{"id":414,"date":"2015-08-21T18:06:59","date_gmt":"2015-08-21T18:06:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/ushistory2os2xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=414"},"modified":"2022-09-29T00:46:58","modified_gmt":"2022-09-29T00:46:58","slug":"the-election-of-1972","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/the-election-of-1972\/","title":{"raw":"The Election of 1972","rendered":"The Election of 1972"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the 1972 presidential race, including the impact of George McGovern's campaign on the Democratic Party<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Feeling the pressure of domestic antiwar sentiment and desiring a decisive victory, Nixon went into the 1972 reelection season having attempted to\u00a0graft\u00a0southerners and northern, working-class whites onto the Republicans' coalition. The Democrats, responding to the chaos and failings of the Chicago convention, had instituted new rules on how delegates were chosen, which they hoped would broaden participation and the appeal of the party.\u00a0Instead, these changes made the Democratic Party appear further radicalized, and contributed to Nixon's landslide election victory.\u00a0Even evidence that his administration had broken the law failed to keep him from winning the White House.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm10268688\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Election of 1972<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp2854016\">Following the 1968 nominating convention in Chicago, the process of selecting delegates for the Democratic National Convention was redesigned. The new rules, set by a commission led by Senator George McGovern of South Dakota, awarded delegates based on candidates\u2019 performance in state primaries. As a result,\u00a0candidates who sat out the primaries,\u00a0as Hubert Humphrey had done in 1968, would be at a disadvantage. This system gave a greater voice to people who voted in the primaries and reduced the influence of party leaders and power brokers.\u00a0It also set strict rules that state delegations sent to the convention must be representative with respect to race, sex, and age. As a consequence,\u00a0the 1972 Democratic convention in Miami Beach was by far the most diverse that had been held up to that time, and signaled that political power would need to be shared among Democrats from all walks of life.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_30_04_1968Elect\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"520\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203413\/CNX_History_30_04_1968Elect.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a) shows Shirley Chisholm. Photograph (b) shows George McGovern speaking at a lectern.\" width=\"520\" height=\"346\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. In November 1968, Shirley Chisholm (a) became the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. In January 1972, she announced her intention to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. The nomination eventually went to George McGovern (b), an outspoken opponent of the war in Vietnam.[\/caption]<\/figure>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nWatch this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qB_krfRLSVM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview with Shirley Chisholm<\/a> to understand her reasoning and platform in her trailblazing run for president.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_3423\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"239\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/13155126\/Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpeg\"><img class=\"wp-image-3423 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/13155126\/Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster-239x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Presidential campaign poster for Representative Shirley Chisholm from 1972. Poster reads &quot;Bring U.S. Together. Vote Chisholm 1972, unbought and unbossed.&quot;\" width=\"239\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. A presidential campaign poster for Chishom, who used the same campaign slogan from her successful run for the House of Representatives: \"Unbought and unbossed.\" Though she would lose the presidential bid, she would continue to serve in Congress until 1983.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp261920640\">It also led to a more inclusive political environment in which Shirley Chisholm received 156 votes for the Democratic nomination on the first ballot. Eventually, the nomination went to George\u00a0McGovern, a strong opponent of the Vietnam War, who exploited the new primary rules to run a grassroots campaign that circumvented party leaders. Many traditional\u00a0Democrats refused to support his campaign, however\u2014even the powerful AFL-CIO labor union stayed neutral in the election for the first time. Working- and middle-class voters turned against him too after allegations that he supported women\u2019s right to an abortion and the decriminalization of drug use.\u00a0McGovern's outsider campaign also struggled to project competence. A chaotic role-call at their convention in Miami delayed the senator's acceptance speech to 3 a.m., and his initial running-mate was dropped from the ticket when his history of mental illness came to light.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp284831520\">Nixon and the Republicans led from the start. To increase their advantage, they attempted to paint McGovern as\u00a0a candidate of \"acid, amnesty, and abortion\"\u2014each an affront to conservative middle-class values.