{"id":191,"date":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory2os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=191"},"modified":"2022-09-13T23:27:19","modified_gmt":"2022-09-13T23:27:19","slug":"economic-imperialism-in-east-asia","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/economic-imperialism-in-east-asia\/","title":{"raw":"Economic Imperialism in East Asia","rendered":"Economic Imperialism in East Asia"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the role of the Open Door in U.S. foreign policy with China<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain how U.S. diplomatic relations with Japan differed from the rest of East Asia<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp304464960\">While American forays into empire building began with military action, the country grew its scope and influence through other methods as well. In particular, the United States used its economic and industrial capacity to add to its empire, as can be seen in a study of the China market and the \u201cOpen Door Notes\u201d discussed below.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp54586896\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Why China?<\/h2>\r\nThe United States had long been involved in Pacific commerce; American ships had been traveling to China since 1784. As a percentage of total American foreign trade, Asian trade remained comparatively small, and yet the idea that Asian markets were vital to American commerce affected American policy and, when those markets were threatened, prompted interventions. With the defeat of the Spanish navy in the Atlantic and Pacific, and specifically with the addition of the Philippines as a base for American ports and coaling stations, the United States was ready to try and assert a dominant position relative to China.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203010\/CNX_History_22_03_Hay.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon captioned \u201cPutting His Foot Down\u201d shows Uncle Sam standing on a map of China, while Europe\u2019s imperialist nations (Germany, Spain, Great Britain, Russia, and France) try to cut out their \u201csphere of influence\u201d using large scissors. Austria sharpens its own scissors in the background. Uncle Sam holds a document labeled \u201cTrade Treaty with China\u201d and says, \u201cGentleman, you may cut up this map as much as you like, but remember, I'm here to stay, and you can't divide Me up into spheres of influence.\u201d\" width=\"520\" height=\"370\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This political cartoon shows Uncle Sam standing on a map of China, while Europe\u2019s imperialist nations (from left to right: Germany, Spain, Great Britain, Russia, and France) try to cut out their \u201csphere of influence.\u201d[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm178742224\">American businesses were not alone in seeing opportunities in the region. Other countries\u2014including Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, and Germany\u2014also hoped to make inroads in China. Previous treaties between Great Britain and China in 1842 and 1844 during the Opium Wars, when the British Empire militarily coerced the Chinese empire to accept the import of Indian opium in exchange for its tea, had forced an \u201copen door\u201d policy on China, in which all foreign nations had free and equal access to Chinese ports. This was at a time when Great Britain maintained the strongest economic relationship with China; however, other western nations used the new arrangement to send Christian missionaries, who began to work across inland China.<\/p>\r\nBy 1897, Germany had obtained exclusive mining rights in northern coastal China as reparations for the murder of two German missionaries. In 1898, Russia obtained permission to build a railroad across northeastern Manchuria. One by one, each country carved out their own <strong>sphere of influence<\/strong>, where they could control markets through tariffs and transportation, and thus ensure their share of the Chinese market.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm115298464\">Alarmed by the pace at which foreign powers further divided China into pseudo-territories, and worried that they had no significant piece for themselves, the United States government intervened. In contrast to European nations, however, American businesses wanted the whole market, not just a share of it. They wanted to do business in China with no artificially constructed spheres or boundaries to limit the extent of their trade, but without the territorial entanglements or legislative responsibilities that anti-imperialists opposed. With the approval and assistance of Secretary of State John Hay, several American businessmen created the American Asiatic Association in 1896 to pursue greater trade opportunities in China.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm123934848\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Open Door Notes<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm118398048\">In 1899, Secretary of State Hay made a bold move to acquire China\u2019s vast markets for American access by introducing <strong>Open Door Notes<\/strong>, a series of circular notes that Hay himself drafted as an expression of U.S. interests in the region and sent to the other competing powers. These notes, if agreed to by the other five nations maintaining spheres of influences in China, would erase all spheres and essentially open all doors to free trade, with no special tariffs or transportation controls that would give unfair advantages to one country over another. Specifically, the notes required that all countries agree to maintain free access to all treaty ports in China, to pay railroad charges and harbor fees (with no special access) and that only China would be permitted to collect any taxes on trade within its borders. While on paper, the Open Door Notes would offer equal access to all, the reality was that it greatly favored the United States. Free trade in China would give American businesses the ultimate advantage, as American companies were producing higher-quality goods than other countries, and were doing so more efficiently and less expensively. The \u201copen doors\u201d would flood the Chinese market with American goods, virtually squeezing other countries out of the market.