{"id":3576,"date":"2022-01-25T05:59:06","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T05:59:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3576"},"modified":"2022-09-09T02:16:17","modified_gmt":"2022-09-09T02:16:17","slug":"the-mythic-american-west","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/the-mythic-american-west\/","title":{"raw":"The Mythic American West","rendered":"The Mythic American West"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain ways in which the West came to be mythologized in American culture<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3880\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"564\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061347\/800px-Buffalo_bill_wild_west_show_c1899.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3880\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061347\/800px-Buffalo_bill_wild_west_show_c1899-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Buffalo Bill's Wild West poster of cowboys during a roundup.\" width=\"564\" height=\"375\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World - Poster showing cowboys rounding up cattle and portrait of Col. W. F. Cody on horseback. c.1899.[\/caption]\r\n<h2><strong>Reading and Rodeos<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\u201cThe American West\u201d conjures visions of tipis, cabins, cowboys, Indians,\u00a0farm wives in sunbonnets, and outlaws with six-shooters. Such images\u00a0pervade American culture, but they are as old as the West itself: novels,\u00a0rodeos, and Wild West shows mythologized the American West throughout the post\u2013Civil War era.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3882\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"194\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061445\/81b6720pRXL.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3882 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061445\/81b6720pRXL-194x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"194\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Penguin classics cover of Owen Wister's cowboy tale, <em>The Virginian<\/em>. This and other western novels created the image of the rugged American cowboy.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn the 1860s, Americans devoured dime novels that embellished the\u00a0lives of real-life individuals such as Calamity Jane and Billy the Kid.\u00a0Owen Wister\u2019s novels, especially <em>The Virginian<\/em>, established the character\u00a0of the cowboy as a gritty stoic with a rough exterior but the courage and\u00a0heroism needed to rescue people from train robbers, Indians, and cattle\u00a0rustlers. Such images were later reinforced when the emergence of rodeo\u00a0added to popular conceptions of the American West. Rodeos began as\u00a0small roping and riding contests among cowboys in towns near ranches\u00a0or at camps at the end of the cattle trails. In Pecos, Texas, on July 4, 1883, cowboys from two ranches, the Hash Knife and the W Ranch,\u00a0competed in roping and riding contests as a way to settle an argument;\u00a0this event is recognized by historians of the West as the first real rodeo.\u00a0Casual contests evolved into planned celebrations. Many were scheduled\u00a0around national holidays, such as Independence Day, or during traditional roundup times in the spring and fall. Early rodeos took place in\u00a0open grassy areas\u2014not arenas\u2014and included calf and steer roping and roughstock events such as bronco riding.\r\n\r\nThey gained popularity and soon\u00a0dedicated rodeo circuits developed. Although about 90 percent of rodeo\u00a0contestants were men, women helped popularize the rodeo and several\u00a0popular female bronco riders, such as Bertha Kaepernick, entered men\u2019s\u00a0events, until around 1916 when women\u2019s competitive participation was\u00a0curtailed. Americans also experienced the \u201cWild West\u201d\u2014the mythical\u00a0West imagined in so many dime novels\u2014by attending traveling Wild\u00a0West shows, arguably the unofficial national entertainment of the United\u00a0States from the 1880s to the 1910s. Wildly popular across the country,\u00a0the shows traveled throughout the eastern United States and even across\u00a0Europe and showcased what was already a mythic frontier life.\r\n<h2><strong>Buffalo Bill and His Wild West Show\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nWilliam\u00a0Frederick \u201cBuffalo Bill\u201d Cody was the first to recognize the broad national appeal of the stock \u201ccharacters\u201d of the American West\u2014cowboys,\u00a0Indians, sharpshooters, cavalrymen, and rangers\u2014and put them all together into a single massive traveling extravaganza. Operating out of\u00a0Omaha, Nebraska, Buffalo Bill launched his touring show in 1883. Cody\u00a0himself shunned the word show, fearing that it implied an exaggeration\u00a0or misrepresentation of the West. He instead called his production \u201cBuffalo Bill\u2019s Wild West.\u201d He employed real cowboys and Indians in his\u00a0productions. But it was still, of course, a show. It was entertainment,\u00a0little different in its broad outlines from contemporary theater. Storylines\u00a0depicted westward migration, life on the Plains, and Indian attacks, all\u00a0punctuated by \u201ccowboy fun\u201d: bucking broncos, roping cattle, and sharpshooting contests.