deal, I mean not merely that I stand for fair play under the present rules of the game, but that I stand for having those rules changed so as to work for a more substantial equality of opportunity and of reward for equally good service.\"[footnote]Richard D. Heffner; Alexander Heffner (2013). <em>A Documentary History of the United States<\/em> (Updated &amp; Expanded). Penguin. p. 146. ISBN 9780698136915.[\/footnote] We already learned about his efforts in controlling corporations and breaking up monopolies, below we will learn about some of the consumer protections implemented under Roosevelt, and the next page further explains his efforts to conserve natural resources.\r\n<h3>Consumer Protection<\/h3>\r\nEarly in his second term, Roosevelt read muckraker Upton Sinclair\u2019s 1905 novel and expos\u00e9 on the meatpacking industry, <em data-effect=\"italics\">The Jungle<\/em>. Although Roosevelt initially questioned the book due to Sinclair\u2019s professed Socialist leanings, a subsequent presidential commission investigated the industry and corroborated the deplorable conditions under which Chicago\u2019s meatpackers processed meats for American consumers. Alarmed by the results and under pressure from an outraged public disgusted with the revelations, Roosevelt moved quickly to protect public health. He urged the passage of two laws to do so.\r\n\r\nThe first, the Meat Inspection Act of 1906, established a system of government inspection for meat products, including grading the meat based on its quality. This standard was also used for imported meats. The second was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which required labels on all food and drug products that clearly stated the materials in the product. The law also prohibited any \u201cadulterated\u201d products, a measure aimed at some specific, unhealthy food preservatives.\r\n\r\nIn his second term in office, Roosevelt signed legislation on Progressive issues such as factory inspections, child labor, and business regulation. He urged the passage of the Elkins Act of 1903 and the Hepburn Act of 1906, both of which strengthened the position of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad prices. These laws also extended the Commission\u2019s authority to regulate interstate transportation on bridges, ferries, and even oil pipelines.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sutori.com\/en\/story\/theodore-roosevelt-a-career-told-through-political-cartoons-part-i--5os9ESyiqpBoWhW2A5HsFPxN\">Theodore Roosevelt: A Career Told Through Political Cartoons<\/a> is a compilation of cartoons from Puck Magazine displaying the various contributions and legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's life and professional career.\r\n\r\nYou can also explore <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/introduction\/tr-introduction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Experience: TR<\/a> at PBS for a wealth of information on Theodore Roosevelt, including details of his early life before the presidency and transcripts from several of his speeches.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6bbe2e40-72c6-45f7-9135-18ec84ed9b71\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>plutocracy:<\/strong> government control by the wealthy\r\n\r\n<strong>Square Deal:\u00a0<\/strong>Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s name for the kind of involved, hands-on government he felt the country needed\r\n\r\n<strong>trust<\/strong>: in this context, a trust term used to describe when companies merge together to form a monopoly, thereby controlling the market in a given area. By either owning all or nearly all of the means of production or distribution, they have the power to set prices and have a disproportionate impact on the economy.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the key features of Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s Square Deal, including his regulation of business practices<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 493px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202946\/CNX_History_21_04_McKinley.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing (a) depicts William McKinley's assassination. Photograph (b) is a portrait of Theodore Roosevelt.\" width=\"483\" height=\"290\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. President William McKinley\u2019s assassination (a) at the hands of an anarchist made Theodore Roosevelt (b) the country\u2019s youngest president.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Progressive groups made tremendous strides on issues involving democracy, efficiency, and social justice. But they found that their grassroots approach was ill-suited to push back against the most powerful beneficiaries of growing inequality, economic concentration, and corruption\u2014big business. In their fight against the trusts, Progressives needed the leadership of the federal government, and they found it in Theodore Roosevelt in 1901, through an accident of history.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202948\/CNX_History_21_04_CoalStrike.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon entitled &quot;The Washington Schoolmaster&quot; shows President Roosevelt disciplining coal barons like J. P. Morgan, threatening to beat them with a stick labeled &quot;Federal Authority.&quot; A sign on the wall reads &quot;Primary Classroom for Coal Barons.&quot; Below the sign, a &quot;Map of the World&quot; shows Earth with an oversized Pennsylvania at its center.\" width=\"260\" height=\"385\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This cartoon shows President Roosevelt disciplining coal barons like J. P. Morgan, threatening to beat them with a stick labeled \u201cFederal Authority.\u201d It illustrates Roosevelt\u2019s new approach to business.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp154230624\">In 1900, a sound economic recovery, a unifying victory in the Spanish-American War, and the annexation of the Philippines had helped President William McKinley secure his reelection with the first solid popular majority since 1872. His new vice president was former New York Governor and Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt. But when an assassin shot and killed President McKinley in 1901\u00a0at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became the youngest president in the nation\u2019s history. More importantly, it ushered in a new era of progressive national politics and changed the role of the presidency for the twentieth century.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idm20122832\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Enter In Teddy Roosevelt<\/h2>\n<p>Roosevelt\u2019s early career showed him to be a dynamic leader with a Progressive agenda. Many Republican Party leaders disliked Roosevelt\u2019s Progressive ideas and popular appeal and hoped to end his career with a nomination to the vice presidency\u2014long considered a dead end in politics. When an assassin\u2019s bullet toppled this scheme, Mark Hanna, a prominent Republican senator and party leader, lamented, \u201cNow look! That damned cowboy is now president!