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video explains America's economic interests in China and the reasoning for John Hay's Open Door Notes.\r\n\r\n<center><iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8159763&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=wSH5-GxD-c8&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-smfe5xhg-wSH5-GxD-c8\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/center>Browse the U.S. State Department\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1899-1913\/hay-and-china\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Milestones: 1899\u20141913<\/a> to learn more about Secretary of State John Hay and the strategy and thinking behind the Open Door Notes.\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/johnhaysopendoorpolicyforchina.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cJohn Hay's Open Door Policy for China\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203011\/CNX_History_22_03_Boxer.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows several soldiers of the Chinese Imperial Army during the Boxer Rebellion.\" width=\"390\" height=\"463\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The Boxer Rebellion in China sought to expel all western influences, including Christian missionaries and trade partners.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp49075312\">Although the foreign ministers of the other five nations sent half-hearted replies on behalf of their respective governments, with some outright denying the viability of the notes, Hay proclaimed them the new official policy on China, and American goods flooded the nation. China welcomed the notes, as they also stressed the U.S. commitment to preserving the Chinese government and territorial integrity.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>The Boxer Rebellion<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp90003040\">The notes were invoked barely a year later, when a group of Chinese insurgents, the Righteous and Harmonious Fists\u2014also known as the <strong>Boxer Rebellion<\/strong>\u2014fought to expel all western nations and their influences from China. The United States, along with Great Britain and Germany, sent over two thousand troops to end\u00a0the rebellion. The troops signified America's commitment to maintaining its commercial dominance in China.<\/p>\r\nIn the aftermath of the rebellion, China was left with an enormous penalty to pay back, and the United States refused to allow other countries to expand their control over China. Despite subsequent efforts, by Japan in particular, to undermine Chinese authority in 1915 and again during the Manchurian crisis of 1931, the United States remained resolute in defense of the open door principles through World War II. Only when China turned to communism in 1949 following an intense civil war did the principle become relatively meaningless. However, for nearly half a century, U.S. military involvement and a continued relationship with the Chinese government cemented their roles as preferred trading partners, illustrating how America used economic power, as well as military might, to grow its empire.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video explains more about the Boxer Rebellion in China.\r\n\r\n<center><iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8159764&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=AcwbMmUWHGw&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-vcxthk4v-AcwbMmUWHGw\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/center><center><\/center><center>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/soundsmarttheboxerrebellion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cSound Smart: The Boxer Rebellion | History\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/center><\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7dec8fcf-e966-49c4-8909-9ee428bc5063\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm48647008\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2><strong>Intervention in Russia and Japan\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp45666688\">Although he supported the Open Door Notes as an advantageous economic policy in China, Roosevelt lamented the fact that the United States had no strong military presence in the region to enforce it. Clearly, without a military presence, he could not effectively use his \u201cbig stick\u201d threat to achieve his foreign policy goals. As a result, when conflicts did arise on the other side of the Pacific, Roosevelt adopted a policy of maintaining a balance of power among the nations in the region. This was particularly evident when the <strong>Russo-Japanese War<\/strong> erupted in 1904.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nWatch <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vS-N_IPCRSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video to learn more about the context of the Russo-Japanese war<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"260\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203017\/CNX_History_22_04_RussoJapan.jpg\" alt=\"A contemporaneous military map shows the battlefields of the Russo-Japanese War.\" width=\"260\" height=\"343\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Japan\u2019s defense against Russia was supported by President Roosevelt, but when Japan\u2019s ongoing victories put the United States\u2019 own Asian interests at risk, he stepped in.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm74211632\">Initially, Roosevelt supported the Japanese position. However, when the Japanese fleet quickly achieved victory after victory, Roosevelt grew concerned over the growth of Japanese influence in the region and the continued threat that it represented to China and American access to those markets. Wishing to maintain the aforementioned balance of power, in 1905 Roosevelt arranged for diplomats from both nations to attend a secret peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The resultant negotiations secured peace in the region, with Japan gaining control over Korea, several former Russian bases in Manchuria, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island. These negotiations also garnered the Nobel Peace Prize for Roosevelt, the first American to receive the award.