{"id":1725,"date":"2021-07-18T20:29:46","date_gmt":"2021-07-18T20:29:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1725"},"modified":"2022-09-26T18:54:56","modified_gmt":"2022-09-26T18:54:56","slug":"the-impact-of-the-great-depression-on-black-americans","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/the-impact-of-the-great-depression-on-black-americans\/","title":{"raw":"The Impact of the Great Depression on Black Americans","rendered":"The Impact of the Great Depression on Black Americans"},"content":{"raw":"<section id=\"fs-idm23495488\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Give examples of the particular challenges and racism that Black Americans faced during the Great Depression<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm14515936\" data-depth=\"1\"><\/section><section id=\"fs-idm14515936\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm15282624\"><span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">Black and Poor: Black Americans and the Great Depression<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>The Great Depression was particularly tough for Americans of color. \u201cThe Negro was born in depression,\u201d one Black pensioner told interviewer Studs Terkel. \u201cIt didn\u2019t mean too much to him. The Great American Depression . . . only became official when it hit the white man.\u201d[footnote]Studs Terkel, <em>Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression\u00a0<\/em>(New York: Pantheon Books, 1970), 81-82.[\/footnote]\u00a0Black workers were generally the last hired when businesses expanded production and the first fired when businesses experienced downturns. As a National Urban League study found, \u201cSo general is this practice that one is warranted in suspecting that it has been adopted as a method of relieving unemployment of White people without regard to the consequences upon Negroes.\u201d[footnote]William A. Sundstrom, \u201cLast Hired, First Fired? Unemployment and Urban Black Workers During the Great Depression,\u201d <em>Journal of American History<\/em>, 65, no. 1 (1978), 70\u201371.[\/footnote]\u00a0In 1932, with the national unemployment average hovering around 25 percent, Black unemployment reached as high as 50 percent, while even Black workers who kept their jobs saw their already low wages cut dramatically.[footnote]Anthony J. Badger, The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933\u20131940 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989), 15\u201323.[\/footnote]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm15282624\">In rural areas, where large numbers of Black Americans continued to live despite the Great Migration of 1910\u20131930, Depression-era life represented an intensified version of the poverty that they traditionally experienced. <strong>Subsistence farming<\/strong> allowed many Black Americans who lost either their land or jobs working for White landholders to survive, but their hardships increased. Life for Black Americans in urban settings was equally trying, with Black and working-class White people living in close proximity and competing for scarce jobs and resources. As the prices for cotton and other agricultural products plummeted, farm owners paid workers less or simply laid them off. Landlords evicted sharecroppers, and even those who owned their land outright had to abandon it when there was no way to earn any income.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm75747632\">In cities, Black Americans fared no better. Unemployment was rampant, and many White people felt that any available jobs belonged to White people first. In some Northern cities, White people would conspire to have Black American workers fired to allow White workers access to their jobs. Even jobs traditionally held by Black workers, such as household servants or janitors, were now going to White people.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6749\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"378\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2021\/07\/21152812\/Scottsboro-Boys-and-Broadside-984x1500.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-6749\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2021\/07\/21152812\/Scottsboro-Boys-and-Broadside-984x1500.jpeg\" alt=\"This poster advertises a meeting for &quot;Working people of Washington Negro and White Student and Intellectuals&quot; to defend the Scottsboro Boys. A photo of the boys and their attorney is included. \" width=\"378\" height=\"576\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The accusation of rape brought against the so-called Scottsboro Boys, pictured with their attorney in 1932, generated controversy across the country.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nRacial violence also began to rise. In the South, lynching became more common again, with twenty-eight documented lynchings in 1933, compared to eight in 1932. Since communities were preoccupied with their own hardships, and organizing civil rights efforts was a long, difficult process, many resigned themselves to, or even ignored, this culture of racism and violence. Occasionally, however, an incident was notorious enough to gain national attention.\r\n<h2>The Scottsboro Boys<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm24060304\">One such incident was the case of the <strong>Scottsboro Boys<\/strong>. In 1931, nine Black boys, who had been riding the rails, were arrested for vagrancy and disorderly conduct after an altercation with some White travelers on the train. Two young White women, who had been dressed as boys and traveling with a group of White boys, came forward and said that the Black boys had raped them. The case, which was tried in Scottsboro, Alabama, reignited decades of racial hatred and illustrated the injustice of the court system. Despite significant evidence that the women had not been raped at all, along with one of the women subsequently recanting her testimony, the all-White jury quickly convicted the boys and sentenced all but one of them to death. The verdict broke through the veil of indifference toward the plight of Black Americans, and protests erupted among newspaper editors, academics, and social reformers in the North.<\/p>\r\nThe Communist Party of the United States offered to handle the case and sought a retrial; the NAACP later joined in this effort. In all, the case was tried three separate times. The series of trials and retrials, appeals, and overturned convictions shone a spotlight on an unjust system that provided poor legal counsel and relied on all-White juries. In October 1932, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with the Communist Party\u2019s defense attorneys that the defendants had been denied adequate legal representation at the original trial, and that due process as provided by the Fourteenth Amendment had been denied through the exclusion of any potential Black jurors. Eventually, most of the accused received lengthy prison terms with the possibility of parole, but avoided the death penalty. The Scottsboro case ultimately laid some of the early groundwork for the modern American civil rights movement. Alabama granted posthumous pardons to all defendants in 2013.