{"id":1936,"date":"2021-08-02T04:36:56","date_gmt":"2021-08-02T04:36:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1936"},"modified":"2022-07-25T19:12:08","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T19:12:08","slug":"same-sex-marriage-and-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/same-sex-marriage-and-climate-change\/","title":{"raw":"Social and Environmental Change","rendered":"Social and Environmental Change"},"content":{"raw":"<section id=\"fs-idp18065984\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the evolution of twenty-first-century American attitudes towards same-sex marriage<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Analyze the debate over climate change in American politics<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">What is a Marriage?<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm162843152\">Before the 1990s, the potential of same-sex marriage becoming legal was slim because neither the Republican or Democrat parties openly supported it.\u00a0Things began to change,\u00a0following Vermont\u2019s decision to allow same-sex couples to form state-recognized civil unions in which they could enjoy all the legal rights and privileges of\u00a0marriage.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm1258560\">Following Vermont\u2019s lead, several other states legalized same-sex marriages or civil unions among\u00a0LGBTQIA+ couples.\u00a0In 2004, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that barring LGBTQIA+ couples from marrying violated the state constitution. The court held that offering same-sex couples the right to form civil unions but not marriage was an act of discrimination, and Massachusetts became the first state to allow same-sex couples to marry. Not all states followed suit, and there was a backlash in several states. Between 1998 and 2012, thirty states banned same-sex marriage either by statute or by amending their constitutions. Other states attempted, unsuccessfully, to do the same. In 2007, the Massachusetts State Legislature rejected a proposed amendment to the state\u2019s constitution that would have prohibited such marriages.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\r\nWatch this <a href=\"http:\/\/billmoyers.com\/content\/the-new-holy-war\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">detailed documentary<\/a> on the attitudes that prevailed in Colorado in 1992, when the voters of that state approved Amendment 2 to the state\u2019s constitution and consequently denied gay and lesbian Coloradans the right to claim relief from local levels of discrimination in public accommodations, housing, or jobs.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203509\/CNX_History_32_03_Marriage.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a) shows supporters and protestors of same-sex marriage gathered outside of San Francisco\u2019s City Hall. Photograph (b) shows supporters flying rainbow flags outside of the Iowa Supreme Court; in the center of the image, they hold a sign that reads, \u201cOur liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain.\u201d\" width=\"520\" height=\"358\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Supporters and protesters of same-sex marriage gather in front of San Francisco\u2019s City Hall (a) as the California Supreme Court decides the fate of Proposition 8, a 2008 ballot measure stating that \u201conly marriage between a man and a woman\u201d would be valid in California. Following the Iowa Supreme Court\u2019s decision to legalize same-sex marriage, supporters rally in Iowa City on April 3, 2009 (b). The banner displays the Iowa state motto: \u201cOur liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain.\u201d (credit a: modification of work by Jamison Wieser; credit b: modification of work by Alan Light)[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp101957584\">While those in support of broadening civil rights to include same-sex marriage were optimistic, those opposed employed new tactics. In 2008, opponents of same-sex marriage in California tried a ballot initiative to define marriage strictly as a union between a man and a woman. Despite strong support for broadening marriage rights, the proposition was successful. This change was just one of dozens that states had been putting in place since the late 1990s to make same-sex marriage unconstitutional at the state level. Like the California proposition, however, many new state constitutional amendments faced challenges in court. This all changed in June 2015 when the Supreme Court ruled in\u00a0<em>Obergefell v. Hodges<\/em>\u00a0that same-sex marriage was a constitutional right, making gay marriage legal in all fifty states.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp42680176\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Why Fight Climate Change?<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp144114656\">Even as mainstream members of both political parties moved closer together on same-sex marriage, political divisions on\u00a0other issues.\u00a0One increasingly polarizing debate that baffles much of the rest of the world where it is not so political is about global climate change. Despite near unanimity in the scientific community that climate change is real and will have devastating consequences, large segments of the American population, continued and continue to insist that it is little more than a complex hoax and a leftist conspiracy.<\/p>\r\nIn 1998, the United States, which produces roughly 36 percent of the greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that prevent the earth\u2019s heat from escaping into space, signed the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement among the world\u2019s nations to reduce their emissions of these gases. President Bush objected to the requirement that major industrialized nations limit their emissions to a greater extent than other parts of the world and argued that doing so might hurt the American economy. He announced that the United States would not be bound by the agreement, and it was never ratified by Congress.