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm194134544\">When Japan later exercised its authority over its gains by forcing American business interests out of Manchuria in 1906\u20131907, Roosevelt felt he needed to invoke his \u201cbig stick\u201d foreign policy, even though the distance was great. He did so by sending the U.S. <strong>Great White Fleet<\/strong> on maneuvers in the western Pacific Ocean as a show of force from December 1907 through February 1909. Publicly described as a goodwill tour, the message to the Japanese government regarding American interests was clear. Subsequent negotiations reinforced the Open Door policy throughout China and the rest of Asia.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Gentleman's agreement<\/h3>\r\nRoosevelt's feelings about the Japanese were ambivalent at best. Because they were not White, Roosevelt was inclined to write them off as inferior to people of Anglo-Saxon heritage. However, their victory in the Russo-Japanese War complicated this, because Japan had defeated a European nation in conventional warfare. Roosevelt also approved of Japan's takeover of Korea, seeing it as part of the natural political order where a stronger state dominates and watches over a weaker state. The rising power of Japan meant that Roosevelt felt both respect for their martial power and an awareness that he also had to cultivate a less-hostile relationship. This intersected with domestic politics and immigration.\r\n\r\nIn the United States, nativism was on the rise, and on the West Coast, racism against Asian immigrants was growing. In San Francisco, schools had already been racially segregated on paper, but up until 1905 these policies had not been acted upon. When the city of San Francisco began enforcing racial segregation against Japanese school children, it led to protests from the Japanese government. Roosevelt, not wanting to anger Japan, negotiated a so-called <strong>gentleman's agreement<\/strong>. In exchange for the Japanese government quietly reducing immigration to the United States (Roosevelt agreed to block any public, legal immigration bans in order to avoid embarrassing Tokyo), school segregation would end. While racism on the West Coast persisted towards Japanese-Americans, Japan's military and political strength guaranteed that people of Japanese descent benefited from a degree of protection that Chinese-Americans and Korean-Americans did not possess.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm199575280\" class=\"summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div data-type=\"title\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7a9b61e1-c433-4a35-9cfe-a196a3ca1c31\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\n<section>How does the \u201cOpen Door Notes\u201d episode represent a new, nonmilitary tactic in the expansion of the American empire?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"664988\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"664988\"]The Open Door Notes and the American foray into China revealed the power of economic clout. Given the unprecedented technological advances of the industrial revolution, American goods were often less expensive and of better quality than those produced in other countries, and they were highly sought after in Asia. Therefore, when Hay derided the spheres of influence model, wherein each country had its own room to maneuver in China, he was able to flood Chinese markets with American trade. Through these maneuvers, the United States was able to augment its global standing considerably without the use of its military forces.[\/hidden-answer]<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Boxer Rebellion:<\/strong> an insurgency in China led by a group known as the Righteous and Harmonious Fists that tried to end intrusive Western influence and power in China\r\n\r\n<strong>Great White Fleet: <\/strong>a\u00a0fleet of U.S. battleships that circled the globe and visited numerous countries, meant to showcase a modernized and improved navy\r\n\r\n<strong>Open Door Notes:\u00a0<\/strong>the circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be \u201copen doors\u201d in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the efficient industrial capacity of the United States\r\n\r\n<strong>sphere of influence:\u00a0<\/strong>the goal of foreign countries such as Japan, Russia, France, and Germany to carve out an area of the Chinese market that they could exploit through tariff and transportation agreements\r\n\r\n<strong>Russo-Japanese War: <\/strong>the conflict that lasted from 1904 to 1905 between Russia and Japan, ending in a Japanese victory\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the role of the Open Door in U.S. foreign policy with China<\/li>\n<li>Explain how U.S. diplomatic relations with Japan differed from the rest of East Asia<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp304464960\">While American forays into empire building began with military action, the country grew its scope and influence through other methods as well. In particular, the United States used its economic and industrial capacity to add to its empire, as can be seen in a study of the China market and the \u201cOpen Door Notes\u201d discussed below.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idp54586896\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Why China?<\/h2>\n<p>The United States had long been involved in Pacific commerce; American ships had been traveling to China since 1784. As a percentage of total American foreign trade, Asian trade remained comparatively small, and yet the idea that Asian markets were vital to American commerce affected American policy and, when those markets were threatened, prompted interventions. With the defeat of the Spanish navy in the Atlantic and Pacific, and specifically with the addition of the Philippines as a base for American ports and coaling stations, the United States was ready to try and assert a dominant position relative to China.