\u00a0Buffalo Bill, joined by shrewd business partners skilled in marketing,\u00a0turned his shows into a sensation.\r\n\r\nBut he was not alone. Gordon William\u00a0\u201cPawnee Bill\u201d Lillie, another popular Wild West showman, got his start\u00a0in 1886 when Cody employed him as an interpreter for Pawnee members of the show. Lillie went on to create his own production in 1888,\u00a0\u201cPawnee Bill\u2019s Historic Wild West.\u201d He was Cody\u2019s only real competitor\u00a0in the business until 1908 when the two men combined their shows to\u00a0create a new extravaganza, \u201cBuffalo Bill\u2019s Wild West and Pawnee Bill\u2019s\u00a0Great Far East\u201d (most people called it the \u201cTwo Bills Show\u201d). It was an\u00a0unparalleled spectacle. The cast included American cowboys, Mexican\u00a0vaqueros, Native Americans, Russian Cossacks, Japanese acrobats, and\u00a0an Australian aboriginal.\r\n\r\nCody and Lillie knew that Native Americans fascinated audiences in\u00a0the United States and Europe, and both featured them prominently in\u00a0their Wild West shows. Most Americans believed that Native cultures\u00a0were disappearing or had already, and felt a sense of urgency to see their\u00a0dances, hear their songs, and be captivated by their bareback riding skills\u00a0and their elaborate buckskin and feather attire. The shows certainly\u00a0veiled the true cultural and historic value of so many Native demonstrations, and the Indian performers were curiosities to White Americans, but\u00a0the shows were one of the few ways for many Native Americans to make\u00a0a living in the late nineteenth century.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3884\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"212\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061728\/220px-Annie_Oakley_by_Bakers_Art_Gallery_c1880s-crop.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3884 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061728\/220px-Annie_Oakley_by_Bakers_Art_Gallery_c1880s-crop-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"212\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Annie Oakley, c. 1880.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nIn an attempt to appeal to women, Cody recruited Annie Oakley, a\u00a0female sharpshooter who thrilled onlookers with her many stunts. Billed\u00a0as \u201cLittle Sure Shot,\u201d she shot apples off her poodle\u2019s head and the ash\u00a0from her husband\u2019s cigar, clenched trustingly between his teeth. Gordon\u00a0Lillie\u2019s wife, May Manning Lillie, also became a skilled shot and performed as \u201cWorld\u2019s Greatest Lady Horseback Shot.\u201d Female sharpshooters were Wild West show staples. As many as eighty toured the country\u00a0at the shows\u2019 peaks. But if such acts challenged expected Victorian gender\u00a0roles, female performers were typically careful to blunt criticism by maintaining their feminine identity\u2014for example, by riding sidesaddle and\u00a0wearing full skirts and corsets\u2014during their acts.\r\n\r\nThe western \u201ccowboys and Indians\u201d mystique, perpetuated in novels,\u00a0rodeos, and Wild West shows, was rooted in romantic nostalgia and, perhaps, in the anxieties that many felt in the late nineteenth century\u2019s new\u00a0seemingly \u201csoft\u201d industrial world of factory and office work. The mythical cowboy\u2019s \u201caggressive masculinity\u201d was the seemingly perfect antidote\u00a0for middle- and upper-class, city-dwelling Americans who feared they\u00a0\u201chad become over-civilized\u201d and longed for what Theodore Roosevelt\u00a0called the \u201cstrenuous life.\u201d Roosevelt himself, a scion of a wealthy New\u00a0York family and later a popular American president, turned a brief tenure\u00a0as a failed Dakota ranch owner into a potent part of his political image.\u00a0Americans looked longingly to the West, whose romance would continue\u00a0to pull at generations of Americans.\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\r\nIn this CrashCourse video, you'll learn about the not-so-wild west, at least not the romanticized version of what we so often see portrayed in media. Instead of lone rangers, most came in family groups, and many came as immigrants or with businesses. Unfortunately, the Native Americans already living on the lands were displaced from their homes, oftentimes through violent and horrific means.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/Q16OZkgSXfM?t=1s\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/WestwardExpansionCrashCourseUSHistory24.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWestward Expansion: Crash Course US History #24\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291620918335980638\/embed\" width=\"1089\" height=\"343\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" aria-label=\"The Mythic west.\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain ways in which the West came to be mythologized in American culture<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3880\" style=\"width: 574px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061347\/800px-Buffalo_bill_wild_west_show_c1899.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3880\" class=\"wp-image-3880\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061347\/800px-Buffalo_bill_wild_west_show_c1899-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Buffalo Bill's Wild West poster of cowboys during a roundup.