{"id":3054,"date":"2021-12-27T20:24:37","date_gmt":"2021-12-27T20:24:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3054"},"modified":"2022-09-27T23:31:19","modified_gmt":"2022-09-27T23:31:19","slug":"kennedy-and-cuba","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/kennedy-and-cuba\/","title":{"raw":"Kennedy and Cuba","rendered":"Kennedy and Cuba"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the Bay of Pigs invasion<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the tensions associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"Figure_29_01_Timeline\" class=\"timeline\"><\/figure>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm189199536\" data-depth=\"1\"><section id=\"fs-idm85158016\" data-depth=\"2\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Cuba<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm180420848\">Kennedy\u2019s multifaceted approach to national defense is exemplified by his careful handling of the Communist government of Fidel Castro in Cuba. In January 1959, following the overthrow of the corrupt and dictatorial regime of Fulgencio Batista, Castro assumed leadership. The new Cuban government soon instituted leftist economic policies centered on agrarian reform, land redistribution, and the nationalization of private enterprises. Cuba\u2019s wealthy and middle-class citizens fled the island in droves. Many settled in Miami, Florida, and other American cities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>The Bay of Pigs Invasion<\/h2>\r\nCastro, wary of decades of U.S. interference in Cuba's affairs, took a pro-Soviet line in foreign policy, which\u00a0frightened the American public, knowing a communist-friendly country was less than 100 miles from American shores. The Eisenhower administration\u00a0asked the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to find a way to remove him from power. Rather than have the U.S. military invade the small island nation and risk the world\u2019s criticism, the CIA instead trained a small force of Cuban \"\u00e9migr\u00e9s\"\u00a0for the job. After landing at the Bay of Pigs on the Cuban coast, these insurgents, the CIA believed, would inspire their countrymen to rise up and topple Castro\u2019s regime. The United States also promised air support for the invasion.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm185021920\">Kennedy agreed to support the previous administration\u2019s plans, and on April 17, 1961, approximately fourteen hundred Cuban exiles stormed ashore at the designated spot. However, Kennedy feared domestic criticism and worried about Soviet retaliation elsewhere in the world, such as in Berlin. He canceled the anticipated air support, which enabled the Cuban army to easily defeat the insurgents. The hoped-for uprising of the Cuban people also failed to occur. The surviving members of the exile army were taken into custody.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video for some background and further details about the botched Bay of Pigs invasion.\r\n\r\n<center><iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8207356&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=Ld5MRuMJKWQ&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-eflxul0u-Ld5MRuMJKWQ\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/center><center>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/BayofPigsInvasion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cBay of Pigs Invasion\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/center><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/54b9cd9c-f1ba-426a-ba09-f763cc26d615\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Cuban Missile Crisis<\/h2>\r\nThe <strong>Bay of Pigs invasion<\/strong> was a major foreign policy disaster for President Kennedy and highlighted\u00a0the strategic and symbolic importance of Cuba to the U.S.\u00a0The following year, the Soviet Union sent troops and technicians to Cuba to strengthen its new ally against further U.S. military plots.\u00a0In response to the United States' long-time maintenance of a nuclear arsenal in Turkey, and at the invitation of the Cuban government, the Soviet Union also deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba.<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Then, on October 14, 1962, U.S. spy planes took aerial photographs that confirmed the presence of medium-range ballistic missile sites in Cuba.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">\u00a0Much of the eastern United States, including Washington, D.C., and New York City, was now within easy reach of Soviet nuclear warheads.<\/span>\r\n<figure id=\"Figure_29_01_MRBM\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"585\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203326\/CNX_History_29_01_MRBM.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a), labeled \u201cMRBM Launch Site 3\/San Cristobal, Cuba\/27 October 1962,\u201d shows an aerial view of a Cuban missile site. Photograph (b) shows President Kennedy seated in a chair, meeting with a group of uniformed pilots.