{"id":3583,"date":"2022-01-25T14:00:49","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T14:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3583"},"modified":"2022-09-14T00:06:25","modified_gmt":"2022-09-14T00:06:25","slug":"social-justice-and-social-reform","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/social-justice-and-social-reform\/","title":{"raw":"Social Justice and Social Reform","rendered":"Social Justice and Social Reform"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Explain the significance of social justice reformers, like Jane Addams and Carrie Nation, in enacting positive social change in American Society in the early 1900s<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idp75950688\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Social Justice<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp21836912\">The Progressives\u2019 work toward social justice took many forms. In some cases, it was focused on those who suffered due to pervasive inequality, such as African Americans, ethnic and immigrant groups, and women. In others, the goal was to help those who were in desperate material need due to circumstances, such as poor immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who often suffered severe discrimination, the working poor, and those in poor health. Women were often in the vanguard of social justice reform. Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, and Ellen Gates Starr, for example, led the settlement house movement of the 1880s (discussed in a previous chapter). Their work to provide social services, education, and health care to working-class women and their children was among the earliest Progressive grassroots efforts in the country.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Women's Activism<\/h3>\r\nReform opened new possibilities for women\u2019s activism in American public life and gave new impetus to the long campaign for women\u2019s suffrage. Much energy for women\u2019s work came from female \u201cclubs,\u201d social organizations devoted to various purposes. Some focused on intellectual development; others emphasized philanthropic activities. Increasingly, these organizations looked outward, to their communities and to the place of women in the larger political sphere.\r\n\r\nWomen\u2019s clubs flourished in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the 1890s women formed national women\u2019s club federations. Particularly significant in campaigns for suffrage and women\u2019s rights were the General Federation of Women\u2019s Clubs (formed in New York City in 1890) and the National Association of Colored Women (organized in Washington, D.C., in 1896), both of which were dominated by upper-middle-class, educated, northern women. Few of these organizations were biracial, a legacy of the sometimes uneasy mid-nineteenth-century relationship between socially active African Americans and White women. Rising American prejudice led many White female activists to ban the inclusion of their African American sisters. The segregation of Black women into distinct clubs nonetheless still produced vibrant organizations that could promise racial uplift and civil rights for all Black Americans as well as equal rights for women.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202937\/CNX_History_21_02_Temperance.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration shows the women of the temperance movement holding an open-air prayer meeting in front of an Ohio saloon. A sign outside the saloon reads &quot;Dotze Ales Wines.&quot;\" width=\"390\" height=\"293\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This John R. Chapin illustration shows the women of the temperance movement holding an open-air prayer meeting outside an Ohio saloon. (credit: Library of Congress)[\/caption]\r\n<h2>The Moral Dilemma of Alcohol<\/h2>\r\nAnother cause that garnered support from a key group of Progressives was the prohibition of liquor. This crusade, which gained followers through the Woman\u2019s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Anti-Saloon League, directly linked Progressivism with morality and Christian reform initiatives, and saw in alcohol both a moral vice and a practical concern, as workingmen spent their wages on liquor and saloons, often turning violent toward each other or their families at home. The WCTU and Anti-Saloon League moved the efforts to eliminate the sale of alcohol from a bar-to-bar public opinion campaign to one of city-to-city and state-by-state votes. Through local option votes and subsequent statewide initiatives and referendums, the Anti-Saloon League succeeded in urging 40 percent of the nation\u2019s counties to \u201cgo dry\u201d by 1906, and a dozen states to fully do the same by 1909. Their political pressure culminated in the passage of the <strong>Eighteenth Amendment<\/strong>, ratified in 1919, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages nationwide.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_4155\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"270\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/12204321\/Screen-Shot-2022-02-12-at-3.42.31-PM.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-4155 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/12204321\/Screen-Shot-2022-02-12-at-3.42.31-PM.png\" alt=\"Wichita paper headline titled &quot;She's still smashing. Mrs. Carrie Nation wrecks a saloon at enterprise. Propieter had fled. She entered alone and used hatchet freely. City Marshal appeared. And is severely arraigned on the scene. Received slight injury. Mrs. Nation Attacked by saloon keeper's wife.\" width=\"270\" height=\"695\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Here you can read that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chroniclingamerica.loc.gov\/lccn\/sn82014635\/1901-01-24\/ed-1\/seq-5\/#words=SMASHING\">\"She's Still Smashing: Mrs. Carrie Nation Wrecks a Saloon at Enterprise.\"<\/a> made the headline of the Wichita Daily Eagle on Thursday, January 24, 1901.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe fearsome Carrie A. Nation, an imposing woman who believed she worked in accordance with God\u2019s will, won headlines for destroying saloons. In Wichita, Kansas, on December 27, 1900, Nation took a hatchet and broke bottles and bars at the luxurious Carey Hotel. Arrested and charged with causing $3,000 in damages, Nation spent a month in jail before the county dismissed the charges on account of \u201ca delusion to such an extent as to be practically irresponsible.\u201d But Nation\u2019s \u201chatchetation\u201d drew national attention. Describing herself as \u201ca bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at what He doesn\u2019t like,\u201d she continued her assaults, and days later she attempted to demolish two more Wichita bars.