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm112522000\">Instead, the Bush administration appeared to suppress scientific reporting on climate change. In 2006, the progressive-leaning Union of Concerned Scientists surveyed sixteen hundred climate scientists, asking them about the state of federal climate research. Of those who responded, nearly three-fourths believed that their research had been subjected to new administrative requirements, third-party editing to change their conclusions, or pressure not to use terms such as \u201cglobal warming.\u201d Republican politicians, citing the altered reports, argued that there was no unified opinion among members of the scientific community that humans were damaging the climate.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm71429760\">Countering this rejection of science were the activities of many environmentalists, including Al Gore, Clinton\u2019s vice president and Bush\u2019s opponent in the disputed 2000 election. As a new member of Congress in 1976, Gore had developed what proved a steady commitment to environmental issues. In 2004, he established Generation Investment Management, which sought to promote an environmentally responsible system of equity analysis and investment. In 2006, a documentary film, <em data-effect=\"italics\">An Inconvenient Truth<\/em>, represented his attempts to educate people about the realities and dangers of global warming, and won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Documentary. Though some of what Gore said was in error, the film\u2019s main thrust is in keeping with the weight of scientific evidence. In 2007, as a result of these efforts to \u201cdisseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change,\u201d Gore shared the Nobel Peace Prize with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.<\/p>\r\nMuch of the resistance to addressing climate change is economic. As Americans looked over their shoulder at China, many refused to sacrifice immediate economic growth for long-term environmental security. Twenty-first-century relations with China remained characterized by contradictions and interdependence. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, China reinvigorated its efforts to modernize its country. By liberating and subsidizing much of its economy and drawing enormous foreign investments, China has posted massive growth rates during the last several decades. Enormous cities rise by the day. In 2000, China had a GDP around an eighth the size of U.S. GDP. Based on growth rates and trends, analysts suggest that China\u2019s economy will bypass that of the United States soon. American concerns about China\u2019s political system have persisted, but money sometimes matters more to Americans. China has become one of the country\u2019s leading trade partners. Cultural exchange has increased, and more and more Americans visit China each year, with many settling down to work and study.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nCheck out this video to learn about how climate change is impacting a town in Alaska.\r\n\r\n<center><iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8207372&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=G40ooKzI664&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-t661tiv3-G40ooKzI664\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp42680176\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/2d85f028-4c81-4ecb-b5ff-842e233d91dd\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/3a2f650d-1203-4b6c-88c3-df1c17efd9fd\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\n<section>What was the result of the Bush administration\u2019s unwillingness to recognize that climate change is being accelerated by human activity?[reveal-answer q=\"454276\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"454276\"]The administration refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, and, as a result, the United States has not been required to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, climate scientists have experienced interference with their work. For critics of climate change, this hampering of scientific research and consensus has provided further evidence of the lack of agreed-upon conclusions about climate change.[\/hidden-answer]<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>civil unions:\u00a0<\/strong>a civil status offered to gay and lesbian couples with the goal of securing the main privileges of marriage without granting them equal status in marriage\r\n\r\n<strong>greenhouse gases:\u00a0<\/strong>gases in the earth\u2019s atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, that trap heat and prevent it from radiating into space\r\n\r\n<strong>Kyoto Protocol:\u00a0<\/strong>an international agreement establishing regulations designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the world\u2019s industrialized nations\r\n\r\n<strong>LGBTQIA+:\u00a0<\/strong>lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section id=\"fs-idp18065984\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the evolution of twenty-first-century American attitudes towards same-sex marriage<\/li>\n<li>Analyze the debate over climate change in American politics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">What is a Marriage?<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm162843152\">Before the 1990s, the potential of same-sex marriage becoming legal was slim because neither the Republican or Democrat parties openly supported it.\u00a0Things began to change,\u00a0following Vermont\u2019s decision to allow same-sex couples to form state-recognized civil unions in which they could enjoy all the legal rights and privileges of\u00a0marriage.