{"id":5372,"date":"2022-03-17T14:08:06","date_gmt":"2022-03-17T14:08:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=5372"},"modified":"2022-07-25T19:12:34","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T19:12:34","slug":"analyzing-images","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/analyzing-images\/","title":{"raw":"Analyzing Images","rendered":"Analyzing Images"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Use techniques to analyze photographs as primary sources<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nJust as we can use the HAPPY Analysis as a tool to analyze primary source documents, we can think about images in the same way. Photographs are an asset in learning about the past, as they give us visual access to information about humans and nature.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\r\nIf you'd like to dive more into the artistic evaluation and examination of photographs, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Pq7AmXCpbRc&amp;t=41s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video from the Ackland Art Museum walks through a few examples<\/a>. It teaches about the elements of photographs and photography and discusses the complexity of using photographs as primary sources. As the video states:\r\n\r\n\"A<em> photograph is a visual document. A record of the people, places, and events of the time. It is a powerful tool for communicating important ideas, creating narrative, and capturing the human experience.\"[footnote]\u201cPhotographs as a Primary Source.\u201d Ackland Art Museum, 8 Feb. 2021, www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Pq7AmXCpbRc&amp;t=41s.[\/footnote]<\/em>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">When analyzing photographs, we want to do it in a similar way that we would primary source documents. You can use that same HAPPY approach for images, though it doesn't always work quite as well, since, with a photograph, you may not know as much about the audience, the point of view, or the perspective. Instead, what's important about analyzing photographs as a historian is that you take time to make careful observations, think about what the photograph portrays, research to get some additional context, and then draw conclusions about the significance. There is not any popular mnemonic for remembering this process, but you could loosely remember these steps as OPRY:<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>O<\/strong> = Observation<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The first step when using a photograph is to look closely at what is before you; observe the image in detail and take note of what you see.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>P<\/strong> = Ponder<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Pondering the image invites you to do deeper thinking after your initial observations, and make inferences about what is shown.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>R<\/strong> = Research<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This step is where we gather more information about the photograph and explore the historical context of the image.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Y<\/strong>\u00a0= Why?<\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This is the \"why do we care?\" part. What does this photograph add to our understanding of the past? How is it significant?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nDo note that while these mnemonics are helpful in guiding our analysis of primary sources, they are only a tool and not a precise formula. HAPPY and OPRY help organize our thinking about textual and visual sources, especially when conducting an assignment for a course. However, one can expand upon their structure and utilize other helpful strategies to better understand documents in history.\r\n<h2>STEP 1: Making Observations<\/h2>\r\nDuring the first step, observe, you want to look closely at an image to figure out what you are looking at. What people are shown? What kinds of artifacts, symbols, or things are shown? Especially with historical photographs, it may be hard to see some of the details. Can you zoom in to make out any words or faces? Let's try this together.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Observe the Photo EXAMPLE<\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">First, let us practice OBSERVING a picture, meaning to examine the photograph and the details placed before you.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consider this photograph\u00a0and answer the following questions.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6284\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1003\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/07162040\/Indian_Day_parade_Omaha_Neb._Aug._4_1898.__-_NARA_-_530804.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-6284\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/07162040\/Indian_Day_parade_Omaha_Neb._Aug._4_1898.__-_NARA_-_530804.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1003\" height=\"761\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> What can you observe in this photograph?[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9fe28e85-753b-4ee4-8c04-5b672218a43e\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/282d86f3-d758-42f1-9d9c-460b7979f4ff\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5c025e50-b5c6-45d1-ae08-74218faf1d7f\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/05e53fed-812e-4c32-8fd4-6f46552eccbc\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>YOUR TURN TO OBSERVE<\/h3>\r\nNow you can try it on your own. Select one photo from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/research\/american-west\">National Archives American West collection<\/a>. Do not select the Native American Parade photo we just studied.\r\n\r\nThen OBSERVE the picture, meaning to examine the details placed before you.\u00a0This is an open-ended exercise, but you can use the space below to jot down your ideas.\r\n\r\nWhat do you notice first?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\nWhat people and objects are shown?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\nHow are they arranged?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\nWhat is the physical setting?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\nWhat other details can you see?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>STEP 2: Ponder<\/h2>\r\nNext, we will take time to PONDER\u00a0 \u2013 to think deeper about the image before you and why it was captured.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>PONDER the photo EXAMPLE<\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consider again the photograph below and answer the following questions.