\r\n\r\nFew women followed in Nation\u2019s footsteps, and many more worked within more reputable organizations. Nation, for instance, had founded a chapter of the <strong>Woman\u2019s Christian Temperance Union<\/strong> (WCTU), but the organization\u2019s leaders described her as \u201cunwomanly and unchristian.\u201d The WCTU was founded in 1874 as a modest temperance organization devoted to combating the evils of drunkenness. But then, from 1879 to 1898, Frances Willard invigorated the organization by transforming it into a national political organization, embracing a \u201cdo everything\u201d policy that adopted any and all reasonable reforms that would improve social welfare and advance women\u2019s rights. Temperance, and then the full prohibition of alcohol, however, always remained key objectives.\r\n\r\nMany American reformers associated alcohol with nearly every social ill. Alcohol was blamed for domestic abuse, poverty, crime, and disease. The 1912 Anti-Saloon League\u00a0<em>Yearbook<\/em>, for instance, presented charts indicating comparable increases in alcohol consumption alongside rising divorce rates. The WCTU called alcohol a \u201chome wrecker.\u201d More insidiously, perhaps, reformers also associated alcohol with cities and immigrants, implicitly maligning America\u2019s immigrants, Catholics, and working classes in their crusade against liquor. Still, reformers believed that the abolition of \u201cstrong drink\u201d would bring about social progress, obviate the need for prisons and insane asylums, save women and children from domestic abuse, and usher in a more just, progressive society.\r\n<h2>Jane Addams and the Birth of Social Work<\/h2>\r\nPowerful female activists emerged out of the club movement and temperance campaigns. Perhaps no American reformer matched Jane Addams in fame, energy, and innovation. Born in Cedarville, Illinois, in 1860, Addams lost her mother by age two and lived under the attentive care of her father. At seventeen, she left home to attend Rockford Female Seminary. An idealist, Addams sought the means to make the world a better place. She believed that well-educated women of means, such as herself, lacked practical strategies for engaging everyday reform. After four years at Rockford, Addams embarked on a multi-year \u201cgrand tour\u201d of Europe. She found herself drawn to English settlement houses, a kind of prototype for social work in which philanthropists embedded themselv<span style=\"color: #333333;\">es among communities and offered services to disadvantaged populations. After visiting London\u2019s Toynbee Hall in 1887, Addams returned to the United States and in 1889 founded Hull House in Chicago with her longtime confidant and companion Ellen Gates Starr.<\/span>\r\n<blockquote><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">The Settlement \u2026 is an experimental effort to aid in the solution of the social and industrial problems which are engendered by the modern conditions of life in a great city. It insists that these problems are not confined to any one portion of the city. It is an attempt to relieve, at the same time, the overaccumulation at one end of society and the destitution at the other \u2026 It must be grounded in a philosophy whose foundation is on the solidarity of the human race, a philosophy which will not waver when the race happens to be represented by a drunken woman or an idiot boy.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">[footnote]Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Macmillan, 1911), 125\u2013126[\/footnote]<\/span><\/span><\/blockquote>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">Hull House workers provided for their neighbors by running a nursery and a kindergarten, administering classes for parents and clubs for children, and organizing social and cultural events for the community. Reformer Florence Kelley, who stayed at Hull House from 1891 to 1899, convinced Addams to move into the realm of social reform.\u00a0Hull House began exposing conditions in local sweatshops and advocated for the organization of workers. She called the conditions caused by urban poverty and industrialization a \u201csocial crime.\u201d Hull House workers surveyed their community and produced statistics on poverty, disease, and living conditions. Addams began pressuring politicians. Together Kelley and Addams petitioned legislators to pass antisweatshop legislation that limited the hours of work for women and children to eight per day. Yet Addams was an upper-class White Protestant woman who, like many reformers, refused to embrace more radical policies. While Addams called labor organizing a \u201csocial obligation,\u201d she also warned the labor movement agai<\/span>nst the \u201cconstant temptation towards class warfare.\u201d Addams, like many reformers, favored cooperation between rich and poor and bosses and workers, whether cooperation was a realistic possibility or not.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>WAtch It<\/h3>\r\nJane Addams was a proponent of the Social Gospel and provided valuable services for immigrants and the urban poor through her settlement house, the Hull House in Chicago.\r\n\r\n<center><iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170611&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=whCL6xiOhTs&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-vpw6yjjn-whCL6xiOhTs\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/center><center><\/center><center>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/janeaddamsneighboringwiththepoor.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cJane Addams, Neighboring with the Poor\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/center><\/div>\r\nAddams became a kind of celebrity. In 1912, she became the first woman to give a nominating speech at a major party convention when she seconded the nomination of Theodore Roosevelt as the Progressive Party\u2019s candidate for president. Her campaigns for social reform and women\u2019s rights won headlines and her voice became ubiquitous in progressive politics.\r\n\r\nAddams\u2019s advocacy grew beyond domestic concerns. Beginning with her work in the Anti-Imperialist League during the Spanish-American War, Addams increasingly began to see militarism as a drain on resources better spent on social reform. In 1907 she wrote\u00a0<em>Newer Ideals of Peace<\/em>, a book that would become for many a philosophical foundation of <strong>pacifism<\/strong>. Addams emerged as a prominent opponent of America\u2019s entry into World War I. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/3a3bc554-86fb-4697-b049-1dc498a8d4f5\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Confronting Child Labor<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp56491104\">Building on the successes of the settlement houses, social justice reformers took on other, related challenges. The National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), formed in 1904, urged the passage of labor legislation to ban child labor in the industrial sector. In 1900, U.S. census records indicated that one out of every six children between the ages of five and ten were working, a 50-percent increase over the previous decade. If the sheer numbers alone were not enough to spur action, the fact that managers paid child workers noticeably less for their labor gave additional fuel to the NCLC\u2019s efforts to radically curtail child labor. The committee employed photographer Lewis Hine to engage in a decade-long pictorial campaign to educate Americans on the plight of children working in factories.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"fs-idm46377776\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202935\/CNX_History_21_02_Hine.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a) shows a thin, shabbily dressed, barefoot girl standing in front of a large spinning machine. Photograph (b) shows two small boys standing on a spinning machine; one is barefoot.\" width=\"520\" height=\"335\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. As part of the National Child Labor Committee\u2019s campaign to raise awareness about the plight of child laborers, Lewis Hine photographed dozens of children in factories around the country, including Addie Card (a), a twelve-year-old spinner working in a mill in Vermont in 1910, and these young boys working at Bibb Mill No. 1 in Macon, Georgia in 1909 (b). Working ten- to twelve-hour shifts, children often worked large machines where they could reach into gaps and remove lint and other debris, a practice that caused plenty of injuries. (credit a\/b: modification of work by Library of Congress)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp10015232\">Although low-wage industries fiercely opposed any federal restriction on child labor, the NCLC did succeed in 1912, urging President William Howard Taft to sign into law the creation of the U.S. Children\u2019s Bureau. As a branch of the Department of Labor, the bureau worked closely with the NCLC to bring greater awareness to the issue of child labor. In 1916, the pressure from the NCLC and the general public resulted in the passage of the Keating-Owen Act, which prohibited the interstate trade of any goods produced with child labor. Although the U.S. Supreme Court later declared the law unconstitutional, Keating-Owen reflected a significant shift in the public perception of child labor. Finally, in 1938, the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act signaled the victory of supporters of Keating-Owen. This new law outlawed the interstate trade of any products produced by children under the age of sixteen.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"260\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202936\/CNX_History_21_02_Triangle.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows firefighters directing a massive spray of water at the blaze in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory.\" width=\"260\" height=\"342\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. On March 25, 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City. Despite the efforts of firefighters, 146 workers died in the fire, mostly because the owners had trapped them on the sweatshop floors.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nFlorence Kelley, a Progressive supporter of the NCLC, championed other social justice causes as well. As the first general secretary of the National Consumers League, which was founded in 1899 by Jane Addams and others, Kelley led one of the original battles to try and secure safety in factory working conditions. She particularly opposed sweatshop labor and urged the passage of an eight-hour-workday law in order to specifically protect women in the workplace. Kelley\u2019s efforts were initially met with strong resistance from factory owners who exploited women\u2019s labor and were unwilling to give up the long hours and low wages they paid in order to offer the cheapest possible product to consumers. But in 1911, a tragedy turned the tide of public opinion in favor of Kelley\u2019s cause.\r\n\r\nOn March 25 of that year, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company on the eighth floor of the Asch building in New York City, resulting in the deaths of 146 garment workers, most of them young, immigrant women. (Shirtwaists referred to women's blouses of the period.) Management had previously blockaded doors and fire escapes in an effort to control workers and keep out union organizers; in the blaze, many died due to the crush of bodies trying to evacuate the building. Others died when they fell off the flimsy fire escape or jumped to their deaths to escape the flames. Some described seeing women on the rooftop and in the windows of the ten-story building who jumped, landing in a \u201cmangled, bloody pulp.\u201d Life nets held by firemen tore at the impact of the falling bodies. Among the onlookers, \u201cwomen were hysterical, scores fainted; men wept as, in paroxysms of frenzy, they hurled themselves against the police lines.\u201d[footnote]Philip Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I (New York: Free Press, 1979.).[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nA year before the fire, the Triangle workers had gone on strike demanding union recognition, higher wages, and better safety conditions. Remembering their workers\u2019 \u201cchief value,\u201d the owners of the factory decided that a viable fire escape and unlocked doors were too expensive and called in the city police to break up the strike.\r\n\r\nAfter the 1911 fire, former Triangle worker and labor organizer Rose Schneiderman said, \u201cThis is not the first time girls have been burned alive in this city. Every week I must learn of the untimely death of one of my sister workers . . . the life of men and women is so cheap and property is so sacred! There are so many of us for one job, it matters little if 140-odd are burned to death.\u201d[footnote]Leon Stein, The Triangle Fire (Ithaca, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1962), 20.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3587\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"515\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/25154909\/Triangle_Shirtwaist_coffins.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3587 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/25154909\/Triangle_Shirtwaist_coffins-1024x701.jpeg\" alt=\"Black and white photograph of policeman moving bodies in coffins.