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm1258560\">Following Vermont\u2019s lead, several other states legalized same-sex marriages or civil unions among\u00a0LGBTQIA+ couples.\u00a0In 2004, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled that barring LGBTQIA+ couples from marrying violated the state constitution. The court held that offering same-sex couples the right to form civil unions but not marriage was an act of discrimination, and Massachusetts became the first state to allow same-sex couples to marry. Not all states followed suit, and there was a backlash in several states. Between 1998 and 2012, thirty states banned same-sex marriage either by statute or by amending their constitutions. Other states attempted, unsuccessfully, to do the same. In 2007, the Massachusetts State Legislature rejected a proposed amendment to the state\u2019s constitution that would have prohibited such marriages.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to learning<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this <a href=\"http:\/\/billmoyers.com\/content\/the-new-holy-war\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">detailed documentary<\/a> on the attitudes that prevailed in Colorado in 1992, when the voters of that state approved Amendment 2 to the state\u2019s constitution and consequently denied gay and lesbian Coloradans the right to claim relief from local levels of discrimination in public accommodations, housing, or jobs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203509\/CNX_History_32_03_Marriage.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a) shows supporters and protestors of same-sex marriage gathered outside of San Francisco\u2019s City Hall. Photograph (b) shows supporters flying rainbow flags outside of the Iowa Supreme Court; in the center of the image, they hold a sign that reads, \u201cOur liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain.\u201d\" width=\"520\" height=\"358\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> Supporters and protesters of same-sex marriage gather in front of San Francisco\u2019s City Hall (a) as the California Supreme Court decides the fate of Proposition 8, a 2008 ballot measure stating that \u201conly marriage between a man and a woman\u201d would be valid in California. Following the Iowa Supreme Court\u2019s decision to legalize same-sex marriage, supporters rally in Iowa City on April 3, 2009 (b). The banner displays the Iowa state motto: \u201cOur liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain.\u201d (credit a: modification of work by Jamison Wieser; credit b: modification of work by Alan Light)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp101957584\">While those in support of broadening civil rights to include same-sex marriage were optimistic, those opposed employed new tactics. In 2008, opponents of same-sex marriage in California tried a ballot initiative to define marriage strictly as a union between a man and a woman. Despite strong support for broadening marriage rights, the proposition was successful. This change was just one of dozens that states had been putting in place since the late 1990s to make same-sex marriage unconstitutional at the state level. Like the California proposition, however, many new state constitutional amendments faced challenges in court. This all changed in June 2015 when the Supreme Court ruled in\u00a0<em>Obergefell v. Hodges<\/em>\u00a0that same-sex marriage was a constitutional right, making gay marriage legal in all fifty states.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp42680176\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Why Fight Climate Change?<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp144114656\">Even as mainstream members of both political parties moved closer together on same-sex marriage, political divisions on\u00a0other issues.\u00a0One increasingly polarizing debate that baffles much of the rest of the world where it is not so political is about global climate change. Despite near unanimity in the scientific community that climate change is real and will have devastating consequences, large segments of the American population, continued and continue to insist that it is little more than a complex hoax and a leftist conspiracy.<\/p>\n<p>In 1998, the United States, which produces roughly 36 percent of the greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide that prevent the earth\u2019s heat from escaping into space, signed the Kyoto Protocol, an agreement among the world\u2019s nations to reduce their emissions of these gases. President Bush objected to the requirement that major industrialized nations limit their emissions to a greater extent than other parts of the world and argued that doing so might hurt the American economy. He announced that the United States would not be bound by the agreement, and it was never ratified by Congress.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm112522000\">Instead, the Bush administration appeared to suppress scientific reporting on climate change. In 2006, the progressive-leaning Union of Concerned Scientists surveyed sixteen hundred climate scientists, asking them about the state of federal climate research. Of those who responded, nearly three-fourths believed that their research had been subjected to new administrative requirements, third-party editing to change their conclusions, or pressure not to use terms such as \u201cglobal warming.\u201d Republican politicians, citing the altered reports, argued that there was no unified opinion among members of the scientific community that humans were damaging the climate.