{"id":240,"date":"2015-08-21T18:07:00","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:07:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory2os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=240"},"modified":"2022-09-16T00:30:19","modified_gmt":"2022-09-16T00:30:19","slug":"prosperity-and-the-production-of-popular-entertainment","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/prosperity-and-the-production-of-popular-entertainment\/","title":{"raw":"Prosperity and the Production of Popular Entertainment","rendered":"Prosperity and the Production of Popular Entertainment"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As<\/span>sess the role of new technology\u00a0in the evolution of American culture<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe the expressions of anti-Black racism in popular entertainment in the 1920s<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"Figure_24_01_Timeline\" class=\"timeline\"><\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp11117296\">In the 1920s, prosperity manifested in many forms, most notably in advancements in entertainment and technology that led to new patterns of leisure and consumption. Movies and sports became increasingly popular and buying on credit or \u201ccarrying\u201d the debt allowed for the sale of more consumer goods. Automobiles, for example, were within reach of average Americans for the first time. Advertising became a central institution in this new consumer economy, and commercial radio and magazines turned athletes and actors into national icons. \u201cChange is in the very air Americans breathe, and consumer changes are the very bricks out of which we are building our new kind of civilization,\u201d announced marketing expert and home economist Christine Frederick in her influential 1929 monograph, <em>Selling Mrs. Consumer<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm20888736\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Movies<\/h2>\r\nThe increased prosperity of the 1920s gave many Americans more disposable income to spend on entertainment. As the popularity of \u201cmoving pictures\u201d grew in the early part of the decade, \u201cmovie palaces,\u201d capable of seating thousands, sprang up in major cities. A ticket for a double feature and a live show cost twenty-five cents; for a quarter, Americans could escape from their problems and lose themselves in another era or world. People of all ages attended the movies with far more regularity than today, often going more than once per week. By the end of the decade, weekly movie attendance swelled to ninety million people.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"400\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/51\/Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG?20111227121146\" alt=\"Al Jolson portraying Jack Robin singing in blackface\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" \/> <strong>Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong>Al Jolson as Jack Robin, in blackface, performing \"My Mammy\" publicity photo for the Warner Bros. film The Jazz Singer (1927)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe silent movies of the early 1920s gave rise to the first generation of movie stars. Rudolph Valentino, the lothario with the bedroom eyes, and Clara Bow, the \u201cIt Girl\u201d with sex appeal, filled the imagination of millions of American moviegoers. However, no star captured the attention of the American viewing public more than Charlie Chaplin. This sad-eyed tramp with a moustache, baggy pants, and a cane was the top box office attraction of his time.\r\n<figure id=\"Figure_24_01_Chaplin\"><\/figure>\r\n<h3>The Jazz Singer<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm255820928\">In 1927, the world of the silent movie began to wane with the New York release of the first \u201ctalkie\u201d: <em data-effect=\"italics\">The Jazz Singer<\/em>. The plot of this film, which starred Al Jolson, told a distinctively American story of the 1920s. In the film, Jolson\u2019s character Jake Robin (born Jakie Rabinowitz) is disowned by his cantor father for singing African-American-influenced music, and runs away from the Jewish ghetto of the Lower East Side to find fame and fortune on Broadway. In the film, Jolson uses <strong>blackface<\/strong>, and has been referred to by modern critics as \"the king of blackface performers.\" While the use of blackface by White performers, who often reinforced stereotypes about Black life in these narratives, is certainly offensive to film historians today, it was a common convention in the early American cinema. <em>The Jazz Singer's<\/em> story and the new sound technology used to present it were popular with audiences around the country. It quickly became a huge hit for Warner Brothers, one of the \u201cbig five\u201d motion picture studios in <strong>Hollywood<\/strong> along with Twentieth Century Fox, RKO Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.\u00a0By the 1920s, the once-sleepy California village was home to a majorly profitable and innovative industry.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/33d34802-908f-4bdb-905e-a08caa59532e\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/653b8227-0dc3-47ba-a5f5-e6d3b9c3fee6\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idm246387344\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>The Power of Radio and the World of Sports<\/h2>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp1830512\" data-depth=\"1\">After being introduced during World War I, radios became a common feature in American homes of the 1920s. Hundreds of radio stations popped up over the decade. These stations developed and broadcasted news, serial stories, and political speeches. Much like print media, advertising space was interspersed with entertainment. Yet, unlike magazines and newspapers, advertisers did not have to depend on the active participation of consumers.\u00a0<strong>Syndicated<\/strong> radio programs like <em>Amos \u2018n\u2019 Andy<\/em>, which began in the late 1920s, entertained listeners around the country\u2014in this case,\u00a0it did so with racial stereotypes about Black Americans familiar from minstrel shows of the previous century. No longer were small corners of the country separated by their access to information. With the radio, Americans from coast to coast could listen to exactly the same programming. This had the effect of smoothing out regional differences in dialect, language, music, and even consumer taste.