\" width=\"515\" height=\"353\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. Policemen place the bodies of workers who were burned alive in the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire into coffins. Photographs like this made real the atrocities that could result from unsafe working conditions.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTriangle owners Max Blanck and Isaac Harris were brought up on manslaughter charges. They were acquitted after less than two hours of deliberation. The outcome continued a trend in the industrializing economy that saw workers\u2019 deaths answered with little punishment of the business owners responsible for such dangerous conditions. But as such tragedies mounted and working and living conditions worsened and inequality grew, it became increasingly difficult to develop justifications for this new modern order.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>William Shepherd on the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp10409344\">The tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire was a painful wake-up call to a country that was largely ignoring issues of poor working conditions and worker health and safety. While this fire was far from the only instance of worker death, the sheer number of people killed\u2014almost one hundred fifty\u2014and the fact they were all young women, made a strong impression. Furthering the power of this tragedy was the first-hand account shared by William Shepherd, a United Press reporter who was on the scene, giving his eyewitness account over a telephone. His account appeared, just two days later, in the <em data-effect=\"italics\">Milwaukee Journal<\/em>, and word of the tragedy spread from there. Public outrage over their deaths was enough to give the National Consumers League the power it needed to push politicians to get involved.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm7674288\">\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nI saw every feature of the tragedy visible from outside the building. I learned a new sound\u2014a more horrible sound than description can picture. It was the thud of a speeding, living body on a stone sidewalk.\r\n\r\nThud-dead, thud-dead, thud-dead, thud-dead. Sixty-two thud-deads. I call them that, because the sound and the thought of death came to me each time, at the same instant. There was plenty of chance to watch them as they came down. The height was eighty feet.\r\n\r\nThe first ten thud-deads shocked me. I looked up\u2014saw that there were scores of girls at the windows. The flames from the floor below were beating in their faces. Somehow I knew that they, too, must come down.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\r\n\r\nA policeman later went about with tags, which he fastened with wires to the wrists of the dead girls, numbering each with a lead pencil, and I saw him fasten tag no. 54 to the wrist of a girl who wore an engagement ring. A fireman who came downstairs from the building told me that there were at least fifty bodies in the big room on the seventh floor. Another fireman told me that more girls had jumped down an air shaft in the rear of the building. I went back there, into the narrow court, and saw a heap of dead girls.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\r\n\r\nThe floods of water from the firemen\u2019s hose that ran into the gutter were actually stained red with blood. I looked upon the heap of dead bodies and I remembered these girls were the shirtwaist makers. I remembered their great strike of last year in which these same girls had demanded more sanitary conditions and more safety precautions in the shops. These dead bodies were the answer.\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp4319872\"><em>What do you think about William Shepherd\u2019s description? What effect do you think it had on newspaper readers in the Midwest?<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<figure id=\"fs-idm16767040\"><\/figure>\r\n<\/section>Events such as the Triangle Shirtwaist fire convinced many Americans of the need for reform, but the energies of activists were needed to spread a new commitment to political activism and government intervention in the economy. Politicians, journalists, novelists, religious leaders, and activists all raised their voices to push Americans toward reform. This tragedy provided the National Consumers League with the moral argument to convince politicians of the need to pass workplace safety laws and codes.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0c0d4d5c-a65a-4db5-891e-9a5af7734b58\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Eighteenth Amendment:<\/strong> established prohibition, outlawing the\u00a0manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages nationwide\r\n\r\n<strong>pacifism:\u00a0<\/strong>a philosophy that opposes war\r\n\r\n<strong>Woman's Christian Temperance Union:\u00a0<\/strong>an organization dedicated to combatting the evils of alcohol consumption, sometimes by directly attacking saloons and more commonly by passing anti-alcohol laws, a movement that contributed to the establishment of prohibition in 1919\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Explain the significance of social justice reformers, like Jane Addams and Carrie Nation, in enacting positive social change in American Society in the early 1900s<\/li>\n<li>Explain the significance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idp75950688\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">Social Justice<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp21836912\">The Progressives\u2019 work toward social justice took many forms. In some cases, it was focused on those who suffered due to pervasive inequality, such as African Americans, ethnic and immigrant groups, and women. In others, the goal was to help those who were in desperate material need due to circumstances, such as poor immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who often suffered severe discrimination, the working poor, and those in poor health. Women were often in the vanguard of social justice reform. Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, and Ellen Gates Starr, for example, led the settlement house movement of the 1880s (discussed in a previous chapter). Their work to provide social services, education, and health care to working-class women and their children was among the earliest Progressive grassroots efforts in the country.<\/p>\n<h3>Women&#8217;s Activism<\/h3>\n<p>Reform opened new possibilities for women\u2019s activism in American public life and gave new impetus to the long campaign for women\u2019s suffrage. Much energy for women\u2019s work came from female \u201cclubs,\u201d social organizations devoted to various purposes. Some focused on intellectual development; others emphasized philanthropic activities. Increasingly, these organizations looked outward, to their communities and to the place of women in the larger political sphere.