{"id":4268,"date":"2022-02-16T00:32:42","date_gmt":"2022-02-16T00:32:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4268"},"modified":"2022-09-15T23:30:44","modified_gmt":"2022-09-15T23:30:44","slug":"environmentalism","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/environmentalism\/","title":{"raw":"Environmentalism","rendered":"Environmentalism"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain the effect that conservation efforts had on preserving the natural environment of the United States<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm132155248\" data-depth=\"1\">\r\n<h2>The Introduction of Environmentalism<\/h2>\r\nThe potential scope of environmental destruction wrought by industrial capitalism was unparalleled in human history. Professional bison hunting expeditions nearly eradicated an entire species, industrialized logging companies denuded whole forests, and chemical plants polluted an entire region\u2019s water supply. As American development and industrialization marched westward, reformers embraced environmental protections.\r\n<h3>Preservation or Conservation?<\/h3>\r\nHistorians often cite preservation and conservation as two competing strategies that dueled for supremacy among environmental reformers during the Progressive Era. The tensions between these two approaches crystalized in the debate over a proposed dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in California. The fight revolved around the provision of water for San Francisco. Engineers identified the location where the Tuolumne River ran through Hetch Hetchy as an ideal site for a reservoir. The project had been suggested in the 1880s but picked up momentum in the early twentieth century. But the valley was located inside Yosemite National Park. (Yosemite was designated a national park in 1890, though the land had been set aside earlier in a grant approved by President Lincoln in 1864.) The debate over Hetch Hetchy revealed two distinct positions on the value of the valley and on the purpose of public lands.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignleft\" width=\"390\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202949\/CNX_History_21_04_Muir.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standing atop a precipice in Yosemite National Park.\" width=\"390\" height=\"293\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interest in the protection of public lands was encouraged by conservationists such as John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club, with whom he toured Yosemite National Park in California, ca. 1906.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nJohn Muir, a naturalist, a writer, and founder of the Sierra Club, invoked the \u201cGod of the Mountains\u201d in his defense of the valley in its supposedly pristine condition. Gifford Pinchot, arguably the father of American forestry and a key player in the federal management of national forests, meanwhile emphasized what he understood to be the purpose of conservation: \u201cto take every part of the land and its resources and put it to that use in which it will serve the most people.\u201d Muir took a wider view of what the people needed, writing that \u201ceverybody needs beauty as well as bread.\u201d[footnote]Roderick Nash, <em>Wilderness and the American Mind<\/em>, 4th ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 167\u2013168, 171, 165.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nThese dueling arguments revealed the key differences in environmental thought: Muir, on the side of the <strong>preservationists<\/strong>, advocated setting aside pristine lands for their aesthetic and spiritual value, for those who could take his advice to \u201c[get] in touch with the nerves of Mother Earth.\u201d[footnote]John Muir, <em>Our National Parks<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1901).[\/footnote]\u00a0Pinchot, on the other hand, led the charge for <strong>conservation<\/strong>, a kind of environmental utilitarianism that emphasized the efficient use of available resources, through planning and control and \u201cthe prevention of waste.\u201d[footnote]Gifford Pinchot, <em>The Fight for Conservation<\/em> (New York: Doubleday Page, 1910), 44.[\/footnote]\u00a0In Hetch Hetchy, conservation won out. Congress approved the project in 1913. The dam was built and the valley flooded for the benefit of San Francisco residents.\r\n<p id=\"fs-idp20954544\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Protection of public land and environmentalism was a key element of Roosevelt's Progressivism and his Square Deal.<\/span> Roosevelt was a longtime outdoorsman, with an interest that went back to his childhood and college days, as well as his time cattle ranching in the West, and he chose to appoint his good friend Gifford Pinchot as the country\u2019s first chief of the newly created U.S. Forest Service. Under Pinchot\u2019s supervision, the department carved out several nature habitats on federal land in order to preserve the nation\u2019s environmental beauty and protect it from development or commercial use. Apart from national parks like Oregon\u2019s Crater Lake or Colorado\u2019s Mesa Verde, and monuments designed for preservation, Roosevelt conserved public land for regulated use for future generations. To this day, the 150 national forests created under Roosevelt\u2019s stewardship carry the slogan \u201cland of many uses.\u201d In all, Roosevelt established eighteen national monuments, fifty-one federal bird preserves, five national parks, and over one hundred fifty national forests, which amounted to about 230 million acres of public land.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\r\nThere are currently 423 National Parks in the United States. While the National Park Service was established in 1916, during Wilson's presidency, Theodore Roosevelt set the stage with the foundation of the U.S. Forest Service. There are more than 300 million visitors to U.S. National Parks each calendar year.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org\/Blog\/Item\/The%20US%20Forest%20Service%20is%20Established\">The Theodore Roosevelt Center discusses the establishment of the U.S. Forest Service<\/a>, including a letter sent to President Roosevelt from Gifford Pinchot.