\u00a0Ultimately, Nixon won over 60% of the popular vote.\u00a0In the Electoral College, McGovern carried only Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. Nixon won a decisive victory of 520 electoral votes to McGovern\u2019s 17.\u00a0Many of these voters had customarily supported Democrats but found McGovern too far left of the mainstream. As McGovern noted ruefully afterward, \"I opened the doors of the Democratic Party and ten million people walked out.\"[footnote]George McGovern, \"Grassroots: the Autobiography of George McGovern,\" (New York: Random House, 1977), 256.[\/footnote<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"fs-idp119498784\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">High Crimes and Misdemeanors<\/h2>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp91807792\">Nixon\u2019s victory over a Democratic Party in disarray was the most remarkable landslide since Franklin D. Roosevelt\u2019s reelection in 1936. But Nixon\u2019s victory was short-lived, for it was soon discovered that he and members of his administration had\u00a0deliberately\u00a0engaged in unethical and illegal behavior during his first term. Following the publication of the Pentagon Papers, for instance, the \u201c<strong>plumbers<\/strong>,\u201d a group of men used by the White House to spy on the president\u2019s opponents and stop leaks to the press, broke into the office of Daniel Ellsberg\u2019s psychiatrist to steal Ellsberg\u2019s file and learn information that might damage\u00a0the activist's\u00a0reputation.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203414\/CNX_History_30_04_Watergate.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows an aerial view of the Watergate hotel and office complex.\" width=\"390\" height=\"303\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. The Watergate hotel and office complex, located on the Potomac River next to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, was the scene of the 1972 burglary and attempted wiretapping that eventually brought down the presidency of Richard Nixon.[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm11661424\">The most notorious operation of the Committee to Re-Elect the President (officially abbreviated CRP but more often mocked as CREEP) was its break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in the Watergate office complex in Washington, DC, as well as its subsequent cover-up.<\/p>\r\nOn June 17, 1972, five men were arrested inside the offices of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). After being tipped off by a security guard, police found the men attempting to install sophisticated bugging equipment. One of those arrested was a former CIA employee then working as a security aide for the Nixon administration\u2019s Committee to Re-elect the President.\u00a0In the following weeks, yet more connections were found between the burglars and CREEP, and in October 1972, the FBI revealed evidence of illegal intelligence gathering by CREEP for the purpose of sabotaging the Democratic Party.\u00a0Little at this time suggested that Nixon was personally involved. Nixon's press secretary dismissed the break-in as \"a third-rate burglary attempt\" and most of the press moved on from the story in the midst of a busy election cycle.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp292442864\">However, in the weeks following the Watergate break-in, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, reporters for <em data-effect=\"italics\">The Washington Post<\/em>, received information from several anonymous sources. One, known to them only as \u201c<strong>Deep Throat<\/strong>,\u201d\u00a0led them to realize the White House was deeply implicated in the break-in.\u00a0Woodward and Bernstein continued to dig and publish their findings, keeping the public\u2019s attention on the unfolding scandal. Years later, Deep Throat was revealed to be Mark Felt, then the FBI\u2019s associate director.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a17a96ec-2594-4a8d-95d8-b8da90d1ea12\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\r\n<section>In what types of unethical and illegal activities did the White House plumbers and the \u201cdirty tricks\u201d squad engage?\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"549555\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"549555\"]The White House plumbers spied on Nixon\u2019s political opponents and engineered ways to embarrass them. They attempted to locate information with which to discredit Daniel Ellsberg by stealing files from the office of his psychiatrist, and they broke into DNC headquarters in the Watergate complex with the intention of wiretapping the phones.[\/hidden-answer]<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Deep Throat:\u00a0<\/strong>the anonymous source, later revealed to be associate director of the FBI Mark Felt, who supplied reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with information about White House involvement in the Watergate break-in\r\n\r\n<strong>plumbers:\u00a0<\/strong>men used by the White House to spy on and sabotage President Nixon\u2019s opponents and stop leaks to the press\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the 1972 presidential race, including the impact of George McGovern&#8217;s campaign on the Democratic Party<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Feeling the pressure of domestic antiwar sentiment and desiring a decisive victory, Nixon went into the 1972 reelection season having attempted to\u00a0graft\u00a0southerners and northern, working-class whites onto the Republicans&#8217; coalition. The Democrats, responding to the chaos and failings of the Chicago convention, had instituted new rules on how delegates were chosen, which they hoped would broaden participation and the appeal of the party.