{"id":3121,"date":"2021-12-29T19:39:36","date_gmt":"2021-12-29T19:39:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3121"},"modified":"2022-07-25T19:12:20","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T19:12:20","slug":"womens-movements","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/womens-movements\/","title":{"raw":"Women's Movements","rendered":"Women&#8217;s Movements"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the rise, goals, and activities of the 1960s women's movements<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 data-depth=\"1\">Women's Rights<\/h2>\r\nThe feminist movement also grew in the 1960s. Women were active in both the civil rights movement and the labor movement, but their increasing awareness of gender inequality often did not find a receptive audience among male leaders in those movements.\u00a0When Casey Hayden and Mary King, presented a document entitled \u201cOn the Position of Women in SNCC\u201d about the treatment of women within their organization, Stokely Carmichael crassly responded that the appropriate position for women in SNCC was \u201cprone.\u201d<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\nIn response, many of these women began to form movements of their own, inspired by many of the same strategies used by the civil rights and labor movements.\u00a0Soon the country experienced a groundswell of feminist consciousness that rewrote the expectations of women in postwar America. Though often described as the \"feminist movement,\" it's more accurate to discuss a plurality of women's movements in the 1960s due to the variety of concerns and goals espoused by women of different ages, classes, races, ethnicities, and sexualities.\r\n<h3>Political Changes<\/h3>\r\nAn older generation of women who preferred to work within state institutions figured prominently in the early part of the decade. When John F. Kennedy established the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in 1961, former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt headed the effort. The commission\u2019s official report, released in 1963, found discriminatory provisions in the law and practices of industrial, labor, and governmental organizations.\r\n\r\nChange was recommended in areas of employment practices, federal tax and benefit policies affecting women\u2019s income, labor laws, and services for women as wives, mothers, and workers. This call for action addressed the types of discrimination primarily experienced by middle-class and elite White working women, many of whom were used to advocating through institutional structures like government agencies and unions.\u00a0The specific concerns of poor and non-White women, who lacked access to these sources of political power, lay largely beyond the scope of the report.\r\n<h3>The Pill<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm90196304\" class=\" \">Medical science also contributed a tool to assist women in their liberation. In 1960, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the birth control pill, freeing some women from the restrictions of pregnancy and childbearing. Women with access to the pill could limit, delay, and prevent reproduction,\u00a0creating opportunities\u00a0to work, attend college, and delay marriage.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">Within five years of the pill\u2019s approval, some six million women were using it.<\/span><\/p>\r\nThe pill's development did not benefit all women, however. To secure FDA approval, the pill's creators tested a high dosage version of the pill on women in Puerto Rico. The women were informed that the pill would prevent pregnancy but were not told that they were part of a clinical trial. Some experienced severe side effects that were largely dismissed by the men conducting the trial. In addition, thirty states passed laws following the FDA's approval of the pill making it a criminal offense to sell contraceptive devices, thereby limiting women's access to the pill in these states.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm79311792\" class=\" \">The pill was the first medicine ever intended to be taken by people who were not sick. Even conservatives saw it as a possible means of making marriages stronger by removing the fear of unwanted pregnancy and improving the health of women. Its opponents, however, argued that it would promote sexual promiscuity, undermine the institutions of marriage and the family, and destroy the moral code of the nation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3><em>The Feminine Mystique<\/em><\/h3>\r\nBetty Friedan\u2019s <em>The Feminine Mystique<\/em> hit bookshelves the same year\u00a0that President Kennedy's\u00a0commission released its report. Friedan, a former union activist, journalist, and now suburban mother, identified in her book the \u201cproblem that has no name.\u201d In her work, she cataloged the growing data on suburban women like herself who not only felt unfulfilled in their role as housewives, but felt a profound guilt and isolation because of their dissatisfaction. In doing so, she helped many White middle-class American women come to see their dissatisfaction as housewives not as something \u201cwrong with [their] marriage, or [themselves],\u201d but instead as a social problem experienced by millions of American women.[footnote]Betty Friedan, <em>The Feminine Mystique<\/em> (New York: Norton, 1963), 50. [\/footnote] No longer would women allow society to blame the \u201cproblem that has no name\u201d on discredited explanations such as\u00a0a loss of femininity, too much education, or too much female independence.\r\n<h3>NOW<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm196052416\" class=\" \">In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed and proceeded to set an agenda for the feminist movement. Framed by a statement of purpose written by Friedan, the agenda began by proclaiming NOW\u2019s goal to make possible women\u2019s participation in all aspects of American life and to gain for them all the rights enjoyed by men. Among the specific goals was the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.