\" width=\"564\" height=\"375\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3880\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Buffalo Bill&#8217;s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World &#8211; Poster showing cowboys rounding up cattle and portrait of Col. W. F. Cody on horseback. c.1899.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Reading and Rodeos<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u201cThe American West\u201d conjures visions of tipis, cabins, cowboys, Indians,\u00a0farm wives in sunbonnets, and outlaws with six-shooters. Such images\u00a0pervade American culture, but they are as old as the West itself: novels,\u00a0rodeos, and Wild West shows mythologized the American West throughout the post\u2013Civil War era.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3882\" style=\"width: 204px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061445\/81b6720pRXL.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3882\" class=\"wp-image-3882 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061445\/81b6720pRXL-194x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"194\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3882\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. Penguin classics cover of Owen Wister&#8217;s cowboy tale, <em>The Virginian<\/em>. This and other western novels created the image of the rugged American cowboy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In the 1860s, Americans devoured dime novels that embellished the\u00a0lives of real-life individuals such as Calamity Jane and Billy the Kid.\u00a0Owen Wister\u2019s novels, especially <em>The Virginian<\/em>, established the character\u00a0of the cowboy as a gritty stoic with a rough exterior but the courage and\u00a0heroism needed to rescue people from train robbers, Indians, and cattle\u00a0rustlers. Such images were later reinforced when the emergence of rodeo\u00a0added to popular conceptions of the American West. Rodeos began as\u00a0small roping and riding contests among cowboys in towns near ranches\u00a0or at camps at the end of the cattle trails. In Pecos, Texas, on July 4, 1883, cowboys from two ranches, the Hash Knife and the W Ranch,\u00a0competed in roping and riding contests as a way to settle an argument;\u00a0this event is recognized by historians of the West as the first real rodeo.\u00a0Casual contests evolved into planned celebrations. Many were scheduled\u00a0around national holidays, such as Independence Day, or during traditional roundup times in the spring and fall. Early rodeos took place in\u00a0open grassy areas\u2014not arenas\u2014and included calf and steer roping and roughstock events such as bronco riding.<\/p>\n<p>They gained popularity and soon\u00a0dedicated rodeo circuits developed. Although about 90 percent of rodeo\u00a0contestants were men, women helped popularize the rodeo and several\u00a0popular female bronco riders, such as Bertha Kaepernick, entered men\u2019s\u00a0events, until around 1916 when women\u2019s competitive participation was\u00a0curtailed. Americans also experienced the \u201cWild West\u201d\u2014the mythical\u00a0West imagined in so many dime novels\u2014by attending traveling Wild\u00a0West shows, arguably the unofficial national entertainment of the United\u00a0States from the 1880s to the 1910s. Wildly popular across the country,\u00a0the shows traveled throughout the eastern United States and even across\u00a0Europe and showcased what was already a mythic frontier life.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Buffalo Bill and His Wild West Show\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>William\u00a0Frederick \u201cBuffalo Bill\u201d Cody was the first to recognize the broad national appeal of the stock \u201ccharacters\u201d of the American West\u2014cowboys,\u00a0Indians, sharpshooters, cavalrymen, and rangers\u2014and put them all together into a single massive traveling extravaganza. Operating out of\u00a0Omaha, Nebraska, Buffalo Bill launched his touring show in 1883. Cody\u00a0himself shunned the word show, fearing that it implied an exaggeration\u00a0or misrepresentation of the West. He instead called his production \u201cBuffalo Bill\u2019s Wild West.\u201d He employed real cowboys and Indians in his\u00a0productions. But it was still, of course, a show. It was entertainment,\u00a0little different in its broad outlines from contemporary theater. Storylines\u00a0depicted westward migration, life on the Plains, and Indian attacks, all\u00a0punctuated by \u201ccowboy fun\u201d: bucking broncos, roping cattle, and sharpshooting contests.\u00a0Buffalo Bill, joined by shrewd business partners skilled in marketing,\u00a0turned his shows into a sensation.<\/p>\n<p>But he was not alone. Gordon William\u00a0\u201cPawnee Bill\u201d Lillie, another popular Wild West showman, got his start\u00a0in 1886 when Cody employed him as an interpreter for Pawnee members of the show. Lillie went on to create his own production in 1888,\u00a0\u201cPawnee Bill\u2019s Historic Wild West.