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Other Environmental Work<\/h3>\r\nBut Progressive Era environmentalism addressed more than the management of American public lands. After all, reformers addressing issues facing the urban poor were also doing environmental work. Settlement house workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley focused on questions of health and sanitation, while activists concerned with working conditions, most notably Dr. Alice Hamilton, investigated both worksite hazards and occupational and bodily harm. The progressives\u2019 commitment to the provision of public services at the municipal level meant more coordination and oversight in matters of public health, waste management, and even playgrounds and city parks. Their work focused on the intersection of communities and their material environments, highlighting the urgency of urban environmental concerns.\r\n\r\n<\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\r\nThe National Park Service, created under the Woodrow Wilson presidency, fulfilled the ideas of progressive environmentalism, ensuring that natural land was conserved for the protection of natural resources and the enjoyment by the American public.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ipUdTv_fHgM\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/HeresHowtheNationalParkServiceGotStartedHisto.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cHere's How the National Park Service Got Started | History\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<section id=\"fs-idm5596784\" data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/03d0272d-2c7d-4dfb-95ba-acd14ec9d32d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>conservationism<\/strong>: emphasis on conserving the natural environment by using natural materials efficiently and eliminating waste when possible\r\n\r\n<strong>preservationism<\/strong>: emphasis on setting aside or preserving land to be appreciated for its natural beauty\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain the effect that conservation efforts had on preserving the natural environment of the United States<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm132155248\" data-depth=\"1\">\n<h2>The Introduction of Environmentalism<\/h2>\n<p>The potential scope of environmental destruction wrought by industrial capitalism was unparalleled in human history. Professional bison hunting expeditions nearly eradicated an entire species, industrialized logging companies denuded whole forests, and chemical plants polluted an entire region\u2019s water supply. As American development and industrialization marched westward, reformers embraced environmental protections.<\/p>\n<h3>Preservation or Conservation?<\/h3>\n<p>Historians often cite preservation and conservation as two competing strategies that dueled for supremacy among environmental reformers during the Progressive Era. The tensions between these two approaches crystalized in the debate over a proposed dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in California. The fight revolved around the provision of water for San Francisco. Engineers identified the location where the Tuolumne River ran through Hetch Hetchy as an ideal site for a reservoir. The project had been suggested in the 1880s but picked up momentum in the early twentieth century. But the valley was located inside Yosemite National Park. (Yosemite was designated a national park in 1890, though the land had been set aside earlier in a grant approved by President Lincoln in 1864.) The debate over Hetch Hetchy revealed two distinct positions on the value of the valley and on the purpose of public lands.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/884\/2015\/08\/23202949\/CNX_History_21_04_Muir.jpg\" alt=\"A photograph shows Theodore Roosevelt and John Muir standing atop a precipice in Yosemite National Park.\" width=\"390\" height=\"293\" data-media-type=\"image\/jpeg\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s interest in the protection of public lands was encouraged by conservationists such as John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club, with whom he toured Yosemite National Park in California, ca. 1906.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>John Muir, a naturalist, a writer, and founder of the Sierra Club, invoked the \u201cGod of the Mountains\u201d in his defense of the valley in its supposedly pristine condition. Gifford Pinchot, arguably the father of American forestry and a key player in the federal management of national forests, meanwhile emphasized what he understood to be the purpose of conservation: \u201cto take every part of the land and its resources and put it to that use in which it will serve the most people.\u201d Muir took a wider view of what the people needed, writing that \u201ceverybody needs beauty as well as bread.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 4th ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 167\u2013168, 171, 165.\" id=\"return-footnote-4268-1\" href=\"#footnote-4268-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>These dueling arguments revealed the key differences in environmental thought: Muir, on the side of the <strong>preservationists<\/strong>, advocated setting aside pristine lands for their aesthetic and spiritual value, for those who could take his advice to \u201c[get] in touch with the nerves of Mother Earth.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"John Muir, Our National Parks (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1901).\" id=\"return-footnote-4268-2\" href=\"#footnote-4268-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0Pinchot, on the other hand, led the charge for <strong>conservation<\/strong>, a kind of environmental utilitarianism that emphasized the efficient use of available resources, through planning and control and \u201cthe prevention of waste.\u201d<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation (New York: Doubleday Page, 1910), 44.\" id=\"return-footnote-4268-3\" href=\"#footnote-4268-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0In Hetch Hetchy, conservation won out. Congress approved the project in 1913. The dam was built and the valley flooded for the benefit of San Francisco residents.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idp20954544\"><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">Protection of public land and environmentalism was a key element of Roosevelt&#8217;s Progressivism and his Square Deal.<\/span> Roosevelt was a longtime outdoorsman, with an interest that went back to his childhood and college days, as well as his time cattle ranching in the West, and he chose to appoint his good friend Gifford Pinchot as the country\u2019s first chief of the newly created U.S. Forest Service. Under Pinchot\u2019s supervision, the department carved out several nature habitats on federal land in order to preserve the nation\u2019s environmental beauty and protect it from development or commercial use. Apart from national parks like Oregon\u2019s Crater Lake or Colorado\u2019s Mesa Verde, and monuments designed for preservation, Roosevelt conserved public land for regulated use for future generations. To this day, the 150 national forests created under Roosevelt\u2019s stewardship carry the slogan \u201cland of many uses.