<\/p>\r\nOther women's advocacy groups\u00a0considered\u00a0the intersection of racism and poverty, drawing on the dual emphasis of the African American civil rights movement. Mothers on welfare began to form local advocacy groups in addition to the National Welfare Rights Organization, founded in 1966. These activists, mostly African-American,\u00a0fought for greater benefits and more control over welfare policy and implementation. Women like Johnnie Tillmon successfully advocated for larger grants for school clothes and household equipment in addition to gaining due process and fair administrative hearings prior to termination of welfare benefits.\u00a0For many of these women, the goals of NOW and Friedan's wing of the feminist movement were not especially relevant to their needs. The right to work and escape suburban boredom held little relevance for poor women of color, for whom working was a necessity and a suburban house remained a far-off dream.\r\n\r\nYet another mode of feminist activism was the formation of consciousness-raising groups. These groups met in women\u2019s homes and at women\u2019s centers, providing a safe environment for women to discuss everything from experiences of gender discrimination to pregnancy, from\u00a0abusive or unhealthy relationships\u00a0to self-image. The goal of consciousness-raising was to increase self-awareness and validate the experiences of women. Groups framed such individual experiences as relevant\u00a0examples of society-wide sexism, and claimed that \u201cthe personal is political.\u201d[footnote]Carol Hanisch, \u201cThe Personal Is Political,\u201d in Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt, eds., <em>Notes from the Second Year: Women\u2019s Liberation<\/em> (New York: Radical Feminism, 1970).[\\footnote]\u00a0Consciousness-raising groups created a wealth of personal stories that feminists could use in other forms of activism and crafted networks of women from which activists could mobilize support for protests.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_7041\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"350\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2021\/12\/05202535\/womensmovement.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-7041\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2021\/12\/05202535\/womensmovement-1024x692.jpeg\" alt=\"A group of women marching down the street in Washington DC with signs for the Women\u2019s Strike for Equality. The signs read: \u201cWomen demand equality\u201d, \u201cI\u2019m a second class citizen\u201d, and \u201cGWU, Women\u2019s Liberation. Students, employees, faculty, wives, neighbors\u201d. \" width=\"350\" height=\"237\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The Women's Strike for Equality on Connecticut Avenue NW in Washington, DC August 26, 1970.\u00a0(credit: \u201cWashington Area Spark\u201d\/Flickr)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe end of the decade was marked by the Women\u2019s Strike for Equality, celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of women\u2019s right to vote. Sponsored by the National Organization for Women (NOW), the 1970 protest focused on employment discrimination, political equality, abortion, free childcare, and equality in marriage. All of these issues foreshadowed the backlash against feminist goals in the 1970s. Not only would feminism face opposition from other women who valued the traditional homemaker role\u00a0that feminists challenged, the\u00a0movement would also fracture internally as Black and minority women challenged White feminists\u2019 racism, and lesbians and transgender women vied for equal recognition within feminist organizations.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0f94a53b-dd7b-4cb7-a37f-1d0c7dde212f\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\n<section>In what ways did the birth control pill help to liberate women?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"666158\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"666158\"]The birth control pill enabled women to prevent or delay pregnancy, and thus marriage, and to limit the number of children they had. The freedom to control their reproduction also allowed women more opportunity to pursue higher education and work for pay outside the home.[\/hidden-answer]<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Title VII:\u00a0<\/strong>the section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of gender\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the rise, goals, and activities of the 1960s women&#8217;s movements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2 data-depth=\"1\">Women&#8217;s Rights<\/h2>\n<p>The feminist movement also grew in the 1960s. Women were active in both the civil rights movement and the labor movement, but their increasing awareness of gender inequality often did not find a receptive audience among male leaders in those movements.\u00a0When Casey Hayden and Mary King, presented a document entitled \u201cOn the Position of Women in SNCC\u201d about the treatment of women within their organization, Stokely Carmichael crassly responded that the appropriate position for women in SNCC was \u201cprone.\u201d<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In response, many of these women began to form movements of their own, inspired by many of the same strategies used by the civil rights and labor movements.\u00a0Soon the country experienced a groundswell of feminist consciousness that rewrote the expectations of women in postwar America. Though often described as the &#8220;feminist movement,&#8221; it&#8217;s more accurate to discuss a plurality of women&#8217;s movements in the 1960s due to the variety of concerns and goals espoused by women of different ages, classes, races, ethnicities, and sexualities.