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"265\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/13\/Babe_Ruth2.jpg\/800px-Babe_Ruth2.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph showing Babe Ruth holding his baseball bat, signed by him\" width=\"265\" height=\"349\" \/> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong>\u00a0Babe Ruth pictured in 1920<\/span>[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Radio and American Sports<\/h3>\r\nRadio also transformed how Americans enjoyed sports, by bringing sports entertainment right into the homes of millions.\u00a0Play-by-play radio broadcasts of major collegiate and professional sporting events marked a new era, despite the institutionalization of racial segregation in most sports.\u00a0Radio also helped to popularize sports figures and their accomplishments. The biggest star of all was the \u201cSultan of Swat,\u201d Babe Ruth, who became America\u2019s first baseball hero. He changed the game of baseball from a low-scoring one dominated by pitchers to one where his hitting became famous.\u00a0Ruth\u2019s incredible talent accelerated the popularity of baseball, establishing it as America\u2019s pastime. His propensity to shatter records made him a national hero.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"520\"]<img style=\"orphans: 1;\" src=\"https:\/\/npr.brightspotcdn.com\/dims4\/default\/5c7809e\/2147483647\/strip\/true\/crop\/2865x2285+0+0\/resize\/880x702!\/quality\/90\/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F38%2F4b%2F709d9cab41eb87fedb1af0070aa9%2Fkansas-city-monarchs-1921.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of the Kansas City Monarchs baseball team\" width=\"520\" height=\"415\" \/> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> Some players from the Kansas City Monarchs (pictured above in 1921) are among the more than 3,400 players now recognized by MLB as major leaguers.<\/span>[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAs the expanding popularity of baseball led to the formation of amateur clubs in the second half of the 19th century, Black Americans were among those joining the action. Records exist of an abbreviated game between two Black teams as far back as 1855, and by the end of the decade there were several African American clubs in the New York area. In 1876, the professional National League was formed by owners intent on keeping it a White man\u2019s game.\r\n<h3>Segregation in Sports<\/h3>\r\nWith legal segregation in full effect, Black people were not being accepted into the major and minor baseball leagues due to racism established by the color line. They decided to form their own local and professional teams called the <strong>Negro Leagues<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0After winning four national championships, The Kansas City Monarchs lost Jackie Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers. This led to the breaking of the color barrier in major and minor league baseball, however, it also led to the decline of the Negro Leagues.\r\n\r\nThe most popular sports in the 1920s were boxing, baseball, basketball, and football, but other sports also attracted vast interest such as ice hockey, tennis, golf, and swimming, especially when sports stars achieved worldwide success. The sports stars of the 1920s were idolized as much as the Hollywood movie legends of the era. Sporting heroes of the 1920s included Jack Dempsey, Johnny Weissmuller, Helen Wills, 'Red' Grange, Gertrude Ederle, Joe Lewis, Satchel Paige and Babe Ruth.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWhat do the stories of athletes who faced inequalities due to race teach us about leveling the playing field for everyone?\r\n\r\n<center><iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8197285&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=nqY5MICOrA4&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-jwhnql7c-nqY5MICOrA4\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/center><center>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/pitchingmansatchelpaige-defyingtimenarratedbybillydeewilliams.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cPitching Man: Satchel Paige - Defying Time Narrated By Billy Dee Williams\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/center><\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/c96cf882-685d-48ab-9505-9d0ed1dc7098\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/da505758-f493-4fb4-a3cb-512af8a73a69\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>blackface:<\/strong>\u00a0a form of theatrical makeup used predominantly by performers of non-African descent to portray a caricature of a Black person. In the United States, the practice became common during the 19th century and contributed to the spread of racial stereotypes.\r\n\r\n<strong>syndication:\u00a0<\/strong>the practice of leasing the right to broadcasting television shows and radio programs to multiple television stations and radio stations, without going through a\u00a0broadcast network.\r\n\r\n<strong>Hollywood:\u00a0<\/strong>a small town north of Los Angeles, California, whose reliable sunshine and cheaper production costs attracted filmmakers and producers starting in the 1910s; by the 1920s, Hollywood was the center of American movie production with five movie studios dominating the industry.\r\n\r\n<strong>Negro Leagues<\/strong>:\u00a0associations of professional baseball teams made up of Black players, especially active from the 1920s through the 1940s\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">As<\/span>sess the role of new technology\u00a0in the evolution of American culture<\/li>\n<li>Describe the expressions of anti-Black racism in popular entertainment in the 1920s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"Figure_24_01_Timeline\" class=\"timeline\"><\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idp11117296\">In the 1920s, prosperity manifested in many forms, most notably in advancements in entertainment and technology that led to new patterns of leisure and consumption. Movies and sports became increasingly popular and buying on credit or \u201ccarrying\u201d the debt allowed for the sale of more consumer goods. Automobiles, for example, were within reach of average Americans for the first time. Advertising became a central institution in this new consumer economy, and commercial radio and magazines turned athletes and actors into national icons. \u201cChange is in the very air Americans breathe, and consumer changes are the very bricks out of which we are building our new kind of civilization,\u201d announced marketing expert and home economist Christine Frederick in her influential 1929 monograph, <em>Selling Mrs. Consumer<\/em>.