\" width=\"585\" height=\"257\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This low-level U.S. Navy photograph of San Cristobal, Cuba, clearly shows one of the sites built to launch intermediate-range missiles at the United States (a). As the date indicates, it was taken on the last day of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Following the crisis, Kennedy met with the reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban missions (b). credit a: modification of work by National Archives and Records Administration; credit b: modification of work by Central Intelligence Agency)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm185059008\">On October 22, Kennedy demanded that Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev remove the missiles. He also ordered a <span data-type=\"term\">naval quarantine<\/span> placed around Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from approaching. Despite his use of the word \u201cquarantine\u201d instead of \u201cblockade,\u201d for a blockade was considered an act of war, a potential military conflict with the Soviet Union was nevertheless on the president\u2019s mind. As U.S. ships headed for Cuba, the army was told to prepare for war, and Kennedy appeared on national television to declare his intention to defend the Western Hemisphere from Soviet aggression.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm202988672\">The world held its breath awaiting the Soviet reply. Realizing how serious the United States was, Khrushchev sought a peaceful solution to the <strong>Cuban Missile Crisis<\/strong>, overruling those in his government who urged a harder stance. Behind the scenes, Robert Kennedy and Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin worked toward a compromise that would allow both superpowers to back down without either side seeming intimidated by the other. On October 26, Khrushchev agreed to remove the Russian missiles in exchange for Kennedy\u2019s promise not to invade Cuba. On October 27, Kennedy\u2019s agreement was made public, and the crisis ended. Not made public, but nevertheless part of the agreement was Kennedy\u2019s promise to remove U.S. warheads from Turkey, as close to Soviet targets as the Cuban missiles had been to American ones.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp53071808\">The showdown between the United States and the Soviet Union over Cuba\u2019s missiles put the world on the brink of a nuclear war. Both sides already had long-range bombers with nuclear weapons airborne or ready for launch and were only hours away from the first strike. In the long run, this nearly catastrophic example of nuclear brinksmanship ended up making the world safer. A telephone \u201chot line\u201d was installed, linking Washington and Moscow to avert future crises, and in 1963, Kennedy and Khrushchev signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty, prohibiting tests of nuclear weapons in Earth\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis TedEd video explains the high tensions during the 13 days of the Cuban Missile Crisis.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bwWW3sbk4EU\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/ThehistoryoftheCubanMissileCrisisMatthewA.Jor.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe history of the Cuban Missile Crisis - Matthew A. Jordan\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\nYou can also watch <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/5HRU5yonyK8?t=140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video<\/a> to learn more about the importance of the photography that led to the crisis.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section><section id=\"fs-idm223062016\" data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d3427cbe-ac53-4d1a-8ff3-dd422d9f2cc2\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\n<section>What steps did Kennedy take to combat communism?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"150032\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"150032\"]Kennedy\u2019s economic development programs, supported by the Peace Corps, were intended to reduce poverty in developing nations so their citizens would be less attracted to Communism. After the Bay of Pigs invasion failed to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro, Kennedy demanded that the Soviet Union remove intermediate-range missiles from Cuba. He also increased support for the anti-Communist government in South Vietnam and sent advisors and troops to train the South Vietnamese army.[\/hidden-answer]<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Bay of Pigs invasion:\u00a0<\/strong>a failed US effort to overthrow Fidel Castro's government in Cuba by landing a military force composed of Cuban \u00e9migr\u00e9s on the shore of the Bay of Pigs\r\n\r\n<strong>Cuban Missile Crisis<\/strong>: the Cold War conflict, ultimately resolved peacefully, between the U.S. and Soviet Union following the latter's delivery of long-range missiles to Cuba\r\n\r\n<strong>naval quarantine:\u00a0<\/strong>Kennedy\u2019s use of ships to prevent Soviet access to Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the Bay of Pigs invasion<\/li>\n<li>Explain the tensions associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"Figure_29_01_Timeline\" class=\"timeline\"><\/figure>\n<section id=\"fs-idm189199536\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<section id=\"fs-idm85158016\" data-depth=\"2\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Cuba<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idm180420848\">Kennedy\u2019s multifaceted approach to national defense is exemplified by his careful handling of the Communist government of Fidel Castro in Cuba. In January 1959, following the overthrow of the corrupt and dictatorial regime of Fulgencio Batista, Castro assumed leadership. The new Cuban government soon instituted leftist economic policies centered on agrarian reform, land redistribution, and the nationalization of private enterprises. Cuba\u2019s wealthy and middle-class citizens fled the island in droves. Many settled in Miami, Florida, and other American cities.