<\/p>\n<h3>Political Changes<\/h3>\n<p>An older generation of women who preferred to work within state institutions figured prominently in the early part of the decade. When John F. Kennedy established the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women in 1961, former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt headed the effort. The commission\u2019s official report, released in 1963, found discriminatory provisions in the law and practices of industrial, labor, and governmental organizations.<\/p>\n<p>Change was recommended in areas of employment practices, federal tax and benefit policies affecting women\u2019s income, labor laws, and services for women as wives, mothers, and workers. This call for action addressed the types of discrimination primarily experienced by middle-class and elite White working women, many of whom were used to advocating through institutional structures like government agencies and unions.\u00a0The specific concerns of poor and non-White women, who lacked access to these sources of political power, lay largely beyond the scope of the report.<\/p>\n<h3>The Pill<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm90196304\" class=\"\">Medical science also contributed a tool to assist women in their liberation. In 1960, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the birth control pill, freeing some women from the restrictions of pregnancy and childbearing. Women with access to the pill could limit, delay, and prevent reproduction,\u00a0creating opportunities\u00a0to work, attend college, and delay marriage.\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 1em;\">Within five years of the pill\u2019s approval, some six million women were using it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The pill&#8217;s development did not benefit all women, however. To secure FDA approval, the pill&#8217;s creators tested a high dosage version of the pill on women in Puerto Rico. The women were informed that the pill would prevent pregnancy but were not told that they were part of a clinical trial. Some experienced severe side effects that were largely dismissed by the men conducting the trial. In addition, thirty states passed laws following the FDA&#8217;s approval of the pill making it a criminal offense to sell contraceptive devices, thereby limiting women&#8217;s access to the pill in these states.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm79311792\" class=\"\">The pill was the first medicine ever intended to be taken by people who were not sick. Even conservatives saw it as a possible means of making marriages stronger by removing the fear of unwanted pregnancy and improving the health of women. Its opponents, however, argued that it would promote sexual promiscuity, undermine the institutions of marriage and the family, and destroy the moral code of the nation.<\/p>\n<h3><em>The Feminine Mystique<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>Betty Friedan\u2019s <em>The Feminine Mystique<\/em> hit bookshelves the same year\u00a0that President Kennedy&#8217;s\u00a0commission released its report. Friedan, a former union activist, journalist, and now suburban mother, identified in her book the \u201cproblem that has no name.\u201d In her work, she cataloged the growing data on suburban women like herself who not only felt unfulfilled in their role as housewives, but felt a profound guilt and isolation because of their dissatisfaction. In doing so, she helped many White middle-class American women come to see their dissatisfaction as housewives not as something \u201cwrong with [their] marriage, or [themselves],\u201d but instead as a social problem experienced by millions of American women.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Norton, 1963), 50.\" id=\"return-footnote-3121-1\" href=\"#footnote-3121-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a> No longer would women allow society to blame the \u201cproblem that has no name\u201d on discredited explanations such as\u00a0a loss of femininity, too much education, or too much female independence.<\/p>\n<h3>NOW<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm196052416\" class=\"\">In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed and proceeded to set an agenda for the feminist movement. Framed by a statement of purpose written by Friedan, the agenda began by proclaiming NOW\u2019s goal to make possible women\u2019s participation in all aspects of American life and to gain for them all the rights enjoyed by men. Among the specific goals was the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment.<\/p>\n<p>Other women&#8217;s advocacy groups\u00a0considered\u00a0the intersection of racism and poverty, drawing on the dual emphasis of the African American civil rights movement. Mothers on welfare began to form local advocacy groups in addition to the National Welfare Rights Organization, founded in 1966. These activists, mostly African-American,\u00a0fought for greater benefits and more control over welfare policy and implementation. Women like Johnnie Tillmon successfully advocated for larger grants for school clothes and household equipment in addition to gaining due process and fair administrative hearings prior to termination of welfare benefits.\u00a0For many of these women, the goals of NOW and Friedan&#8217;s wing of the feminist movement were not especially relevant to their needs. The right to work and escape suburban boredom held little relevance for poor women of color, for whom working was a necessity and a suburban house remained a far-off dream.