{"id":377,"date":"2015-08-21T18:06:59","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:06:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory2os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=377"},"modified":"2022-09-28T02:22:05","modified_gmt":"2022-09-28T02:22:05","slug":"lyndon-johnson-and-the-great-society","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/lyndon-johnson-and-the-great-society\/","title":{"raw":"Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society","rendered":"Lyndon Johnson and the Great Society"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the major goals and initiatives of Lyndon Johnson\u2019s Great Society<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm45812704\"><span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">The Great Society<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm26623344\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp196537888\">In a speech at the University of Michigan in May 1964, Lyndon Johnson\u00a0laid out a sweeping vision for a package of domestic reforms known as the <strong>Great Society<\/strong>. Speaking before that year\u2019s graduates of the University of Michigan, Johnson called for \u201can end to poverty and racial injustice\u201d and challenged both the graduates and American people to \u201cenrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization.\u201d At its heart, he promised, the Great Society would uplift racially and economically disfranchised Americans, too long denied access to federal guarantees of equal democratic and economic opportunity, while simultaneously raising all Americans\u2019 standards and quality of life.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"Figure_29_02_GSociety\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"585\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203331\/CNX_History_29_02_GSociety.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a) shows President Johnson in academic regalia, standing alongside a crowd at the University of Michigan. Photograph (b) shows Johnson speaking while seated at a table beside an elderly woman; both have small microphones in front of them.\" width=\"585\" height=\"314\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. In a speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on May 22, 1964 (a), President Johnson announced some of his goals for the Great Society. These included rebuilding cities, preserving the natural environment, and improving education. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in his hometown of Johnson City, Texas, alongside his childhood schoolteacher, Kate Deadrich Loney (b). (credit a: modification of work by Cecil Stoughton)[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<h3>Great Society Programs<\/h3>\r\nWhile the programs of the New Deal thirty years earlier responded to the dire economic context of the Great Depression, the Great Society was a response to unequal opportunity in the midst of prosperity.\u00a0The Great Society took on a range of quality-of-life concerns that seemed suddenly solvable in a society of such affluence. It established the first federal food stamp program. <strong>Medicare<\/strong> and <strong>Medicaid<\/strong> would ensure access to quality medical care for the aged and poor. In 1965, the <strong>Elementary and Secondary Education Act<\/strong>,\u00a0an outgrowth of Johnson's experience as a former teacher,\u00a0was the first sustained and significant federal investment in public education, totaling more than $1 billion. Significant funds were poured into colleges and universities through the <strong>Higher Education Act<\/strong>, passed the same year. The Great Society also established the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, both federal investments in arts and letters that fund American cultural expression to this day.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm37723888\">In addition to funding for education and the arts, Great Society programs established consumer protection laws for the meat, tobacco, and automobile industries and required \"truth in lending\" by creditors. Other initiatives included funding for public transportation and high-speed mass transit as well as environmental protections. In 1965, Congress also passed the <strong>Immigration and Nationality Act<\/strong>, legislation that overturned quota-based laws from the 1920s that favored immigrants from western and northern Europe over those from eastern and southern Europe. The new law lifted severe restrictions on immigration from Asia and gave preference to immigrants with family ties in the United States and immigrants with desirable skills. Importantly, the Immigration and Nationality Act facilitated the formation of Asian and Latin American immigrant communities in the following decades.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nWatch this video for a summary of Johnson's Great Society programs.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=pD3Vn44F7as\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/WhatWereLBJsGreatSocietyProgramsHistory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWhat Were LBJ's \"Great Society\" Programs? | History\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Addressing Poverty<\/h3>\r\nWhile these laws touched on important aspects of the Great Society, the centerpiece of Johnson\u2019s plan was the eradication of poverty in the United States. Using the bellicose language common to the Cold War era, he declared a <strong>war on poverty<\/strong>\u00a0that he hoped would eliminate basic material wants in a prosperous society.\u00a0The Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) of 1964 established and provided $3 billion in funding for a variety of programs to promote employment, development, and education in impoverished communities.