<\/p>\n<h2>The Bay of Pigs Invasion<\/h2>\n<p>Castro, wary of decades of U.S. interference in Cuba&#8217;s affairs, took a pro-Soviet line in foreign policy, which\u00a0frightened the American public, knowing a communist-friendly country was less than 100 miles from American shores. The Eisenhower administration\u00a0asked the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to find a way to remove him from power. Rather than have the U.S. military invade the small island nation and risk the world\u2019s criticism, the CIA instead trained a small force of Cuban &#8220;\u00e9migr\u00e9s&#8221;\u00a0for the job. After landing at the Bay of Pigs on the Cuban coast, these insurgents, the CIA believed, would inspire their countrymen to rise up and topple Castro\u2019s regime. The United States also promised air support for the invasion.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm185021920\">Kennedy agreed to support the previous administration\u2019s plans, and on April 17, 1961, approximately fourteen hundred Cuban exiles stormed ashore at the designated spot. However, Kennedy feared domestic criticism and worried about Soviet retaliation elsewhere in the world, such as in Berlin. He canceled the anticipated air support, which enabled the Cuban army to easily defeat the insurgents. The hoped-for uprising of the Cuban people also failed to occur. The surviving members of the exile army were taken into custody.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video for some background and further details about the botched Bay of Pigs invasion.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8207356&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=Ld5MRuMJKWQ&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-eflxul0u-Ld5MRuMJKWQ\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/BayofPigsInvasion.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cBay of Pigs Invasion\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_54b9cd9c-f1ba-426a-ba09-f763cc26d615\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/54b9cd9c-f1ba-426a-ba09-f763cc26d615?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_54b9cd9c-f1ba-426a-ba09-f763cc26d615\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Cuban Missile Crisis<\/h2>\n<p>The <strong>Bay of Pigs invasion<\/strong> was a major foreign policy disaster for President Kennedy and highlighted\u00a0the strategic and symbolic importance of Cuba to the U.S.\u00a0The following year, the Soviet Union sent troops and technicians to Cuba to strengthen its new ally against further U.S. military plots.\u00a0In response to the United States&#8217; long-time maintenance of a nuclear arsenal in Turkey, and at the invitation of the Cuban government, the Soviet Union also deployed nuclear missiles in Cuba.<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">Then, on October 14, 1962, U.S. spy planes took aerial photographs that confirmed the presence of medium-range ballistic missile sites in Cuba.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">\u00a0Much of the eastern United States, including Washington, D.C., and New York City, was now within easy reach of Soviet nuclear warheads.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"Figure_29_01_MRBM\">\n<div style=\"width: 595px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203326\/CNX_History_29_01_MRBM.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a), labeled \u201cMRBM Launch Site 3\/San Cristobal, Cuba\/27 October 1962,\u201d shows an aerial view of a Cuban missile site. Photograph (b) shows President Kennedy seated in a chair, meeting with a group of uniformed pilots.\" width=\"585\" height=\"257\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This low-level U.S. Navy photograph of San Cristobal, Cuba, clearly shows one of the sites built to launch intermediate-range missiles at the United States (a). As the date indicates, it was taken on the last day of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Following the crisis, Kennedy met with the reconnaissance pilots who flew the Cuban missions (b). credit a: modification of work by National Archives and Records Administration; credit b: modification of work by Central Intelligence Agency)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idm185059008\">On October 22, Kennedy demanded that Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev remove the missiles. He also ordered a <span data-type=\"term\">naval quarantine<\/span> placed around Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from approaching. Despite his use of the word \u201cquarantine\u201d instead of \u201cblockade,\u201d for a blockade was considered an act of war, a potential military conflict with the Soviet Union was nevertheless on the president\u2019s mind. As U.S. ships headed for Cuba, the army was told to prepare for war, and Kennedy appeared on national television to declare his intention to defend the Western Hemisphere from Soviet aggression.