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6284\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1580\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/07162040\/Indian_Day_parade_Omaha_Neb._Aug._4_1898.__-_NARA_-_530804.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-6284 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/07162040\/Indian_Day_parade_Omaha_Neb._Aug._4_1898.__-_NARA_-_530804.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1580\" height=\"1199\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Ponder the image above.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9367ca6a-14f5-4f49-a69b-5eeaa83b143d\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/002f73f3-e977-478f-9e1a-a358002429c8\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0c2fba1e-0f5f-4e31-ad0f-b3a1495e39e9\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/bd367989-282d-40c7-a17f-853dcc0ab1aa\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/18474a14-d4fa-4cb9-b49a-b003905b1730\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>YOUR TURN TO PONDER<\/h3>\r\nNow, take time to PONDER on your own photo\u00a0 \u2013 to think deeper about the image before you. Examine the photograph you chose from the National Archives again.\u00a0This is an open-ended exercise, but you can use the space below to jot down your ideas.\r\n\r\nWhy do you think this image was made?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\nWhat\u2019s happening in the image?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\nWhen do you think it was made?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\nWho do you think was the audience for this image?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\nWhat can you learn from examining this image?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c2\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>STEP 3: Research<\/h2>\r\nThe next step involves doing some additional research to determine if your observations and ponderings were on the right track and finding out more about what we can learn from the photo. When we research images, it's like we are zooming out of the image to understand the broader context of the time period. Not only do we want to verify that the image is accurate, but we also want to put it within its appropriate historical context and learn more about when, where, and why the image was taken in the first place. Fortunately, you can start your research of images relatively simply by using the image search feature in your web browser. When in Google Chrome, just right-click the image and choose \"Search Image with Google Lens.\" Let's walk through an example, using the same photograph from the previous example sections.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6825\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"949\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26171708\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.16.41-PM.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-6825 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26171708\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.16.41-PM.png\" alt=\"Google right-click search results showing the option to &quot;search image with Google Lens&quot;\" width=\"949\" height=\"768\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Right-click on an image inside of Google Chrome to \"Search Image with Google Lens\" (Note that this was previously labeled \"Search Google for Image.\")[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThat will take you to your search results and to Google's best visual matches. Note that this tool even lets you search within an image, so you can zoom in on specific aspects of the photograph to learn more.\u00a0If Google Lens does not provide the search results you need, another way to access the image search is to click the \"Find Image Source\" button above the photograph fo<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">r different results.<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6826\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"1400\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26172004\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.19.46-PM.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-6826 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26172004\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.19.46-PM.png\" alt=\"Google lens search results showing several visual matches.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"714\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. This shows the search results after using Google lens, which can reveal more insights into your image. Sometimes this will give you the information you need from the \"visual matches\" section, or you may need to take a step further, which you can do by selecting the \"Find Image Source,\" button above the picture.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">If we click \"Find Image Source\" for our example photo Google pulls up results for \"Omaha\", which gives us search results too broad and generic to know exactly what it is, but if we scroll down or look at the other links from the Google Lens results, then we are directed to multiple websites that use the same image.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_6827\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"650\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26172658\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.26.32-PM.png\"><img class=\"wp-image-6827\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26172658\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.26.32-PM.png\" alt=\"Google search results showing visually similar images.\" width=\"650\" height=\"698\" \/><\/a> <strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. These are the results from a Google lens search showing visually similar images. You can see here that we are getting a good idea of what the image is.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nClick on these images to browse through websites, scanning for more information and context about the image.\u00a0 By researching these sites you should be able to gather important details about the photograph, such as, when it was taken, where it was taken, who the subjects are, who took the photo, etc.\r\n\r\nFor example, if we click on the first visual match, it takes us to a website titled <a href=\"https:\/\/truewestmagazine.com\/gateway-to-the-west\/\">True West: History of the American Frontier<\/a>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nWhat is this a photograph of?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c4\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"458208\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"458208\"]From this website, we learn the photo was taken in Omaha, Nebraska during the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition. Specifically, it was taken on August 4, 1898, the opening day of the exposition and it depicts an Indian Day Parade. More than 2.6 million people visited the exposition, many to see Geronimo, one of 500 Indians from 35 tribes in attendance.