<\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idm20888736\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Movies<\/h2>\n<p>The increased prosperity of the 1920s gave many Americans more disposable income to spend on entertainment. As the popularity of \u201cmoving pictures\u201d grew in the early part of the decade, \u201cmovie palaces,\u201d capable of seating thousands, sprang up in major cities. A ticket for a double feature and a live show cost twenty-five cents; for a quarter, Americans could escape from their problems and lose themselves in another era or world. People of all ages attended the movies with far more regularity than today, often going more than once per week. By the end of the decade, weekly movie attendance swelled to ninety million people.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/51\/Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG?20111227121146\" alt=\"Al Jolson portraying Jack Robin singing in blackface\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.\u00a0<\/strong>Al Jolson as Jack Robin, in blackface, performing &#8220;My Mammy&#8221; publicity photo for the Warner Bros. film The Jazz Singer (1927)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The silent movies of the early 1920s gave rise to the first generation of movie stars. Rudolph Valentino, the lothario with the bedroom eyes, and Clara Bow, the \u201cIt Girl\u201d with sex appeal, filled the imagination of millions of American moviegoers. However, no star captured the attention of the American viewing public more than Charlie Chaplin. This sad-eyed tramp with a moustache, baggy pants, and a cane was the top box office attraction of his time.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"Figure_24_01_Chaplin\"><\/figure>\n<h3>The Jazz Singer<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm255820928\">In 1927, the world of the silent movie began to wane with the New York release of the first \u201ctalkie\u201d: <em data-effect=\"italics\">The Jazz Singer<\/em>. The plot of this film, which starred Al Jolson, told a distinctively American story of the 1920s. In the film, Jolson\u2019s character Jake Robin (born Jakie Rabinowitz) is disowned by his cantor father for singing African-American-influenced music, and runs away from the Jewish ghetto of the Lower East Side to find fame and fortune on Broadway. In the film, Jolson uses <strong>blackface<\/strong>, and has been referred to by modern critics as &#8220;the king of blackface performers.&#8221; While the use of blackface by White performers, who often reinforced stereotypes about Black life in these narratives, is certainly offensive to film historians today, it was a common convention in the early American cinema. <em>The Jazz Singer&#8217;s<\/em> story and the new sound technology used to present it were popular with audiences around the country. It quickly became a huge hit for Warner Brothers, one of the \u201cbig five\u201d motion picture studios in <strong>Hollywood<\/strong> along with Twentieth Century Fox, RKO Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.\u00a0By the 1920s, the once-sleepy California village was home to a majorly profitable and innovative industry.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_33d34802-908f-4bdb-905e-a08caa59532e\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/33d34802-908f-4bdb-905e-a08caa59532e?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_33d34802-908f-4bdb-905e-a08caa59532e\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_653b8227-0dc3-47ba-a5f5-e6d3b9c3fee6\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/653b8227-0dc3-47ba-a5f5-e6d3b9c3fee6?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_653b8227-0dc3-47ba-a5f5-e6d3b9c3fee6\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm246387344\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>The Power of Radio and the World of Sports<\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp1830512\" data-depth=\"1\">After being introduced during World War I, radios became a common feature in American homes of the 1920s. Hundreds of radio stations popped up over the decade. These stations developed and broadcasted news, serial stories, and political speeches. Much like print media, advertising space was interspersed with entertainment. Yet, unlike magazines and newspapers, advertisers did not have to depend on the active participation of consumers.\u00a0<strong>Syndicated<\/strong> radio programs like <em>Amos \u2018n\u2019 Andy<\/em>, which began in the late 1920s, entertained listeners around the country\u2014in this case,\u00a0it did so with racial stereotypes about Black Americans familiar from minstrel shows of the previous century. No longer were small corners of the country separated by their access to information. With the radio, Americans from coast to coast could listen to exactly the same programming. This had the effect of smoothing out regional differences in dialect, language, music, and even consumer taste.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 275px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/13\/Babe_Ruth2.jpg\/800px-Babe_Ruth2.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph showing Babe Ruth holding his baseball bat, signed by him\" width=\"265\" height=\"349\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong>\u00a0Babe Ruth pictured in 1920<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Radio and American Sports<\/h3>\n<p>Radio also transformed how Americans enjoyed sports, by bringing sports entertainment right into the homes of millions.\u00a0Play-by-play radio broadcasts of major collegiate and professional sporting events marked a new era, despite the institutionalization of racial segregation in most sports.\u00a0Radio also helped to popularize sports figures and their accomplishments. The biggest star of all was the \u201cSultan of Swat,\u201d Babe Ruth, who became America\u2019s first baseball hero. He changed the game of baseball from a low-scoring one dominated by pitchers to one where his hitting became famous.\u00a0Ruth\u2019s incredible talent accelerated the popularity of baseball, establishing it as America\u2019s pastime. His propensity to shatter records made him a national hero.