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm202988672\">The world held its breath awaiting the Soviet reply. Realizing how serious the United States was, Khrushchev sought a peaceful solution to the <strong>Cuban Missile Crisis<\/strong>, overruling those in his government who urged a harder stance. Behind the scenes, Robert Kennedy and Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin worked toward a compromise that would allow both superpowers to back down without either side seeming intimidated by the other. On October 26, Khrushchev agreed to remove the Russian missiles in exchange for Kennedy\u2019s promise not to invade Cuba. On October 27, Kennedy\u2019s agreement was made public, and the crisis ended. Not made public, but nevertheless part of the agreement was Kennedy\u2019s promise to remove U.S. warheads from Turkey, as close to Soviet targets as the Cuban missiles had been to American ones.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp53071808\">The showdown between the United States and the Soviet Union over Cuba\u2019s missiles put the world on the brink of a nuclear war. Both sides already had long-range bombers with nuclear weapons airborne or ready for launch and were only hours away from the first strike. In the long run, this nearly catastrophic example of nuclear brinksmanship ended up making the world safer. A telephone \u201chot line\u201d was installed, linking Washington and Moscow to avert future crises, and in 1963, Kennedy and Khrushchev signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty, prohibiting tests of nuclear weapons in Earth\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This TedEd video explains the high tensions during the 13 days of the Cuban Missile Crisis.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"The history of the Cuban Missile Crisis - Matthew A. Jordan\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bwWW3sbk4EU?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/ThehistoryoftheCubanMissileCrisisMatthewA.Jor.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cThe history of the Cuban Missile Crisis &#8211; Matthew A. Jordan\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>You can also watch <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/5HRU5yonyK8?t=140\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video<\/a> to learn more about the importance of the photography that led to the crisis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idm223062016\" data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_d3427cbe-ac53-4d1a-8ff3-dd422d9f2cc2\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d3427cbe-ac53-4d1a-8ff3-dd422d9f2cc2?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_d3427cbe-ac53-4d1a-8ff3-dd422d9f2cc2\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<section>What steps did Kennedy take to combat communism?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q150032\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q150032\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Kennedy\u2019s economic development programs, supported by the Peace Corps, were intended to reduce poverty in developing nations so their citizens would be less attracted to Communism. After the Bay of Pigs invasion failed to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro, Kennedy demanded that the Soviet Union remove intermediate-range missiles from Cuba. He also increased support for the anti-Communist government in South Vietnam and sent advisors and troops to train the South Vietnamese army.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Bay of Pigs invasion:\u00a0<\/strong>a failed US effort to overthrow Fidel Castro&#8217;s government in Cuba by landing a military force composed of Cuban \u00e9migr\u00e9s on the shore of the Bay of Pigs<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cuban Missile Crisis<\/strong>: the Cold War conflict, ultimately resolved peacefully, between the U.S. and Soviet Union following the latter&#8217;s delivery of long-range missiles to Cuba<\/p>\n<p><strong>naval quarantine:\u00a0<\/strong>Kennedy\u2019s use of ships to prevent Soviet access to Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3054\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Bay of Pigs Invasion. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Daily Dose Documentary. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ld5MRuMJKWQ\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ld5MRuMJKWQ<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>The history of the Cuban Missile Crisis . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Matthew A. Jordan. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Ted Ed. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bwWW3sbk4EU&#038;feature=emb_imp_woyt\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bwWW3sbk4EU&#038;feature=emb_imp_woyt<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Bay of Pigs Invasion\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Daily Dose Documentary\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ld5MRuMJKWQ\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The history of the Cuban Missile Crisis \",\"author\":\"Matthew A. 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