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>YOUR TURN TO RESEARCH<\/h3>\r\nIt is your turn to conduct further research on a photograph.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Following the steps explained above, perform a Google Search on the image below.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Then explore a few of the websites from the search results.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Answer the question below.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"716\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/www.docsteach.org\/\/images\/documents\/531103\/orig_531103_6971.jpg?v=gMkzdERVh\" alt=\"Soldiers on horseback in the snow.\" width=\"716\" height=\"477\" \/> <strong>Figure 6.<\/strong> Research this photograph.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/4b063196-b3e8-4bdf-8ccf-3836bee1e25f\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>STEP 4: WHY<\/h2>\r\nNow that you've observed, pondered, and done some research on the image, you are ready to describe its significance. What does this image tell us about life, either then or now? How does it enhance our understanding of this time period? To help you with this, you can take the details you gleaned from the research step and conduct further Google searches. Then read through and study the information you find to consider what the photograph can teach you about the broader topic of the American West in the nineteenth century.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>SIGNIFICANCE EXAMPLE<\/h3>\r\nGoing back to our photo example of the Indian Day Parade - based upon what we learned through our research in Step 3 we could next try a Google search for \"Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition 1898,\" or \"Geronimo\" or even \"what was Omaha like in 1898?\" This will bring up additional websites and sources that we can study to answer the question of significance.\r\n\r\nAfter clicking on and studying a few of these sites, we can attempt to grapple with the significance of the photograph. Consider the question below and type your answer in the text box provided.\r\n\r\n<strong>What does this photograph of the Indian Day Parade in Omaha contribute to our understanding of the American West?\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\u201c4\u201d][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"458209\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"458209\"]The photograph helps us understand how far the development of the West had come by the end of the nineteenth century. The Exposition, a type of world's fair at which the photo was taken, was put on to showcase to the world the progress and expansion the United States had made from the Midwest to the Pacific Ocean. The image helps us see the pride with which White Americans held westward expansion of their nation. On a darker note, the photo connects us to the tragic past of the West, as it included Native Americans literally on parade for exposition goers. There were other \"living displays\" of Native Americans within the Exposition as well. This reminds us that underneath the facade of progress lay the violent, grievous story of U.S.\/Indian relations.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Activity<\/h3>\r\nReturn to the photo you used from the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/research\/american-west\">National Archives American West collection<\/a>.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Follow the Google Image search process outlined above in Step 3 to do further research on your chosen photograph.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Compose a caption teaching us about your photograph. Try to include location, name of subjects in the image, date (at least the year), and any other details you find.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Follow the Google search process suggested in Step 4 so you can explain why this photograph is significant\u2014how does it enhance our understanding of the American West? This should be at least 3 sentences long.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThis is an open-ended exercise, but you can use the space below to jot down your ideas.\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\r\nThe photographs taken of people, places, and events in the American West are an important collection of primary sources for United States History. These images offer historians a powerful tool with which to study this time period and place. By observing, pondering, and researching these photographs, we can unveil their significance. In doing so, we can learn a great deal about western expansion. That is the power of primary source photographs from any period - they offer us a unique lens into our history, bringing to life people and places from the past.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Use techniques to analyze photographs as primary sources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Just as we can use the HAPPY Analysis as a tool to analyze primary source documents, we can think about images in the same way. Photographs are an asset in learning about the past, as they give us visual access to information about humans and nature.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Link to Learning<\/h3>\n<p>If you&#8217;d like to dive more into the artistic evaluation and examination of photographs, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Pq7AmXCpbRc&amp;t=41s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">this video from the Ackland Art Museum walks through a few examples<\/a>. It teaches about the elements of photographs and photography and discusses the complexity of using photographs as primary sources. As the video states:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;A<em> photograph is a visual document. A record of the people, places, and events of the time. It is a powerful tool for communicating important ideas, creating narrative, and capturing the human experience.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u201cPhotographs as a Primary Source.\u201d Ackland Art Museum, 8 Feb. 2021, www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Pq7AmXCpbRc&amp;t=41s.