\u201d He was Cody\u2019s only real competitor\u00a0in the business until 1908 when the two men combined their shows to\u00a0create a new extravaganza, \u201cBuffalo Bill\u2019s Wild West and Pawnee Bill\u2019s\u00a0Great Far East\u201d (most people called it the \u201cTwo Bills Show\u201d). It was an\u00a0unparalleled spectacle. The cast included American cowboys, Mexican\u00a0vaqueros, Native Americans, Russian Cossacks, Japanese acrobats, and\u00a0an Australian aboriginal.<\/p>\n<p>Cody and Lillie knew that Native Americans fascinated audiences in\u00a0the United States and Europe, and both featured them prominently in\u00a0their Wild West shows. Most Americans believed that Native cultures\u00a0were disappearing or had already, and felt a sense of urgency to see their\u00a0dances, hear their songs, and be captivated by their bareback riding skills\u00a0and their elaborate buckskin and feather attire. The shows certainly\u00a0veiled the true cultural and historic value of so many Native demonstrations, and the Indian performers were curiosities to White Americans, but\u00a0the shows were one of the few ways for many Native Americans to make\u00a0a living in the late nineteenth century.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3884\" style=\"width: 222px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061728\/220px-Annie_Oakley_by_Bakers_Art_Gallery_c1880s-crop.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3884\" class=\"wp-image-3884 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/01061728\/220px-Annie_Oakley_by_Bakers_Art_Gallery_c1880s-crop-212x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"212\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3884\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Annie Oakley, c. 1880.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In an attempt to appeal to women, Cody recruited Annie Oakley, a\u00a0female sharpshooter who thrilled onlookers with her many stunts. Billed\u00a0as \u201cLittle Sure Shot,\u201d she shot apples off her poodle\u2019s head and the ash\u00a0from her husband\u2019s cigar, clenched trustingly between his teeth. Gordon\u00a0Lillie\u2019s wife, May Manning Lillie, also became a skilled shot and performed as \u201cWorld\u2019s Greatest Lady Horseback Shot.\u201d Female sharpshooters were Wild West show staples. As many as eighty toured the country\u00a0at the shows\u2019 peaks. But if such acts challenged expected Victorian gender\u00a0roles, female performers were typically careful to blunt criticism by maintaining their feminine identity\u2014for example, by riding sidesaddle and\u00a0wearing full skirts and corsets\u2014during their acts.<\/p>\n<p>The western \u201ccowboys and Indians\u201d mystique, perpetuated in novels,\u00a0rodeos, and Wild West shows, was rooted in romantic nostalgia and, perhaps, in the anxieties that many felt in the late nineteenth century\u2019s new\u00a0seemingly \u201csoft\u201d industrial world of factory and office work. The mythical cowboy\u2019s \u201caggressive masculinity\u201d was the seemingly perfect antidote\u00a0for middle- and upper-class, city-dwelling Americans who feared they\u00a0\u201chad become over-civilized\u201d and longed for what Theodore Roosevelt\u00a0called the \u201cstrenuous life.\u201d Roosevelt himself, a scion of a wealthy New\u00a0York family and later a popular American president, turned a brief tenure\u00a0as a failed Dakota ranch owner into a potent part of his political image.\u00a0Americans looked longingly to the West, whose romance would continue\u00a0to pull at generations of Americans.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch it<\/h3>\n<p>In this CrashCourse video, you&#8217;ll learn about the not-so-wild west, at least not the romanticized version of what we so often see portrayed in media. Instead of lone rangers, most came in family groups, and many came as immigrants or with businesses. Unfortunately, the Native Americans already living on the lands were displaced from their homes, oftentimes through violent and horrific means.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Westward Expansion: Crash Course US History #24\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Q16OZkgSXfM?start=1&#38;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/WestwardExpansionCrashCourseUSHistory24.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWestward Expansion: Crash Course US History #24\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1291620918335980638\/embed\" width=\"1089\" height=\"343\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" aria-label=\"The Mythic west.\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3576\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Megan Coplen for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Westward Expansion: Crash Course US History #24. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Crash Course. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Q16OZkgSXfM?t=1s\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/Q16OZkgSXfM?t=1s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>The West. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#identifier_25_97\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/17-conquering-the-west\/#identifier_25_97<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":427571,"menu_order":16,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Westward Expansion: Crash Course US History #24\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Crash 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