\u201d<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm59873824\">As the new president, however, Roosevelt moved cautiously with his agenda while he finished out McKinley\u2019s term. Roosevelt kept much of McKinley\u2019s cabinet intact, and his initial message to Congress gave only one overriding Progressive goal for his presidency: to eliminate business <strong>trusts<\/strong>. In the three years prior to Roosevelt\u2019s presidency, the nation had witnessed a wave of mergers and the creation of mega-corporations. To counter this trend, Roosevelt created the Department of Commerce and Labor in 1903, which included the Bureau of Corporations, whose job it was to investigate trusts. He also asked the Department of Justice to resume prosecutions under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. Intended to empower federal prosecutors to ban monopolies as conspiracies against interstate trade, the law had run afoul of a conservative Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm20122832\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\n<p>This video provides a quick introduction to the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170615&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=3y-8aHZr0Nk&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-219qnnqv-3y-8aHZr0Nk\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/theodoreroosevelt60-secondpresidentspbs.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cTheodore Roosevelt | 60-Second Presidents | PBS\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Busting the Trusts<\/h2>\n<p>Aggression against the trusts\u2014and the progressive vogue for \u201ctrust-busting\u201d\u2014took on new meaning under the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.\u00a0Roosevelt was by no means anti-business. Instead, he envisioned his presidency as a mediator between opposing forces, such as between labor unions and corporate executives. Despite his own wealthy background, Roosevelt pushed for antitrust legislation and regulations, arguing that the courts could not be relied on to break up the trusts. Roosevelt also used his own moral judgment to determine which monopolies he would pursue. Roosevelt believed that there were good and bad trusts, necessary monopolies, and corrupt ones. Although his reputation as a trustbuster was wildly exaggerated, he was the first major national politician to go after the trusts. \u201cThe great corporations which we have grown to speak of rather loosely as trusts,\u201d he said, \u201care the creatures of the State, and the State not only has the right to control them, but it is in duty bound to control them wherever the need of such control is shown.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm5185728\">In 1902, Roosevelt launched his administration\u2019s first antitrust suit against the Northern Securities Trust Company, which included powerful businessmen, like John D. Rockefeller and J. P. Morgan, and controlled many of the large midwestern railroads.\u00a0Holding trusts had emerged as a way to circumvent the Sherman Anti-Trust Act: by controlling the majority of shares, rather than the principal, Morgan and his collaborators tried to claim that their enterprise was not a monopoly. The suit wound through the judicial system, all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1904, the highest court in the land ultimately affirmed the ruling to break up the trust in a narrow five-to-four vote. For Roosevelt, that was enough of a mandate; he immediately moved against other corporations, including the American Tobacco Company and, most significantly, Rockefeller\u2019s Standard Oil Company.\u00a0Two years later, in 1906, Roosevelt signed the Hepburn Act, allowing the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate best practices and set reasonable rates for the railroads.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp64243088\">Although Roosevelt enjoyed the nickname \u201cthe Trustbuster,\u201d he did not consider all trusts dangerous to the public welfare. The \u201cgood trusts,\u201d Roosevelt reasoned, used their power in the marketplace and economies of scale to deliver goods and services to customers more cheaply. For example, he allowed Morgan\u2019s U.S. Steel Corporation to continue its operations and let it take over smaller steel companies. At the same time, Roosevelt used the presidency as a \u201cbully pulpit\u201d from which to publicly denounce \u201cbad trusts\u201d\u2014those corporations that exploited their market positions for short-term gains\u2014before he ordered prosecutions by the Justice Department. In total, Roosevelt initiated over two dozen successful anti-trust suits, more than any president before him.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm70520944\">Roosevelt confronted the power of big business in other instances. When an anthracite coal strike gripped the nation for much of 1902, Roosevelt directly intervened in the dispute and invited both sides to the White House to negotiate a deal that included minor wage increases and a slight improvement in working hours. For Roosevelt, his assistance in the matter symbolized his belief that the federal government should adopt a more proactive role and serve as a steward of all Americans. This stood in contrast to his predecessors, who had time and again bolstered industrialists in their fight against workers\u2019 rights with the deployment of federal troops.<\/p>\n<p>Roosevelt was more interested in regulating corporations than breaking them apart. Besides, the courts were slow and unpredictable. However, his successor after 1908, William Howard Taft, firmly believed in court-oriented trust-busting and during his four years in office more than doubled the number of monopoly breakups that occurred during Roosevelt\u2019s seven years in office. Taft notably went after U.S. Steel, the world\u2019s first billion-dollar corporation formed from the consolidation of nearly every major American steel producer.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm132155248\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Square Deal<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp22379760\">Roosevelt won his second term in 1904 with an overwhelming 57 percent of the popular vote. After the election, he moved quickly to enact his own brand of Progressivism, which he called a <strong>Square Deal<\/strong> for the American people.