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203010\/CNX_History_22_03_Hay.jpg\" alt=\"A cartoon captioned \u201cPutting His Foot Down\u201d shows Uncle Sam standing on a map of China, while Europe\u2019s imperialist nations (Germany, Spain, Great Britain, Russia, and France) try to cut out their \u201csphere of influence\u201d using large scissors. Austria sharpens its own scissors in the background. Uncle Sam holds a document labeled \u201cTrade Treaty with China\u201d and says, \u201cGentleman, you may cut up this map as much as you like, but remember, I'm here to stay, and you can't divide Me up into spheres of influence.\u201d\" width=\"520\" height=\"370\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This political cartoon shows Uncle Sam standing on a map of China, while Europe\u2019s imperialist nations (from left to right: Germany, Spain, Great Britain, Russia, and France) try to cut out their \u201csphere of influence.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm178742224\">American businesses were not alone in seeing opportunities in the region. Other countries\u2014including Japan, Russia, Great Britain, France, and Germany\u2014also hoped to make inroads in China. Previous treaties between Great Britain and China in 1842 and 1844 during the Opium Wars, when the British Empire militarily coerced the Chinese empire to accept the import of Indian opium in exchange for its tea, had forced an \u201copen door\u201d policy on China, in which all foreign nations had free and equal access to Chinese ports. This was at a time when Great Britain maintained the strongest economic relationship with China; however, other western nations used the new arrangement to send Christian missionaries, who began to work across inland China.<\/p>\n<p>By 1897, Germany had obtained exclusive mining rights in northern coastal China as reparations for the murder of two German missionaries. In 1898, Russia obtained permission to build a railroad across northeastern Manchuria. One by one, each country carved out their own <strong>sphere of influence<\/strong>, where they could control markets through tariffs and transportation, and thus ensure their share of the Chinese market.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm115298464\">Alarmed by the pace at which foreign powers further divided China into pseudo-territories, and worried that they had no significant piece for themselves, the United States government intervened. In contrast to European nations, however, American businesses wanted the whole market, not just a share of it. They wanted to do business in China with no artificially constructed spheres or boundaries to limit the extent of their trade, but without the territorial entanglements or legislative responsibilities that anti-imperialists opposed. With the approval and assistance of Secretary of State John Hay, several American businessmen created the American Asiatic Association in 1896 to pursue greater trade opportunities in China.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm123934848\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Open Door Notes<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm118398048\">In 1899, Secretary of State Hay made a bold move to acquire China\u2019s vast markets for American access by introducing <strong>Open Door Notes<\/strong>, a series of circular notes that Hay himself drafted as an expression of U.S. interests in the region and sent to the other competing powers. These notes, if agreed to by the other five nations maintaining spheres of influences in China, would erase all spheres and essentially open all doors to free trade, with no special tariffs or transportation controls that would give unfair advantages to one country over another. Specifically, the notes required that all countries agree to maintain free access to all treaty ports in China, to pay railroad charges and harbor fees (with no special access) and that only China would be permitted to collect any taxes on trade within its borders. While on paper, the Open Door Notes would offer equal access to all, the reality was that it greatly favored the United States. Free trade in China would give American businesses the ultimate advantage, as American companies were producing higher-quality goods than other countries, and were doing so more efficiently and less expensively. The \u201copen doors\u201d would flood the Chinese market with American goods, virtually squeezing other countries out of the market.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video explains America&#8217;s economic interests in China and the reasoning for John Hay&#8217;s Open Door Notes.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8159763&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=wSH5-GxD-c8&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-smfe5xhg-wSH5-GxD-c8\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>Browse the U.S. State Department\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1899-1913\/hay-and-china\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Milestones: 1899\u20141913<\/a> to learn more about Secretary of State John Hay and the strategy and thinking behind the Open Door Notes.<\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/johnhaysopendoorpolicyforchina.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cJohn Hay&#8217;s Open Door Policy for China\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203011\/CNX_History_22_03_Boxer.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows several soldiers of the Chinese Imperial Army during the Boxer Rebellion.\" width=\"390\" height=\"463\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The Boxer Rebellion in China sought to expel all western influences, including Christian missionaries and trade partners.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp49075312\">Although the foreign ministers of the other five nations sent half-hearted replies on behalf of their respective governments, with some outright denying the viability of the notes, Hay proclaimed them the new official policy on China, and American goods flooded the nation. China welcomed the notes, as they also stressed the U.S. commitment to preserving the Chinese government and territorial integrity.