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm71429760\">Countering this rejection of science were the activities of many environmentalists, including Al Gore, Clinton\u2019s vice president and Bush\u2019s opponent in the disputed 2000 election. As a new member of Congress in 1976, Gore had developed what proved a steady commitment to environmental issues. In 2004, he established Generation Investment Management, which sought to promote an environmentally responsible system of equity analysis and investment. In 2006, a documentary film, <em data-effect=\"italics\">An Inconvenient Truth<\/em>, represented his attempts to educate people about the realities and dangers of global warming, and won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Documentary. Though some of what Gore said was in error, the film\u2019s main thrust is in keeping with the weight of scientific evidence. In 2007, as a result of these efforts to \u201cdisseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change,\u201d Gore shared the Nobel Peace Prize with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.<\/p>\n<p>Much of the resistance to addressing climate change is economic. As Americans looked over their shoulder at China, many refused to sacrifice immediate economic growth for long-term environmental security. Twenty-first-century relations with China remained characterized by contradictions and interdependence. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, China reinvigorated its efforts to modernize its country. By liberating and subsidizing much of its economy and drawing enormous foreign investments, China has posted massive growth rates during the last several decades. Enormous cities rise by the day. In 2000, China had a GDP around an eighth the size of U.S. GDP. Based on growth rates and trends, analysts suggest that China\u2019s economy will bypass that of the United States soon. American concerns about China\u2019s political system have persisted, but money sometimes matters more to Americans. China has become one of the country\u2019s leading trade partners. Cultural exchange has increased, and more and more Americans visit China each year, with many settling down to work and study.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Check out this video to learn about how climate change is impacting a town in Alaska.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8207372&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=G40ooKzI664&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-t661tiv3-G40ooKzI664\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp42680176\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_2d85f028-4c81-4ecb-b5ff-842e233d91dd\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/2d85f028-4c81-4ecb-b5ff-842e233d91dd?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_2d85f028-4c81-4ecb-b5ff-842e233d91dd\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_3a2f650d-1203-4b6c-88c3-df1c17efd9fd\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/3a2f650d-1203-4b6c-88c3-df1c17efd9fd?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_3a2f650d-1203-4b6c-88c3-df1c17efd9fd\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<section>What was the result of the Bush administration\u2019s unwillingness to recognize that climate change is being accelerated by human activity?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q454276\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q454276\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The administration refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, and, as a result, the United States has not been required to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, climate scientists have experienced interference with their work. For critics of climate change, this hampering of scientific research and consensus has provided further evidence of the lack of agreed-upon conclusions about climate change.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>civil unions:\u00a0<\/strong>a civil status offered to gay and lesbian couples with the goal of securing the main privileges of marriage without granting them equal status in marriage<\/p>\n<p><strong>greenhouse gases:\u00a0<\/strong>gases in the earth\u2019s atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, that trap heat and prevent it from radiating into space<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kyoto Protocol:\u00a0<\/strong>an international agreement establishing regulations designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by the world\u2019s industrialized nations<\/p>\n<p><strong>LGBTQIA+:\u00a0<\/strong>lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1936\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Nicole Winans for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Climate Change Is Making This Alaskan Town Fall Into The Ocean (HBO). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: VICE News. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=G40ooKzI664\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=G40ooKzI664<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":23592,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US 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License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"54342c82-fa60-4b36-9ca3-4e42a249362e,075cc059-bc63-4edb-b05f-adf5aeb71726,e5390d10-8588-454b-b97d-e9fa787c0549","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1936","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":449,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1936","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/23592"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1936\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8884,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1936\/revisions\/8884"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/449"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1936\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1936"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1936"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1936"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1936"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}