<\/p>\n<p>The Square Deal reflected Roosevelt&#8217;s three major domestic goals: control of corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of natural resources. These three demands are often referred to as the &#8220;three Cs&#8221; of Roosevelt&#8217;s Square Deal. Thus, the Square Deal aimed at helping middle-class citizens and involved attacking <strong>plutocracy<\/strong> and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor. He explained in 1901\u20131909: &#8220;When I say that I am for the square deal, I mean not merely that I stand for fair play under the present rules of the game, but that I stand for having those rules changed so as to work for a more substantial equality of opportunity and of reward for equally good service.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Richard D. Heffner; Alexander Heffner (2013). A Documentary History of the United States (Updated &amp; Expanded). Penguin. p. 146. ISBN 9780698136915.\" id=\"return-footnote-172-1\" href=\"#footnote-172-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> We already learned about his efforts in controlling corporations and breaking up monopolies, below we will learn about some of the consumer protections implemented under Roosevelt, and the next page further explains his efforts to conserve natural resources.<\/p>\n<h3>Consumer Protection<\/h3>\n<p>Early in his second term, Roosevelt read muckraker Upton Sinclair\u2019s 1905 novel and expos\u00e9 on the meatpacking industry, <em data-effect=\"italics\">The Jungle<\/em>. Although Roosevelt initially questioned the book due to Sinclair\u2019s professed Socialist leanings, a subsequent presidential commission investigated the industry and corroborated the deplorable conditions under which Chicago\u2019s meatpackers processed meats for American consumers. Alarmed by the results and under pressure from an outraged public disgusted with the revelations, Roosevelt moved quickly to protect public health. He urged the passage of two laws to do so.<\/p>\n<p>The first, the Meat Inspection Act of 1906, established a system of government inspection for meat products, including grading the meat based on its quality. This standard was also used for imported meats. The second was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which required labels on all food and drug products that clearly stated the materials in the product. The law also prohibited any \u201cadulterated\u201d products, a measure aimed at some specific, unhealthy food preservatives.<\/p>\n<p>In his second term in office, Roosevelt signed legislation on Progressive issues such as factory inspections, child labor, and business regulation. He urged the passage of the Elkins Act of 1903 and the Hepburn Act of 1906, both of which strengthened the position of the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad prices. These laws also extended the Commission\u2019s authority to regulate interstate transportation on bridges, ferries, and even oil pipelines.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sutori.com\/en\/story\/theodore-roosevelt-a-career-told-through-political-cartoons-part-i--5os9ESyiqpBoWhW2A5HsFPxN\">Theodore Roosevelt: A Career Told Through Political Cartoons<\/a> is a compilation of cartoons from Puck Magazine displaying the various contributions and legacy of Teddy Roosevelt&#8217;s life and professional career.<\/p>\n<p>You can also explore <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/introduction\/tr-introduction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Experience: TR<\/a> at PBS for a wealth of information on Theodore Roosevelt, including details of his early life before the presidency and transcripts from several of his speeches.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_6bbe2e40-72c6-45f7-9135-18ec84ed9b71\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/6bbe2e40-72c6-45f7-9135-18ec84ed9b71?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_6bbe2e40-72c6-45f7-9135-18ec84ed9b71\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>plutocracy:<\/strong> government control by the wealthy<\/p>\n<p><strong>Square Deal:\u00a0<\/strong>Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s name for the kind of involved, hands-on government he felt the country needed<\/p>\n<p><strong>trust<\/strong>: in this context, a trust term used to describe when companies merge together to form a monopoly, thereby controlling the market in a given area. By either owning all or nearly all of the means of production or distribution, they have the power to set prices and have a disproportionate impact on the economy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-172\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: CJ McClung for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The Progressive Era. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Square Deal. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Square_Deal#:~:text=The%20Square%20Deal%20was%20Theodore,Cs%22%20of%20Roosevelt&#039;s%20Square%20Deal.\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Square_Deal#:~:text=The%20Square%20Deal%20was%20Theodore,Cs%22%20of%20Roosevelt&#039;s%20Square%20Deal.<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Theodore Roosevelt | 60-Second Presidents. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: PBS. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3y-8aHZr0Nk&#038;feature=emb_logo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3y-8aHZr0Nk&#038;feature=emb_logo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-172-1\">Richard D. Heffner; Alexander Heffner (2013). <em>A Documentary History of the United States<\/em> (Updated &amp; Expanded). Penguin. p. 146. ISBN 9780698136915. <a href=\"#return-footnote-172-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Theodore Roosevelt | 60-Second Presidents\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"PBS\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3y-8aHZr0Nk&feature=emb_logo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Progressive Era\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"CJ McClung for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Square Deal\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Square_Deal#:~:text=The%20Square%20Deal%20was%20Theodore,Cs%22%20of%20Roosevelt\\'s%20Square%20Deal.\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"1fdba0bf-7447-4e14-8a92-213a7e4860ba,8b20c5d9-cc96-4759-b63f-ab06e555b4d1","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-172","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":143,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/172","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/172\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9422,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/172\/revisions\/9422"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/143"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/172\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=172"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=172"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=172"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=172"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}