<\/p>\n<h2>The Boxer Rebellion<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp90003040\">The notes were invoked barely a year later, when a group of Chinese insurgents, the Righteous and Harmonious Fists\u2014also known as the <strong>Boxer Rebellion<\/strong>\u2014fought to expel all western nations and their influences from China. The United States, along with Great Britain and Germany, sent over two thousand troops to end\u00a0the rebellion. The troops signified America&#8217;s commitment to maintaining its commercial dominance in China.<\/p>\n<p>In the aftermath of the rebellion, China was left with an enormous penalty to pay back, and the United States refused to allow other countries to expand their control over China. Despite subsequent efforts, by Japan in particular, to undermine Chinese authority in 1915 and again during the Manchurian crisis of 1931, the United States remained resolute in defense of the open door principles through World War II. Only when China turned to communism in 1949 following an intense civil war did the principle become relatively meaningless. However, for nearly half a century, U.S. military involvement and a continued relationship with the Chinese government cemented their roles as preferred trading partners, illustrating how America used economic power, as well as military might, to grow its empire.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video explains more about the Boxer Rebellion in China.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8159764&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=AcwbMmUWHGw&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-vcxthk4v-AcwbMmUWHGw\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/soundsmarttheboxerrebellion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cSound Smart: The Boxer Rebellion | History\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7dec8fcf-e966-49c4-8909-9ee428bc5063\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7dec8fcf-e966-49c4-8909-9ee428bc5063?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7dec8fcf-e966-49c4-8909-9ee428bc5063\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm48647008\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2><strong>Intervention in Russia and Japan\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp45666688\">Although he supported the Open Door Notes as an advantageous economic policy in China, Roosevelt lamented the fact that the United States had no strong military presence in the region to enforce it. Clearly, without a military presence, he could not effectively use his \u201cbig stick\u201d threat to achieve his foreign policy goals. As a result, when conflicts did arise on the other side of the Pacific, Roosevelt adopted a policy of maintaining a balance of power among the nations in the region. This was particularly evident when the <strong>Russo-Japanese War<\/strong> erupted in 1904.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Watch <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vS-N_IPCRSc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video to learn more about the context of the Russo-Japanese war<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203017\/CNX_History_22_04_RussoJapan.jpg\" alt=\"A contemporaneous military map shows the battlefields of the Russo-Japanese War.\" width=\"260\" height=\"343\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Japan\u2019s defense against Russia was supported by President Roosevelt, but when Japan\u2019s ongoing victories put the United States\u2019 own Asian interests at risk, he stepped in.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm74211632\">Initially, Roosevelt supported the Japanese position. However, when the Japanese fleet quickly achieved victory after victory, Roosevelt grew concerned over the growth of Japanese influence in the region and the continued threat that it represented to China and American access to those markets. Wishing to maintain the aforementioned balance of power, in 1905 Roosevelt arranged for diplomats from both nations to attend a secret peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The resultant negotiations secured peace in the region, with Japan gaining control over Korea, several former Russian bases in Manchuria, and the southern half of Sakhalin Island. These negotiations also garnered the Nobel Peace Prize for Roosevelt, the first American to receive the award.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm194134544\">When Japan later exercised its authority over its gains by forcing American business interests out of Manchuria in 1906\u20131907, Roosevelt felt he needed to invoke his \u201cbig stick\u201d foreign policy, even though the distance was great. He did so by sending the U.S. <strong>Great White Fleet<\/strong> on maneuvers in the western Pacific Ocean as a show of force from December 1907 through February 1909. Publicly described as a goodwill tour, the message to the Japanese government regarding American interests was clear. Subsequent negotiations reinforced the Open Door policy throughout China and the rest of Asia.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Gentleman&#8217;s agreement<\/h3>\n<p>Roosevelt&#8217;s feelings about the Japanese were ambivalent at best. Because they were not White, Roosevelt was inclined to write them off as inferior to people of Anglo-Saxon heritage. However, their victory in the Russo-Japanese War complicated this, because Japan had defeated a European nation in conventional warfare. Roosevelt also approved of Japan&#8217;s takeover of Korea, seeing it as part of the natural political order where a stronger state dominates and watches over a weaker state. The rising power of Japan meant that Roosevelt felt both respect for their martial power and an awareness that he also had to cultivate a less-hostile relationship. This intersected with domestic politics and immigration.