<\/p>\n<p>Women\u2019s clubs flourished in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the 1890s women formed national women\u2019s club federations. Particularly significant in campaigns for suffrage and women\u2019s rights were the General Federation of Women\u2019s Clubs (formed in New York City in 1890) and the National Association of Colored Women (organized in Washington, D.C., in 1896), both of which were dominated by upper-middle-class, educated, northern women. Few of these organizations were biracial, a legacy of the sometimes uneasy mid-nineteenth-century relationship between socially active African Americans and White women. Rising American prejudice led many White female activists to ban the inclusion of their African American sisters. The segregation of Black women into distinct clubs nonetheless still produced vibrant organizations that could promise racial uplift and civil rights for all Black Americans as well as equal rights for women.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202937\/CNX_History_21_02_Temperance.jpg\" alt=\"An illustration shows the women of the temperance movement holding an open-air prayer meeting in front of an Ohio saloon. A sign outside the saloon reads &quot;Dotze Ales Wines.&quot;\" width=\"390\" height=\"293\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. This John R. Chapin illustration shows the women of the temperance movement holding an open-air prayer meeting outside an Ohio saloon. (credit: Library of Congress)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Moral Dilemma of Alcohol<\/h2>\n<p>Another cause that garnered support from a key group of Progressives was the prohibition of liquor. This crusade, which gained followers through the Woman\u2019s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Anti-Saloon League, directly linked Progressivism with morality and Christian reform initiatives, and saw in alcohol both a moral vice and a practical concern, as workingmen spent their wages on liquor and saloons, often turning violent toward each other or their families at home. The WCTU and Anti-Saloon League moved the efforts to eliminate the sale of alcohol from a bar-to-bar public opinion campaign to one of city-to-city and state-by-state votes. Through local option votes and subsequent statewide initiatives and referendums, the Anti-Saloon League succeeded in urging 40 percent of the nation\u2019s counties to \u201cgo dry\u201d by 1906, and a dozen states to fully do the same by 1909. Their political pressure culminated in the passage of the <strong>Eighteenth Amendment<\/strong>, ratified in 1919, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages nationwide.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4155\" style=\"width: 280px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/12204321\/Screen-Shot-2022-02-12-at-3.42.31-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4155\" class=\"wp-image-4155\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/12204321\/Screen-Shot-2022-02-12-at-3.42.31-PM.png\" alt=\"Wichita paper headline titled &quot;She's still smashing. Mrs. Carrie Nation wrecks a saloon at enterprise. Propieter had fled. She entered alone and used hatchet freely. City Marshal appeared. And is severely arraigned on the scene. Received slight injury. Mrs. Nation Attacked by saloon keeper's wife.\" width=\"270\" height=\"695\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-4155\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Here you can read that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/chroniclingamerica.loc.gov\/lccn\/sn82014635\/1901-01-24\/ed-1\/seq-5\/#words=SMASHING\">&#8220;She&#8217;s Still Smashing: Mrs. Carrie Nation Wrecks a Saloon at Enterprise.&#8221;<\/a> made the headline of the Wichita Daily Eagle on Thursday, January 24, 1901.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The fearsome Carrie A. Nation, an imposing woman who believed she worked in accordance with God\u2019s will, won headlines for destroying saloons. In Wichita, Kansas, on December 27, 1900, Nation took a hatchet and broke bottles and bars at the luxurious Carey Hotel. Arrested and charged with causing $3,000 in damages, Nation spent a month in jail before the county dismissed the charges on account of \u201ca delusion to such an extent as to be practically irresponsible.\u201d But Nation\u2019s \u201chatchetation\u201d drew national attention. Describing herself as \u201ca bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at what He doesn\u2019t like,\u201d she continued her assaults, and days later she attempted to demolish two more Wichita bars.<\/p>\n<p>Few women followed in Nation\u2019s footsteps, and many more worked within more reputable organizations. Nation, for instance, had founded a chapter of the <strong>Woman\u2019s Christian Temperance Union<\/strong> (WCTU), but the organization\u2019s leaders described her as \u201cunwomanly and unchristian.\u201d The WCTU was founded in 1874 as a modest temperance organization devoted to combating the evils of drunkenness. But then, from 1879 to 1898, Frances Willard invigorated the organization by transforming it into a national political organization, embracing a \u201cdo everything\u201d policy that adopted any and all reasonable reforms that would improve social welfare and advance women\u2019s rights. Temperance, and then the full prohibition of alcohol, however, always remained key objectives.<\/p>\n<p>Many American reformers associated alcohol with nearly every social ill. Alcohol was blamed for domestic abuse, poverty, crime, and disease. The 1912 Anti-Saloon League\u00a0<em>Yearbook<\/em>, for instance, presented charts indicating comparable increases in alcohol consumption alongside rising divorce rates. The WCTU called alcohol a \u201chome wrecker.\u201d More insidiously, perhaps, reformers also associated alcohol with cities and immigrants, implicitly maligning America\u2019s immigrants, Catholics, and working classes in their crusade against liquor. Still, reformers believed that the abolition of \u201cstrong drink\u201d would bring about social progress, obviate the need for prisons and insane asylums, save women and children from domestic abuse, and usher in a more just, progressive society.