<\/p>\n<p>Yet another mode of feminist activism was the formation of consciousness-raising groups. These groups met in women\u2019s homes and at women\u2019s centers, providing a safe environment for women to discuss everything from experiences of gender discrimination to pregnancy, from\u00a0abusive or unhealthy relationships\u00a0to self-image. The goal of consciousness-raising was to increase self-awareness and validate the experiences of women. Groups framed such individual experiences as relevant\u00a0examples of society-wide sexism, and claimed that \u201cthe personal is political.\u201dCarol Hanisch, \u201cThe Personal Is Political,\u201d in Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt, eds., <em>Notes from the Second Year: Women\u2019s Liberation<\/em> (New York: Radical Feminism, 1970).[\\footnote]\u00a0Consciousness-raising groups created a wealth of personal stories that feminists could use in other forms of activism and crafted networks of women from which activists could mobilize support for protests.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7041\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2021\/12\/05202535\/womensmovement.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7041\" class=\"wp-image-7041\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2021\/12\/05202535\/womensmovement-1024x692.jpeg\" alt=\"A group of women marching down the street in Washington DC with signs for the Women\u2019s Strike for Equality. The signs read: \u201cWomen demand equality\u201d, \u201cI\u2019m a second class citizen\u201d, and \u201cGWU, Women\u2019s Liberation. Students, employees, faculty, wives, neighbors\u201d.\" width=\"350\" height=\"237\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-7041\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> The Women's Strike for Equality on Connecticut Avenue NW in Washington, DC August 26, 1970.\u00a0(credit: \u201cWashington Area Spark\u201d\/Flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The end of the decade was marked by the Women\u2019s Strike for Equality, celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of women\u2019s right to vote. Sponsored by the National Organization for Women (NOW), the 1970 protest focused on employment discrimination, political equality, abortion, free childcare, and equality in marriage. All of these issues foreshadowed the backlash against feminist goals in the 1970s. Not only would feminism face opposition from other women who valued the traditional homemaker role\u00a0that feminists challenged, the\u00a0movement would also fracture internally as Black and minority women challenged White feminists\u2019 racism, and lesbians and transgender women vied for equal recognition within feminist organizations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_0f94a53b-dd7b-4cb7-a37f-1d0c7dde212f\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0f94a53b-dd7b-4cb7-a37f-1d0c7dde212f?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_0f94a53b-dd7b-4cb7-a37f-1d0c7dde212f\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<section>In what ways did the birth control pill help to liberate women?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q666158\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q666158\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The birth control pill enabled women to prevent or delay pregnancy, and thus marriage, and to limit the number of children they had. The freedom to control their reproduction also allowed women more opportunity to pursue higher education and work for pay outside the home.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Title VII:\u00a0<\/strong>the section of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of gender<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3121\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Heather Bennett for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The Sixties, Beyond Civil Rights. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/27-the-sixties\/#VII_Beyond_Civil_Rights\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/27-the-sixties\/#VII_Beyond_Civil_Rights<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Puerto Rico Pill Trials. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: PBS. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/pill-puerto-rico-pill-trials\/\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/pill-puerto-rico-pill-trials\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: The Pill. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-3121-1\">Betty Friedan, <em>The Feminine Mystique<\/em> (New York: Norton, 1963), 50.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-3121-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":15,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Sixties, Beyond Civil Rights\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/27-the-sixties\/#VII_Beyond_Civil_Rights\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Heather Bennett for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"The Puerto Rico Pill Trials\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"PBS\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/americanexperience\/features\/pill-puerto-rico-pill-trials\/\",\"project\":\"The Pill\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"782ad2ae-e35a-4df2-9077-872f6896bf5d,302bd2c8-d8f5-45c0-a2da-6eebbf2d7938","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3121","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":361,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3121","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3121\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8898,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3121\/revisions\/8898"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/361"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3121\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3121"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3121"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3121"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3121"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}