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"orphans: 1;\" src=\"https:\/\/npr.brightspotcdn.com\/dims4\/default\/5c7809e\/2147483647\/strip\/true\/crop\/2865x2285+0+0\/resize\/880x702!\/quality\/90\/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnpr-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F38%2F4b%2F709d9cab41eb87fedb1af0070aa9%2Fkansas-city-monarchs-1921.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph of the Kansas City Monarchs baseball team\" width=\"520\" height=\"415\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Figure 3.<\/strong> Some players from the Kansas City Monarchs (pictured above in 1921) are among the more than 3,400 players now recognized by MLB as major leaguers.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As the expanding popularity of baseball led to the formation of amateur clubs in the second half of the 19th century, Black Americans were among those joining the action. Records exist of an abbreviated game between two Black teams as far back as 1855, and by the end of the decade there were several African American clubs in the New York area. In 1876, the professional National League was formed by owners intent on keeping it a White man\u2019s game.<\/p>\n<h3>Segregation in Sports<\/h3>\n<p>With legal segregation in full effect, Black people were not being accepted into the major and minor baseball leagues due to racism established by the color line. They decided to form their own local and professional teams called the <strong>Negro Leagues<\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0After winning four national championships, The Kansas City Monarchs lost Jackie Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers. This led to the breaking of the color barrier in major and minor league baseball, however, it also led to the decline of the Negro Leagues.<\/p>\n<p>The most popular sports in the 1920s were boxing, baseball, basketball, and football, but other sports also attracted vast interest such as ice hockey, tennis, golf, and swimming, especially when sports stars achieved worldwide success. The sports stars of the 1920s were idolized as much as the Hollywood movie legends of the era. Sporting heroes of the 1920s included Jack Dempsey, Johnny Weissmuller, Helen Wills, &#8216;Red&#8217; Grange, Gertrude Ederle, Joe Lewis, Satchel Paige and Babe Ruth.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>What do the stories of athletes who faced inequalities due to race teach us about leveling the playing field for everyone?<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8197285&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=nqY5MICOrA4&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-jwhnql7c-nqY5MICOrA4\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/pitchingmansatchelpaige-defyingtimenarratedbybillydeewilliams.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cPitching Man: Satchel Paige &#8211; Defying Time Narrated By Billy Dee Williams\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_c96cf882-685d-48ab-9505-9d0ed1dc7098\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/c96cf882-685d-48ab-9505-9d0ed1dc7098?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_c96cf882-685d-48ab-9505-9d0ed1dc7098\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_da505758-f493-4fb4-a3cb-512af8a73a69\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/da505758-f493-4fb4-a3cb-512af8a73a69?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_da505758-f493-4fb4-a3cb-512af8a73a69\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>blackface:<\/strong>\u00a0a form of theatrical makeup used predominantly by performers of non-African descent to portray a caricature of a Black person. In the United States, the practice became common during the 19th century and contributed to the spread of racial stereotypes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>syndication:\u00a0<\/strong>the practice of leasing the right to broadcasting television shows and radio programs to multiple television stations and radio stations, without going through a\u00a0broadcast network.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hollywood:\u00a0<\/strong>a small town north of Los Angeles, California, whose reliable sunshine and cheaper production costs attracted filmmakers and producers starting in the 1910s; by the 1920s, Hollywood was the center of American movie production with five movie studios dominating the industry.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Negro Leagues<\/strong>:\u00a0associations of professional baseball teams made up of Black players, especially active from the 1920s through the 1940s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-240\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Yasmin Forbes for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The New Era. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American YAWP. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/22-the-twenties\/\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/22-the-twenties\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Broadcast syndication. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadcast_syndication#Radio_syndication\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadcast_syndication#Radio_syndication<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Pitching Man: Satchel Paige - Defying Time Narrated By Billy Dee Williams. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: refocusdigital. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nqY5MICOrA4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nqY5MICOrA4<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Al Jolson Jazz Singer. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Al_Jolson_Jazz_Singer.JPG<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Babe Ruth2. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia Commons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Babe_Ruth2.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Babe_Ruth2.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Photo of Kansas City Monarchs. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Yasmin Forbes for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The New Era\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American YAWP\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/22-the-twenties\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Pitching Man: Satchel Paige - 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