<\/p>\n<h2>Jane Addams and the Birth of Social Work<\/h2>\n<p>Powerful female activists emerged out of the club movement and temperance campaigns. Perhaps no American reformer matched Jane Addams in fame, energy, and innovation. Born in Cedarville, Illinois, in 1860, Addams lost her mother by age two and lived under the attentive care of her father. At seventeen, she left home to attend Rockford Female Seminary. An idealist, Addams sought the means to make the world a better place. She believed that well-educated women of means, such as herself, lacked practical strategies for engaging everyday reform. After four years at Rockford, Addams embarked on a multi-year \u201cgrand tour\u201d of Europe. She found herself drawn to English settlement houses, a kind of prototype for social work in which philanthropists embedded themselv<span style=\"color: #333333;\">es among communities and offered services to disadvantaged populations. After visiting London\u2019s Toynbee Hall in 1887, Addams returned to the United States and in 1889 founded Hull House in Chicago with her longtime confidant and companion Ellen Gates Starr.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #333333;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">The Settlement \u2026 is an experimental effort to aid in the solution of the social and industrial problems which are engendered by the modern conditions of life in a great city. It insists that these problems are not confined to any one portion of the city. It is an attempt to relieve, at the same time, the overaccumulation at one end of society and the destitution at the other \u2026 It must be grounded in a philosophy whose foundation is on the solidarity of the human race, a philosophy which will not waver when the race happens to be represented by a drunken woman or an idiot boy.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Macmillan, 1911), 125\u2013126\" id=\"return-footnote-3583-1\" href=\"#footnote-3583-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">Hull House workers provided for their neighbors by running a nursery and a kindergarten, administering classes for parents and clubs for children, and organizing social and cultural events for the community. Reformer Florence Kelley, who stayed at Hull House from 1891 to 1899, convinced Addams to move into the realm of social reform.\u00a0Hull House began exposing conditions in local sweatshops and advocated for the organization of workers. She called the conditions caused by urban poverty and industrialization a \u201csocial crime.\u201d Hull House workers surveyed their community and produced statistics on poverty, disease, and living conditions. Addams began pressuring politicians. Together Kelley and Addams petitioned legislators to pass antisweatshop legislation that limited the hours of work for women and children to eight per day. Yet Addams was an upper-class White Protestant woman who, like many reformers, refused to embrace more radical policies. While Addams called labor organizing a \u201csocial obligation,\u201d she also warned the labor movement agai<\/span>nst the \u201cconstant temptation towards class warfare.\u201d Addams, like many reformers, favored cooperation between rich and poor and bosses and workers, whether cooperation was a realistic possibility or not.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>WAtch It<\/h3>\n<p>Jane Addams was a proponent of the Social Gospel and provided valuable services for immigrants and the urban poor through her settlement house, the Hull House in Chicago.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8170611&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=whCL6xiOhTs&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-vpw6yjjn-whCL6xiOhTs\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/janeaddamsneighboringwiththepoor.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cJane Addams, Neighboring with the Poor\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Addams became a kind of celebrity. In 1912, she became the first woman to give a nominating speech at a major party convention when she seconded the nomination of Theodore Roosevelt as the Progressive Party\u2019s candidate for president. Her campaigns for social reform and women\u2019s rights won headlines and her voice became ubiquitous in progressive politics.<\/p>\n<p>Addams\u2019s advocacy grew beyond domestic concerns. Beginning with her work in the Anti-Imperialist League during the Spanish-American War, Addams increasingly began to see militarism as a drain on resources better spent on social reform. In 1907 she wrote\u00a0<em>Newer Ideals of Peace<\/em>, a book that would become for many a philosophical foundation of <strong>pacifism<\/strong>. Addams emerged as a prominent opponent of America\u2019s entry into World War I. She received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_3a3bc554-86fb-4697-b049-1dc498a8d4f5\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/3a3bc554-86fb-4697-b049-1dc498a8d4f5?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_3a3bc554-86fb-4697-b049-1dc498a8d4f5\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Confronting Child Labor<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp56491104\">Building on the successes of the settlement houses, social justice reformers took on other, related challenges. The National Child Labor Committee (NCLC), formed in 1904, urged the passage of labor legislation to ban child labor in the industrial sector. In 1900, U.S. census records indicated that one out of every six children between the ages of five and ten were working, a 50-percent increase over the previous decade. If the sheer numbers alone were not enough to spur action, the fact that managers paid child workers noticeably less for their labor gave additional fuel to the NCLC\u2019s efforts to radically curtail child labor. The committee employed photographer Lewis Hine to engage in a decade-long pictorial campaign to educate Americans on the plight of children working in factories.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"fs-idm46377776\">\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202935\/CNX_History_21_02_Hine.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a) shows a thin, shabbily dressed, barefoot girl standing in front of a large spinning machine. Photograph (b) shows two small boys standing on a spinning machine; one is barefoot.\" width=\"520\" height=\"335\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. As part of the National Child Labor Committee\u2019s campaign to raise awareness about the plight of child laborers, Lewis Hine photographed dozens of children in factories around the country, including Addie Card (a), a twelve-year-old spinner working in a mill in Vermont in 1910, and these young boys working at Bibb Mill No. 1 in Macon, Georgia in 1909 (b). Working ten- to twelve-hour shifts, children often worked large machines where they could reach into gaps and remove lint and other debris, a practice that caused plenty of injuries. (credit a\/b: modification of work by Library of Congress)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p id=\"fs-idp10015232\">Although low-wage industries fiercely opposed any federal restriction on child labor, the NCLC did succeed in 1912, urging President William Howard Taft to sign into law the creation of the U.S. Children\u2019s Bureau. As a branch of the Department of Labor, the bureau worked closely with the NCLC to bring greater awareness to the issue of child labor. In 1916, the pressure from the NCLC and the general public resulted in the passage of the Keating-Owen Act, which prohibited the interstate trade of any goods produced with child labor. Although the U.S. Supreme Court later declared the law unconstitutional, Keating-Owen reflected a significant shift in the public perception of child labor. Finally, in 1938, the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act signaled the victory of supporters of Keating-Owen. This new law outlawed the interstate trade of any products produced by children under the age of sixteen.