\u00a0Instead, these changes made the Democratic Party appear further radicalized, and contributed to Nixon&#8217;s landslide election victory.\u00a0Even evidence that his administration had broken the law failed to keep him from winning the White House.<\/span><\/p>\n<section id=\"fs-idm10268688\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">The Election of 1972<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp2854016\">Following the 1968 nominating convention in Chicago, the process of selecting delegates for the Democratic National Convention was redesigned. The new rules, set by a commission led by Senator George McGovern of South Dakota, awarded delegates based on candidates\u2019 performance in state primaries. As a result,\u00a0candidates who sat out the primaries,\u00a0as Hubert Humphrey had done in 1968, would be at a disadvantage. This system gave a greater voice to people who voted in the primaries and reduced the influence of party leaders and power brokers.\u00a0It also set strict rules that state delegations sent to the convention must be representative with respect to race, sex, and age. As a consequence,\u00a0the 1972 Democratic convention in Miami Beach was by far the most diverse that had been held up to that time, and signaled that political power would need to be shared among Democrats from all walks of life.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"CNX_History_30_04_1968Elect\">\n<div style=\"width: 530px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203413\/CNX_History_30_04_1968Elect.jpg\" alt=\"Photograph (a) shows Shirley Chisholm. Photograph (b) shows George McGovern speaking at a lectern.\" width=\"520\" height=\"346\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. In November 1968, Shirley Chisholm (a) became the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. In January 1972, she announced her intention to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. The nomination eventually went to George McGovern (b), an outspoken opponent of the war in Vietnam.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qB_krfRLSVM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">interview with Shirley Chisholm<\/a> to understand her reasoning and platform in her trailblazing run for president.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_3423\" style=\"width: 249px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/13155126\/Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3423\" class=\"wp-image-3423 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2015\/08\/13155126\/Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster-239x300.jpeg\" alt=\"Presidential campaign poster for Representative Shirley Chisholm from 1972. Poster reads &quot;Bring U.S. Together. Vote Chisholm 1972, unbought and unbossed.&quot;\" width=\"239\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-3423\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. A presidential campaign poster for Chishom, who used the same campaign slogan from her successful run for the House of Representatives: &#8220;Unbought and unbossed.&#8221; Though she would lose the presidential bid, she would continue to serve in Congress until 1983.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idp261920640\">It also led to a more inclusive political environment in which Shirley Chisholm received 156 votes for the Democratic nomination on the first ballot. Eventually, the nomination went to George\u00a0McGovern, a strong opponent of the Vietnam War, who exploited the new primary rules to run a grassroots campaign that circumvented party leaders. Many traditional\u00a0Democrats refused to support his campaign, however\u2014even the powerful AFL-CIO labor union stayed neutral in the election for the first time. Working- and middle-class voters turned against him too after allegations that he supported women\u2019s right to an abortion and the decriminalization of drug use.\u00a0McGovern&#8217;s outsider campaign also struggled to project competence. A chaotic role-call at their convention in Miami delayed the senator&#8217;s acceptance speech to 3 a.m., and his initial running-mate was dropped from the ticket when his history of mental illness came to light.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp284831520\">Nixon and the Republicans led from the start. To increase their advantage, they attempted to paint McGovern as\u00a0a candidate of &#8220;acid, amnesty, and abortion&#8221;\u2014each an affront to conservative middle-class values.\u00a0Ultimately, Nixon won over 60% of the popular vote.\u00a0In the Electoral College, McGovern carried only Massachusetts and Washington, D.C. Nixon won a decisive victory of 520 electoral votes to McGovern\u2019s 17.\u00a0Many of these voters had customarily supported Democrats but found McGovern too far left of the mainstream. As McGovern noted ruefully afterward, &#8220;I opened the doors of the Democratic Party and ten million people walked out.&#8221;George McGovern, \"Grassroots: the Autobiography of George McGovern,\" (New York: Random House, 1977), 256.