<\/p>\n<p>In the United States, nativism was on the rise, and on the West Coast, racism against Asian immigrants was growing. In San Francisco, schools had already been racially segregated on paper, but up until 1905 these policies had not been acted upon. When the city of San Francisco began enforcing racial segregation against Japanese school children, it led to protests from the Japanese government. Roosevelt, not wanting to anger Japan, negotiated a so-called <strong>gentleman&#8217;s agreement<\/strong>. In exchange for the Japanese government quietly reducing immigration to the United States (Roosevelt agreed to block any public, legal immigration bans in order to avoid embarrassing Tokyo), school segregation would end. While racism on the West Coast persisted towards Japanese-Americans, Japan&#8217;s military and political strength guaranteed that people of Japanese descent benefited from a degree of protection that Chinese-Americans and Korean-Americans did not possess.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm199575280\" class=\"summary\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div data-type=\"title\">\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_7a9b61e1-c433-4a35-9cfe-a196a3ca1c31\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/7a9b61e1-c433-4a35-9cfe-a196a3ca1c31?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_7a9b61e1-c433-4a35-9cfe-a196a3ca1c31\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<section>How does the \u201cOpen Door Notes\u201d episode represent a new, nonmilitary tactic in the expansion of the American empire?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q664988\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q664988\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The Open Door Notes and the American foray into China revealed the power of economic clout. Given the unprecedented technological advances of the industrial revolution, American goods were often less expensive and of better quality than those produced in other countries, and they were highly sought after in Asia. Therefore, when Hay derided the spheres of influence model, wherein each country had its own room to maneuver in China, he was able to flood Chinese markets with American trade. Through these maneuvers, the United States was able to augment its global standing considerably without the use of its military forces.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Boxer Rebellion:<\/strong> an insurgency in China led by a group known as the Righteous and Harmonious Fists that tried to end intrusive Western influence and power in China<\/p>\n<p><strong>Great White Fleet: <\/strong>a\u00a0fleet of U.S. battleships that circled the globe and visited numerous countries, meant to showcase a modernized and improved navy<\/p>\n<p><strong>Open Door Notes:\u00a0<\/strong>the circular notes sent by Secretary of State Hay claiming that there should be \u201copen doors\u201d in China, allowing all countries equal and total access to all markets, ports, and railroads without any special considerations from the Chinese authorities; while ostensibly leveling the playing field, this strategy greatly benefited the efficient industrial capacity of the United States<\/p>\n<p><strong>sphere of influence:\u00a0<\/strong>the goal of foreign countries such as Japan, Russia, France, and Germany to carve out an area of the Chinese market that they could exploit through tariff and transportation agreements<\/p>\n<p><strong>Russo-Japanese War: <\/strong>the conflict that lasted from 1904 to 1905 between Russia and Japan, ending in a Japanese victory<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-191\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Zeb Larson for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Specific attribution<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>U.S. History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: American YAWP. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/19-american-empire\/\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/19-american-empire\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Sound Smart: The Boxer Rebellion. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: History. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AcwbMmUWHGw&#038;feature=emb_logo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AcwbMmUWHGw&#038;feature=emb_logo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>John Hay&#039;s Open Door Policy for China. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: NBC News Learn. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wSH5-GxD-c8\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wSH5-GxD-c8<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc-attribution\",\"description\":\"U.S. History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"American YAWP\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/19-american-empire\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Zeb Larson for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Sound Smart: The Boxer Rebellion\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"History\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AcwbMmUWHGw&feature=emb_logo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"John Hay\\'s Open Door Policy for China\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"NBC News Learn\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wSH5-GxD-c8\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"4f7937cd-e3e0-46b2-bbe4-1ea71270b063,b9b64be6-30a6-40e8-8e06-549606cb3fd8,ab005a59-4a39-4ae5-8e5d-9cdceeca031b","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-191","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":174,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/191","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"version-history":[{"count":41,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/191\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9402,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/191\/revisions\/9402"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/174"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/191\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=191"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=191"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=191"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=191"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}