\u00a0The EOA fought rural poverty by providing low-interest loans to those wishing to improve their farms or start businesses. EOA funds were also used to provide housing and education for migrant farmworkers.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203333\/CNX_History_29_02_WarPoverty.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows President Johnson standing on a street outside of a house, several of whose inhabitants sit and stand on the porch. He shakes the hand of a seated man while two other officials look on.\" width=\"390\" height=\"263\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. President Johnson visits a poor family in Appalachia in 1964. Government initiatives designed to combat poverty helped rural communities like this one by providing low-interest loans and housing. (credit: Cecil Stoughton)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nOther legislation created jobs in Appalachia, one of the poorest regions in the United States, and brought programs to Indigenous reservations. One of EOA\u2019s successes was the Rough Rock Demonstration School on the Navajo Reservation, which worked to respect Navajo traditions and culture while also training people for careers and jobs outside the reservation.\r\n\r\nNo EOA program was more controversial than <strong>Community Action<\/strong>, considered the\u00a0fulcrum of the\u00a0antipoverty program. Johnson\u2019s antipoverty planners felt that the key to uplifting disfranchised and impoverished Americans was involving poor and marginalized citizens in the actual administration of poverty programs, what they called \u201cmaximum feasible participation.\u201d\r\n\r\nCommunity Action Programs would give disfranchised Americans a seat at the table in planning and executing federally funded programs that were meant to benefit them\u2014a significant seat change in the nation\u2019s efforts to confront poverty, which had historically relied on local political and business elites, experts in academia, or charitable organizations for administration. In fact, Johnson himself had never conceived of poor Americans running their own poverty programs. While the president\u2019s rhetoric offered a stirring vision of the future, this vision was essentially a second New Deal in which local elite-run public works camps would instill masculine virtues in unemployed young men. Community Action, however, almost entirely bypassed local administrations and sought to build grassroots civil rights and community advocacy organizations, many of which had originated in the broader civil rights movement.\r\n\r\nDespite widespread support for most Great Society programs, the War on Poverty increasingly became the focal point of domestic criticisms from the left and right. On the left, frustrated Americans recognized the president\u2019s resistance to further empowering poor disenfranchised communities and also assailed the growing war in Vietnam, the cost of which undercut domestic poverty spending. As racial unrest and violence swept across urban centers, most notably during the race riots during the summers of 1965 and 1967, critics from the right lambasted federal spending for \u201cunworthy\u201d citizens.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a10777df-2074-4ef3-8cb8-99fd988c4102\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\n<section>What efforts made by the Johnson administration worked to improve life for poor Americans? What laws also improved life for African Americans?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"665941\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"665941\"]The social programs of the Great Society, such as Medicaid, job training programs, and rent subsidies, helped many poor people from all backgrounds. African American citizens were aided by the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended discrimination in employment and prohibited segregation in public accommodations; the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited literacy tests and other racially discriminatory restrictions on voting; and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which outlawed discrimination in housing.[\/hidden-answer]<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Community Action:\u00a0<\/strong>Great Society programs that proposed placing poor and marginalized people in positions of leadership over initiatives that directly impact their communities\r\n\r\n<strong>Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965):\u00a0<\/strong>provided $1 billion in federal funding to elementary and secondary schools to promote equal access to education regardless of economic status\r\n\r\n<strong>Great Society:\u00a0<\/strong>Lyndon Johnson\u2019s plan to eliminate poverty and racial injustice in the United States and to improve the lives of all Americans\r\n\r\n<strong>Higher Education Act (1965):\u00a0<\/strong>provided federal funding to universities and colleges, established scholarships, and offered low-interest loans to individuals pursuing higher education\r\n\r\n<strong>Immigration and Nationality Act (1965):\u00a0<\/strong>overturned quota policies favoring immigrants from north and western Europe, thereby paving the way for a new wave of immigrants from south and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, Central and South America\r\n\r\n<strong>Medicare:\u00a0<\/strong>a national insurance program established in 1965 to provide healthcare access for Americans 65 and over as well as some Americans with disabilities\r\n\r\n<strong>Medicaid:\u00a0<\/strong>a program created in 1965 to provide subsidized healthcare to Americans with limited income and resources\r\n\r\n<strong>war on poverty:\u00a0<\/strong>Lyndon Johnson\u2019s plan to end poverty in the Unites States through the extension of federal benefits, job training programs, and funding for community development\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the major goals and initiatives of Lyndon Johnson\u2019s Great Society<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm45812704\"><span style=\"color: #077fab; font-size: 1.15em; font-weight: 600;\">The Great Society<\/span><\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idm26623344\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<p id=\"fs-idp196537888\">In a speech at the University of Michigan in May 1964, Lyndon Johnson\u00a0laid out a sweeping vision for a package of domestic reforms known as the <strong>Great Society<\/strong>. Speaking before that year\u2019s graduates of the University of Michigan, Johnson called for \u201can end to poverty and racial injustice\u201d and challenged both the graduates and American people to \u201cenrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization.\u201d At its heart, he promised, the Great Society would uplift racially and economically disfranchised Americans, too long denied access to federal guarantees of equal democratic and economic opportunity, while simultaneously raising all Americans\u2019 standards and quality of life.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"Figure_29_02_GSociety\">\n<div style=\"width: 595px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203331\/CNX_History_29_02_GSociety.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a) shows President Johnson in academic regalia, standing alongside a crowd at the University of Michigan. Photograph (b) shows Johnson speaking while seated at a table beside an elderly woman; both have small microphones in front of them.\" width=\"585\" height=\"314\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. In a speech at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor on May 22, 1964 (a), President Johnson announced some of his goals for the Great Society. These included rebuilding cities, preserving the natural environment, and improving education. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act in his hometown of Johnson City, Texas, alongside his childhood schoolteacher, Kate Deadrich Loney (b). (credit a: modification of work by Cecil Stoughton)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h3>Great Society Programs<\/h3>\n<p>While the programs of the New Deal thirty years earlier responded to the dire economic context of the Great Depression, the Great Society was a response to unequal opportunity in the midst of prosperity.\u00a0The Great Society took on a range of quality-of-life concerns that seemed suddenly solvable in a society of such affluence. It established the first federal food stamp program. <strong>Medicare<\/strong> and <strong>Medicaid<\/strong> would ensure access to quality medical care for the aged and poor. In 1965, the <strong>Elementary and Secondary Education Act<\/strong>,\u00a0an outgrowth of Johnson&#8217;s experience as a former teacher,\u00a0was the first sustained and significant federal investment in public education, totaling more than $1 billion. Significant funds were poured into colleges and universities through the <strong>Higher Education Act<\/strong>, passed the same year. The Great Society also established the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities, both federal investments in arts and letters that fund American cultural expression to this day.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm37723888\">In addition to funding for education and the arts, Great Society programs established consumer protection laws for the meat, tobacco, and automobile industries and required &#8220;truth in lending&#8221; by creditors. Other initiatives included funding for public transportation and high-speed mass transit as well as environmental protections. In 1965, Congress also passed the <strong>Immigration and Nationality Act<\/strong>, legislation that overturned quota-based laws from the 1920s that favored immigrants from western and northern Europe over those from eastern and southern Europe. The new law lifted severe restrictions on immigration from Asia and gave preference to immigrants with family ties in the United States and immigrants with desirable skills. Importantly, the Immigration and Nationality Act facilitated the formation of Asian and Latin American immigrant communities in the following decades.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this video for a summary of Johnson&#8217;s Great Society programs.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"What Were LBJ&#39;s &quot;Great Society&quot; Programs? | History\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pD3Vn44F7as?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/WhatWereLBJsGreatSocietyProgramsHistory.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWhat Were LBJ&#8217;s &#8220;Great Society&#8221; Programs? | History\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Addressing Poverty<\/h3>\n<p>While these laws touched on important aspects of the Great Society, the centerpiece of Johnson\u2019s plan was the eradication of poverty in the United States. Using the bellicose language common to the Cold War era, he declared a <strong>war on poverty<\/strong>\u00a0that he hoped would eliminate basic material wants in a prosperous society.\u00a0The Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) of 1964 established and provided $3 billion in funding for a variety of programs to promote employment, development, and education in impoverished communities.\u00a0The EOA fought rural poverty by providing low-interest loans to those wishing to improve their farms or start businesses. EOA funds were also used to provide housing and education for migrant farmworkers.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203333\/CNX_History_29_02_WarPoverty.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows President Johnson standing on a street outside of a house, several of whose inhabitants sit and stand on the porch. He shakes the hand of a seated man while two other officials look on.