[\/footnote<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fs-idp119498784\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2 data-type=\"title\">High Crimes and Misdemeanors<\/h2>\n<p id=\"fs-idp91807792\">Nixon\u2019s victory over a Democratic Party in disarray was the most remarkable landslide since Franklin D. Roosevelt\u2019s reelection in 1936. But Nixon\u2019s victory was short-lived, for it was soon discovered that he and members of his administration had\u00a0deliberately\u00a0engaged in unethical and illegal behavior during his first term. Following the publication of the Pentagon Papers, for instance, the \u201c<strong>plumbers<\/strong>,\u201d a group of men used by the White House to spy on the president\u2019s opponents and stop leaks to the press, broke into the office of Daniel Ellsberg\u2019s psychiatrist to steal Ellsberg\u2019s file and learn information that might damage\u00a0the activist's\u00a0reputation.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23203414\/CNX_History_30_04_Watergate.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows an aerial view of the Watergate hotel and office complex.\" width=\"390\" height=\"303\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. The Watergate hotel and office complex, located on the Potomac River next to the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, was the scene of the 1972 burglary and attempted wiretapping that eventually brought down the presidency of Richard Nixon.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm11661424\">The most notorious operation of the Committee to Re-Elect the President (officially abbreviated CRP but more often mocked as CREEP) was its break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) in the Watergate office complex in Washington, DC, as well as its subsequent cover-up.<\/p>\n<p>On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested inside the offices of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). After being tipped off by a security guard, police found the men attempting to install sophisticated bugging equipment. One of those arrested was a former CIA employee then working as a security aide for the Nixon administration\u2019s Committee to Re-elect the President.\u00a0In the following weeks, yet more connections were found between the burglars and CREEP, and in October 1972, the FBI revealed evidence of illegal intelligence gathering by CREEP for the purpose of sabotaging the Democratic Party.\u00a0Little at this time suggested that Nixon was personally involved. Nixon's press secretary dismissed the break-in as \"a third-rate burglary attempt\" and most of the press moved on from the story in the midst of a busy election cycle.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp292442864\">However, in the weeks following the Watergate break-in, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, reporters for <em data-effect=\"italics\">The Washington Post<\/em>, received information from several anonymous sources. One, known to them only as \u201c<strong>Deep Throat<\/strong>,\u201d\u00a0led them to realize the White House was deeply implicated in the break-in.\u00a0Woodward and Bernstein continued to dig and publish their findings, keeping the public\u2019s attention on the unfolding scandal. Years later, Deep Throat was revealed to be Mark Felt, then the FBI\u2019s associate director.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_a17a96ec-2594-4a8d-95d8-b8da90d1ea12\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/a17a96ec-2594-4a8d-95d8-b8da90d1ea12?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_a17a96ec-2594-4a8d-95d8-b8da90d1ea12\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Review Question<\/h3>\n<section>In what types of unethical and illegal activities did the White House plumbers and the \u201cdirty tricks\u201d squad engage?<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q549555\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q549555\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The White House plumbers spied on Nixon\u2019s political opponents and engineered ways to embarrass them. They attempted to locate information with which to discredit Daniel Ellsberg by stealing files from the office of his psychiatrist, and they broke into DNC headquarters in the Watergate complex with the intention of wiretapping the phones.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Deep Throat:\u00a0<\/strong>the anonymous source, later revealed to be associate director of the FBI Mark Felt, who supplied reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with information about White House involvement in the Watergate break-in<\/p>\n<p><strong>plumbers:\u00a0<\/strong>men used by the White House to spy on and sabotage President Nixon\u2019s opponents and stop leaks to the press<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-414\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Mark Lempke for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>Watergate Information. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/28-the-unraveling\/#IIThe_Strain_of_Vietnam\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/28-the-unraveling\/#IIThe_Strain_of_Vietnam<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Shirley Chisholm campaign poster. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shirley_Chisholm#\/media\/File:Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shirley_Chisholm#\/media\/File:Shirley_Chisholm_presidential_campaign_poster.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":19,"menu_order":13,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Watergate Information\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/28-the-unraveling\/#IIThe_Strain_of_Vietnam\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"Mark 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