\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_25_03_Scottsboro\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"780\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203139\/CNX_History_25_03_Scottsboro.jpg\" alt=\"The image shows headshots of the nine Scottsboro defendants. From left to right are Clarence Norris, Charlie Weems, Haywood Patterson, Ozie Powell, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, Olen Montgomery, Andy Wright, and Roy Wright.\" width=\"780\" height=\"222\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> The trial and conviction of nine Black boys in Scottsboro, Alabama, illustrated the numerous injustices of the American court system. Despite being falsely accused, the boys received lengthy prison terms and were not officially pardoned by the State of Alabama until 2013.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp50996560\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nRead <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/films\/scottsboro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voices from Scottsboro<\/a> for the perspectives of both participants and spectators in the Scottsboro case, from the initial trial to the moment, in 1976, when one of the women sued for slander.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/88d14121-fbf7-41a4-9b49-191a2aaa32fb\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm10510336\" class=\"history my-story\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"My Story\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Scottsboro Boys:\u00a0<\/strong>a reference to the infamous 1931 trial in Scottsboro, Alabama, where nine Black American boys were falsely accused of raping two White women and sentenced to death; the extreme injustice of the trial, particularly given the age of the boys and the inadequacy of the testimony against them, garnered national and international attention\r\n\r\n<b>subsistence<\/b><strong>\u00a0farming<\/strong>: form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section id=\"fs-idm23495488\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Give examples of the particular challenges and racism that Black Americans faced during the Great Depression<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm14515936\" data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm14515936\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<p id=\"fs-idm15282624\"><span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">Black and Poor: Black Americans and the Great Depression<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p>The Great Depression was particularly tough for Americans of color. \u201cThe Negro was born in depression,\u201d one Black pensioner told interviewer Studs Terkel. \u201cIt didn\u2019t mean too much to him. The Great American Depression . . . only became official when it hit the white man.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Studs Terkel, Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression\u00a0(New York: Pantheon Books, 1970), 81-82.\" id=\"return-footnote-1725-1\" href=\"#footnote-1725-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Black workers were generally the last hired when businesses expanded production and the first fired when businesses experienced downturns. As a National Urban League study found, \u201cSo general is this practice that one is warranted in suspecting that it has been adopted as a method of relieving unemployment of White people without regard to the consequences upon Negroes.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"William A. Sundstrom, \u201cLast Hired, First Fired? Unemployment and Urban Black Workers During the Great Depression,\u201d Journal of American History, 65, no. 1 (1978), 70\u201371.\" id=\"return-footnote-1725-2\" href=\"#footnote-1725-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0In 1932, with the national unemployment average hovering around 25 percent, Black unemployment reached as high as 50 percent, while even Black workers who kept their jobs saw their already low wages cut dramatically.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Anthony J. Badger, The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933\u20131940 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989), 15\u201323.\" id=\"return-footnote-1725-3\" href=\"#footnote-1725-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm15282624\">In rural areas, where large numbers of Black Americans continued to live despite the Great Migration of 1910\u20131930, Depression-era life represented an intensified version of the poverty that they traditionally experienced. <strong>Subsistence farming<\/strong> allowed many Black Americans who lost either their land or jobs working for White landholders to survive, but their hardships increased. Life for Black Americans in urban settings was equally trying, with Black and working-class White people living in close proximity and competing for scarce jobs and resources. As the prices for cotton and other agricultural products plummeted, farm owners paid workers less or simply laid them off. Landlords evicted sharecroppers, and even those who owned their land outright had to abandon it when there was no way to earn any income.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm75747632\">In cities, Black Americans fared no better. Unemployment was rampant, and many White people felt that any available jobs belonged to White people first. In some Northern cities, White people would conspire to have Black American workers fired to allow White workers access to their jobs. Even jobs traditionally held by Black workers, such as household servants or janitors, were now going to White people.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6749\" style=\"width: 388px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2021\/07\/21152812\/Scottsboro-Boys-and-Broadside-984x1500.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6749\" class=\"wp-image-6749\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2021\/07\/21152812\/Scottsboro-Boys-and-Broadside-984x1500.jpeg\" alt=\"This poster advertises a meeting for &quot;Working people of Washington Negro and White Student and Intellectuals&quot; to defend the Scottsboro Boys. A photo of the boys and their attorney is included.\" width=\"378\" height=\"576\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6749\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. The accusation of rape brought against the so-called Scottsboro Boys, pictured with their attorney in 1932, generated controversy across the country.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Racial violence also began to rise. In the South, lynching became more common again, with twenty-eight documented lynchings in 1933, compared to eight in 1932. Since communities were preoccupied with their own hardships, and organizing civil rights efforts was a long, difficult process, many resigned themselves to, or even ignored, this culture of racism and violence. Occasionally, however, an incident was notorious enough to gain national attention.