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 270px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202936\/CNX_History_21_02_Triangle.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows firefighters directing a massive spray of water at the blaze in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory.\" width=\"260\" height=\"342\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. On March 25, 1911, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City. Despite the efforts of firefighters, 146 workers died in the fire, mostly because the owners had trapped them on the sweatshop floors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Florence Kelley, a Progressive supporter of the NCLC, championed other social justice causes as well. As the first general secretary of the National Consumers League, which was founded in 1899 by Jane Addams and others, Kelley led one of the original battles to try and secure safety in factory working conditions. She particularly opposed sweatshop labor and urged the passage of an eight-hour-workday law in order to specifically protect women in the workplace. Kelley\u2019s efforts were initially met with strong resistance from factory owners who exploited women\u2019s labor and were unwilling to give up the long hours and low wages they paid in order to offer the cheapest possible product to consumers. But in 1911, a tragedy turned the tide of public opinion in favor of Kelley\u2019s cause.<\/p>\n<p>On March 25 of that year, a fire broke out at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company on the eighth floor of the Asch building in New York City, resulting in the deaths of 146 garment workers, most of them young, immigrant women. (Shirtwaists referred to women&#8217;s blouses of the period.) Management had previously blockaded doors and fire escapes in an effort to control workers and keep out union organizers; in the blaze, many died due to the crush of bodies trying to evacuate the building. Others died when they fell off the flimsy fire escape or jumped to their deaths to escape the flames. Some described seeing women on the rooftop and in the windows of the ten-story building who jumped, landing in a \u201cmangled, bloody pulp.\u201d Life nets held by firemen tore at the impact of the falling bodies. Among the onlookers, \u201cwomen were hysterical, scores fainted; men wept as, in paroxysms of frenzy, they hurled themselves against the police lines.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Philip Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I (New York: Free Press, 1979.).\" id=\"return-footnote-3583-2\" href=\"#footnote-3583-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A year before the fire, the Triangle workers had gone on strike demanding union recognition, higher wages, and better safety conditions. Remembering their workers\u2019 \u201cchief value,\u201d the owners of the factory decided that a viable fire escape and unlocked doors were too expensive and called in the city police to break up the strike.<\/p>\n<p>After the 1911 fire, former Triangle worker and labor organizer Rose Schneiderman said, \u201cThis is not the first time girls have been burned alive in this city. Every week I must learn of the untimely death of one of my sister workers . . . the life of men and women is so cheap and property is so sacred! There are so many of us for one job, it matters little if 140-odd are burned to death.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Leon Stein, The Triangle Fire (Ithaca, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1962), 20.\" id=\"return-footnote-3583-3\" href=\"#footnote-3583-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3587\" style=\"width: 525px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/25154909\/Triangle_Shirtwaist_coffins.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3587\" class=\"wp-image-3587\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/01\/25154909\/Triangle_Shirtwaist_coffins-1024x701.jpeg\" alt=\"Black and white photograph of policeman moving bodies in coffins.\" width=\"515\" height=\"353\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3587\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. Policemen place the bodies of workers who were burned alive in the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire into coffins. Photographs like this made real the atrocities that could result from unsafe working conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Triangle owners Max Blanck and Isaac Harris were brought up on manslaughter charges. They were acquitted after less than two hours of deliberation. The outcome continued a trend in the industrializing economy that saw workers\u2019 deaths answered with little punishment of the business owners responsible for such dangerous conditions. But as such tragedies mounted and working and living conditions worsened and inequality grew, it became increasingly difficult to develop justifications for this new modern order.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>William Shepherd on the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idp10409344\">The tragedy of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire was a painful wake-up call to a country that was largely ignoring issues of poor working conditions and worker health and safety. While this fire was far from the only instance of worker death, the sheer number of people killed\u2014almost one hundred fifty\u2014and the fact they were all young women, made a strong impression. Furthering the power of this tragedy was the first-hand account shared by William Shepherd, a United Press reporter who was on the scene, giving his eyewitness account over a telephone. His account appeared, just two days later, in the <em data-effect=\"italics\">Milwaukee Journal<\/em>, and word of the tragedy spread from there. Public outrage over their deaths was enough to give the National Consumers League the power it needed to push politicians to get involved.