\" width=\"390\" height=\"263\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. President Johnson visits a poor family in Appalachia in 1964. Government initiatives designed to combat poverty helped rural communities like this one by providing low-interest loans and housing. (credit: Cecil Stoughton)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Other legislation created jobs in Appalachia, one of the poorest regions in the United States, and brought programs to Indigenous reservations. One of EOA\u2019s successes was the Rough Rock Demonstration School on the Navajo Reservation, which worked to respect Navajo traditions and culture while also training people for careers and jobs outside the reservation.<\/p>\n<p>No EOA program was more controversial than <strong>Community Action<\/strong>, considered the\u00a0fulcrum of the\u00a0antipoverty program. Johnson\u2019s antipoverty planners felt that the key to uplifting disfranchised and impoverished Americans was involving poor and marginalized citizens in the actual administration of poverty programs, what they called \u201cmaximum feasible participation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Community Action Programs would give disfranchised Americans a seat at the table in planning and executing federally funded programs that were meant to benefit them\u2014a significant seat change in the nation\u2019s efforts to confront poverty, which had historically relied on local political and business elites, experts in academia, or charitable organizations for administration. In fact, Johnson himself had never conceived of poor Americans running their own poverty programs. While the president\u2019s rhetoric offered a stirring vision of the future, this vision was essentially a second New Deal in which local elite-run public works camps would instill masculine virtues in unemployed young men. Community Action, however, almost entirely bypassed local administrations and sought to build grassroots civil rights and community advocacy organizations, many of which had originated in the broader civil rights movement.<\/p>\n<p>Despite widespread support for most Great Society programs, the War on Poverty increasingly became the focal point of domestic criticisms from the left and right. On the left, frustrated Americans recognized the president\u2019s resistance to further empowering poor disenfranchised communities and also assailed the growing war in Vietnam, the cost of which undercut domestic poverty spending. As racial unrest and violence swept across urban centers, most notably during the race riots during the summers of 1965 and 1967, critics from the right lambasted federal spending for \u201cunworthy\u201d citizens.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_a10777df-2074-4ef3-8cb8-99fd988c4102\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a10777df-2074-4ef3-8cb8-99fd988c4102?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_a10777df-2074-4ef3-8cb8-99fd988c4102\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<section>What efforts made by the Johnson administration worked to improve life for poor Americans? What laws also improved life for African Americans?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q665941\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q665941\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The social programs of the Great Society, such as Medicaid, job training programs, and rent subsidies, helped many poor people from all backgrounds. African American citizens were aided by the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended discrimination in employment and prohibited segregation in public accommodations; the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited literacy tests and other racially discriminatory restrictions on voting; and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which outlawed discrimination in housing.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Community Action:\u00a0<\/strong>Great Society programs that proposed placing poor and marginalized people in positions of leadership over initiatives that directly impact their communities<\/p>\n<p><strong>Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965):\u00a0<\/strong>provided $1 billion in federal funding to elementary and secondary schools to promote equal access to education regardless of economic status<\/p>\n<p><strong>Great Society:\u00a0<\/strong>Lyndon Johnson\u2019s plan to eliminate poverty and racial injustice in the United States and to improve the lives of all Americans<\/p>\n<p><strong>Higher Education Act (1965):\u00a0<\/strong>provided federal funding to universities and colleges, established scholarships, and offered low-interest loans to individuals pursuing higher education<\/p>\n<p><strong>Immigration and Nationality Act (1965):\u00a0<\/strong>overturned quota policies favoring immigrants from north and western Europe, thereby paving the way for a new wave of immigrants from south and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, Central and South America<\/p>\n<p><strong>Medicare:\u00a0<\/strong>a national insurance program established in 1965 to provide healthcare access for Americans 65 and over as well as some Americans with disabilities<\/p>\n<p><strong>Medicaid:\u00a0<\/strong>a program created in 1965 to provide subsidized healthcare to Americans with limited income and resources<\/p>\n<p><strong>war on poverty:\u00a0<\/strong>Lyndon Johnson\u2019s plan to end poverty in the Unites States through the extension of federal benefits, job training programs, and funding for community development<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-377\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The Sixties. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/27-the-sixties\/\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/27-the-sixties\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li><strong>Authored by<\/strong>: US Department of Justice. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US 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