<\/p>\n<h2>The Scottsboro Boys<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm24060304\">One such incident was the case of the <strong>Scottsboro Boys<\/strong>. In 1931, nine Black boys, who had been riding the rails, were arrested for vagrancy and disorderly conduct after an altercation with some White travelers on the train. Two young White women, who had been dressed as boys and traveling with a group of White boys, came forward and said that the Black boys had raped them. The case, which was tried in Scottsboro, Alabama, reignited decades of racial hatred and illustrated the injustice of the court system. Despite significant evidence that the women had not been raped at all, along with one of the women subsequently recanting her testimony, the all-White jury quickly convicted the boys and sentenced all but one of them to death. The verdict broke through the veil of indifference toward the plight of Black Americans, and protests erupted among newspaper editors, academics, and social reformers in the North.<\/p>\n<p>The Communist Party of the United States offered to handle the case and sought a retrial; the NAACP later joined in this effort. In all, the case was tried three separate times. The series of trials and retrials, appeals, and overturned convictions shone a spotlight on an unjust system that provided poor legal counsel and relied on all-White juries. In October 1932, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed with the Communist Party\u2019s defense attorneys that the defendants had been denied adequate legal representation at the original trial, and that due process as provided by the Fourteenth Amendment had been denied through the exclusion of any potential Black jurors. Eventually, most of the accused received lengthy prison terms with the possibility of parole, but avoided the death penalty. The Scottsboro case ultimately laid some of the early groundwork for the modern American civil rights movement. Alabama granted posthumous pardons to all defendants in 2013.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_25_03_Scottsboro\">\n<div style=\"width: 790px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203139\/CNX_History_25_03_Scottsboro.jpg\" alt=\"The image shows headshots of the nine Scottsboro defendants. From left to right are Clarence Norris, Charlie Weems, Haywood Patterson, Ozie Powell, Willie Roberson, Eugene Williams, Olen Montgomery, Andy Wright, and Roy Wright.\" width=\"780\" height=\"222\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> The trial and conviction of nine Black boys in Scottsboro, Alabama, illustrated the numerous injustices of the American court system. Despite being falsely accused, the boys received lengthy prison terms and were not officially pardoned by the State of Alabama until 2013.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp50996560\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Read <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/films\/scottsboro\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Voices from Scottsboro<\/a> for the perspectives of both participants and spectators in the Scottsboro case, from the initial trial to the moment, in 1976, when one of the women sued for slander.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_88d14121-fbf7-41a4-9b49-191a2aaa32fb\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/88d14121-fbf7-41a4-9b49-191a2aaa32fb?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_88d14121-fbf7-41a4-9b49-191a2aaa32fb\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"fs-idm10510336\" class=\"history my-story\" data-type=\"note\" data-label=\"My Story\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Scottsboro Boys:\u00a0<\/strong>a reference to the infamous 1931 trial in Scottsboro, Alabama, where nine Black American boys were falsely accused of raping two White women and sentenced to death; the extreme injustice of the trial, particularly given the age of the boys and the inadequacy of the testimony against them, garnered national and international attention<\/p>\n<p><b>subsistence<\/b><strong>\u00a0farming<\/strong>: form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer&#8217;s family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1725\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The Great Depression. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/23-the-great-depression\/#IV_The_Lived_Experience_of_the_Great_Depression\">https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/23-the-great-depression\/#IV_The_Lived_Experience_of_the_Great_Depression<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Scottsboro Boys. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scottsboro_Boys#mediaviewer\/File:Leibowitz,_Samuel_%26_Scottsboro_Boys_1932.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scottsboro_Boys#mediaviewer\/File:Leibowitz,_Samuel_%26_Scottsboro_Boys_1932.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-1725-1\">Studs Terkel, <em>Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression\u00a0<\/em>(New York: Pantheon Books, 1970), 81-82. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1725-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1725-2\">William A. Sundstrom, \u201cLast Hired, First Fired? Unemployment and Urban Black Workers During the Great Depression,\u201d <em>Journal of American History<\/em>, 65, no. 1 (1978), 70\u201371. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1725-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-1725-3\">Anthony J. Badger, The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933\u20131940 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989), 15\u201323. <a href=\"#return-footnote-1725-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Great Depression\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/23-the-great-depression\/#IV_The_Lived_Experience_of_the_Great_Depression\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"The Scottsboro Boys\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scottsboro_Boys#mediaviewer\/File:Leibowitz,_Samuel_%26_Scottsboro_Boys_1932.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"786bbefe-027c-479e-a6fc-dbbdc76e6ef1,76abe95c-ce83-4daa-a0b0-ebc441b55cca","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1725","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":258,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1725","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23592"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1725\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9579,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1725\/revisions\/9579"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/258"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1725\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1725"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1725"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1725"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1725"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}