\u201d In all, Roosevelt established eighteen national monuments, fifty-one federal bird preserves, five national parks, and over one hundred fifty national forests, which amounted to about 230 million acres of public land.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>LINK TO LEARNING<\/h3>\n<p>There are currently 423 National Parks in the United States. While the National Park Service was established in 1916, during Wilson&#8217;s presidency, Theodore Roosevelt set the stage with the foundation of the U.S. Forest Service. There are more than 300 million visitors to U.S. National Parks each calendar year.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org\/Blog\/Item\/The%20US%20Forest%20Service%20is%20Established\">The Theodore Roosevelt Center discusses the establishment of the U.S. Forest Service<\/a>, including a letter sent to President Roosevelt from Gifford Pinchot.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Other Environmental Work<\/h3>\n<p>But Progressive Era environmentalism addressed more than the management of American public lands. After all, reformers addressing issues facing the urban poor were also doing environmental work. Settlement house workers like Jane Addams and Florence Kelley focused on questions of health and sanitation, while activists concerned with working conditions, most notably Dr. Alice Hamilton, investigated both worksite hazards and occupational and bodily harm. The progressives\u2019 commitment to the provision of public services at the municipal level meant more coordination and oversight in matters of public health, waste management, and even playgrounds and city parks. Their work focused on the intersection of communities and their material environments, highlighting the urgency of urban environmental concerns.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>WATCH IT<\/h3>\n<p>The National Park Service, created under the Woodrow Wilson presidency, fulfilled the ideas of progressive environmentalism, ensuring that natural land was conserved for the protection of natural resources and the enjoyment by the American public.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Here&#39;s How the National Park Service Got Started | History\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ipUdTv_fHgM?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/HeresHowtheNationalParkServiceGotStartedHisto.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cHere&#8217;s How the National Park Service Got Started | History\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"fs-idm5596784\" data-depth=\"1\"><\/section>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_03d0272d-2c7d-4dfb-95ba-acd14ec9d32d\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/03d0272d-2c7d-4dfb-95ba-acd14ec9d32d?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_03d0272d-2c7d-4dfb-95ba-acd14ec9d32d\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>conservationism<\/strong>: emphasis on conserving the natural environment by using natural materials efficiently and eliminating waste when possible<\/p>\n<p><strong>preservationism<\/strong>: emphasis on setting aside or preserving land to be appreciated for its natural beauty<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4268\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: CJ McClung for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>US History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\">http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><li>The Progressive Era. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The American Yawp. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/\">http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Here&#039;s How the National Park Service Got Started | History. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: History. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ipUdTv_fHgM&#038;feature=emb_logo\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ipUdTv_fHgM&#038;feature=emb_logo<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-4268-1\">Roderick Nash, <em>Wilderness and the American Mind<\/em>, 4th ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 167\u2013168, 171, 165. <a href=\"#return-footnote-4268-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4268-2\">John Muir, <em>Our National Parks<\/em> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1901). <a href=\"#return-footnote-4268-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-4268-3\">Gifford Pinchot, <em>The Fight for Conservation<\/em> (New York: Doubleday Page, 1910), 44. <a href=\"#return-footnote-4268-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":13,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"US History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/openstaxcollege.org\/textbooks\/us-history\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/us-history\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"The Progressive Era\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The American Yawp\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.americanyawp.com\/text\/20-the-progressive-era\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Modification, adaptation, and original content\",\"author\":\"CJ McClung for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Here\\'s How the National Park Service Got Started | History\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"History\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ipUdTv_fHgM&feature=emb_logo\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"1fdba0bf-7447-4e14-8a92-213a7e4860ba,4f3b5128-146d-4799-996b-79e2718dcd82","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-4268","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":143,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4268\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9424,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4268\/revisions\/9424"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/143"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/4268\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4268"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=4268"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=4268"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=4268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}