<\/p>\n<blockquote id=\"fs-idm7674288\">\n<div>\n<p>I saw every feature of the tragedy visible from outside the building. I learned a new sound\u2014a more horrible sound than description can picture. It was the thud of a speeding, living body on a stone sidewalk.<\/p>\n<p>Thud-dead, thud-dead, thud-dead, thud-dead. Sixty-two thud-deads. I call them that, because the sound and the thought of death came to me each time, at the same instant. There was plenty of chance to watch them as they came down. The height was eighty feet.<\/p>\n<p>The first ten thud-deads shocked me. I looked up\u2014saw that there were scores of girls at the windows. The flames from the floor below were beating in their faces. Somehow I knew that they, too, must come down.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>A policeman later went about with tags, which he fastened with wires to the wrists of the dead girls, numbering each with a lead pencil, and I saw him fasten tag no. 54 to the wrist of a girl who wore an engagement ring. A fireman who came downstairs from the building told me that there were at least fifty bodies in the big room on the seventh floor. Another fireman told me that more girls had jumped down an air shaft in the rear of the building. I went back there, into the narrow court, and saw a heap of dead girls.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>The floods of water from the firemen\u2019s hose that ran into the gutter were actually stained red with blood. I looked upon the heap of dead bodies and I remembered these girls were the shirtwaist makers. I remembered their great strike of last year in which these same girls had demanded more sanitary conditions and more safety precautions in the shops. These dead bodies were the answer.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p id=\"fs-idp4319872\"><em>What do you think about William Shepherd\u2019s description? What effect do you think it had on newspaper readers in the Midwest?<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<figure id=\"fs-idm16767040\"><\/figure>\n<\/section>\n<p>Events such as the Triangle Shirtwaist fire convinced many Americans of the need for reform, but the energies of activists were needed to spread a new commitment to political activism and government intervention in the economy. Politicians, journalists, novelists, religious leaders, and activists all raised their voices to push Americans toward reform. This tragedy provided the National Consumers League with the moral argument to convince politicians of the need to pass workplace safety laws and codes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_0c0d4d5c-a65a-4db5-891e-9a5af7734b58\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0c0d4d5c-a65a-4db5-891e-9a5af7734b58?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_0c0d4d5c-a65a-4db5-891e-9a5af7734b58\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Eighteenth Amendment:<\/strong> established prohibition, outlawing the\u00a0manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages nationwide<\/p>\n<p><strong>pacifism:\u00a0<\/strong>a philosophy that opposes war<\/p>\n<p><strong>Woman&#8217;s Christian Temperance Union:\u00a0<\/strong>an organization dedicated to combatting the evils of alcohol consumption, sometimes by directly attacking saloons and more commonly by passing anti-alcohol laws, a movement that contributed to the establishment of prohibition in 1919<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3583\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: CJ McClung for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The Progressive Era. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/#footnote_11_105\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/#footnote_11_105<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11629\/latest\/.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Jane Addams, Neighboring with the Poor. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: NBC News Learn. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=whCL6xiOhTs&#038;t=2s\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=whCL6xiOhTs&#038;t=2s<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Bodies from Washington Place fire, Mar 1911. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Library of Congress. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/pictures\/item\/98502780\/\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/pictures\/item\/98502780\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-3583-1\">Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Macmillan, 1911), 125\u2013126 <a href=\"#return-footnote-3583-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-3583-2\">Philip Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I (New York: Free Press, 1979.). <a href=\"#return-footnote-3583-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-3583-3\">Leon Stein, The Triangle Fire (Ithaca, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1962), 20. <a href=\"#return-footnote-3583-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":5,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Bodies from Washington Place fire, Mar 1911\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Library of Congress\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/pictures\/item\/98502780\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Progressive Era\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/#footnote_11_105\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11629\/latest\/.\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Jane Addams, Neighboring with the Poor\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"NBC News Learn\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=whCL6xiOhTs&t=2s\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"CJ McClung for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"0388cb11-b0a5-4028-b2a6-81b80da93b0d,bccd2531-c064-43c2-b675-8cda6a5bd2aa,c0d7a51d-c828-4ec4-9939-1ecc74bc0b72","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3583","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":143,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3583","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":30,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3583\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9410,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3583\/revisions\/9410"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/143"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3583\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3583"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3583"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3583"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3583"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}