\" id=\"return-footnote-5372-1\" href=\"#footnote-5372-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">When analyzing photographs, we want to do it in a similar way that we would primary source documents. You can use that same HAPPY approach for images, though it doesn&#8217;t always work quite as well, since, with a photograph, you may not know as much about the audience, the point of view, or the perspective. Instead, what&#8217;s important about analyzing photographs as a historian is that you take time to make careful observations, think about what the photograph portrays, research to get some additional context, and then draw conclusions about the significance. There is not any popular mnemonic for remembering this process, but you could loosely remember these steps as OPRY:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>O<\/strong> = Observation<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li>The first step when using a photograph is to look closely at what is before you; observe the image in detail and take note of what you see.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>P<\/strong> = Ponder<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li>Pondering the image invites you to do deeper thinking after your initial observations, and make inferences about what is shown.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>R<\/strong> = Research<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li>This step is where we gather more information about the photograph and explore the historical context of the image.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Y<\/strong>\u00a0= Why?<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li>This is the &#8220;why do we care?&#8221; part. What does this photograph add to our understanding of the past? How is it significant?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Do note that while these mnemonics are helpful in guiding our analysis of primary sources, they are only a tool and not a precise formula. HAPPY and OPRY help organize our thinking about textual and visual sources, especially when conducting an assignment for a course. However, one can expand upon their structure and utilize other helpful strategies to better understand documents in history.<\/p>\n<h2>STEP 1: Making Observations<\/h2>\n<p>During the first step, observe, you want to look closely at an image to figure out what you are looking at. What people are shown? What kinds of artifacts, symbols, or things are shown? Especially with historical photographs, it may be hard to see some of the details. Can you zoom in to make out any words or faces? Let&#8217;s try this together.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Observe the Photo EXAMPLE<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">First, let us practice OBSERVING a picture, meaning to examine the photograph and the details placed before you.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consider this photograph\u00a0and answer the following questions.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6284\" style=\"width: 1013px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/07162040\/Indian_Day_parade_Omaha_Neb._Aug._4_1898.__-_NARA_-_530804.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6284\" class=\"wp-image-6284\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/07162040\/Indian_Day_parade_Omaha_Neb._Aug._4_1898.__-_NARA_-_530804.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1003\" height=\"761\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6284\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1.<\/strong> What can you observe in this photograph?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_9fe28e85-753b-4ee4-8c04-5b672218a43e\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9fe28e85-753b-4ee4-8c04-5b672218a43e?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_9fe28e85-753b-4ee4-8c04-5b672218a43e\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_282d86f3-d758-42f1-9d9c-460b7979f4ff\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/282d86f3-d758-42f1-9d9c-460b7979f4ff?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_282d86f3-d758-42f1-9d9c-460b7979f4ff\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_5c025e50-b5c6-45d1-ae08-74218faf1d7f\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5c025e50-b5c6-45d1-ae08-74218faf1d7f?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_5c025e50-b5c6-45d1-ae08-74218faf1d7f\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_05e53fed-812e-4c32-8fd4-6f46552eccbc\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/05e53fed-812e-4c32-8fd4-6f46552eccbc?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_05e53fed-812e-4c32-8fd4-6f46552eccbc\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>YOUR TURN TO OBSERVE<\/h3>\n<p>Now you can try it on your own. Select one photo from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/research\/american-west\">National Archives American West collection<\/a>. Do not select the Native American Parade photo we just studied.<\/p>\n<p>Then OBSERVE the picture, meaning to examine the details placed before you.\u00a0This is an open-ended exercise, but you can use the space below to jot down your ideas.<\/p>\n<p>What do you notice first?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>What people and objects are shown?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>How are they arranged?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>What is the physical setting?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>What other details can you see?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>STEP 2: Ponder<\/h2>\n<p>Next, we will take time to PONDER\u00a0 \u2013 to think deeper about the image before you and why it was captured.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>PONDER the photo EXAMPLE<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Consider again the photograph below and answer the following questions.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6284\" style=\"width: 1590px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/07162040\/Indian_Day_parade_Omaha_Neb._Aug._4_1898.__-_NARA_-_530804.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6284\" class=\"wp-image-6284 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/07162040\/Indian_Day_parade_Omaha_Neb._Aug._4_1898.__-_NARA_-_530804.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1580\" height=\"1199\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6284\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2.<\/strong> Ponder the image above.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_9367ca6a-14f5-4f49-a69b-5eeaa83b143d\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9367ca6a-14f5-4f49-a69b-5eeaa83b143d?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_9367ca6a-14f5-4f49-a69b-5eeaa83b143d\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_002f73f3-e977-478f-9e1a-a358002429c8\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/002f73f3-e977-478f-9e1a-a358002429c8?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_002f73f3-e977-478f-9e1a-a358002429c8\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_0c2fba1e-0f5f-4e31-ad0f-b3a1495e39e9\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0c2fba1e-0f5f-4e31-ad0f-b3a1495e39e9?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_0c2fba1e-0f5f-4e31-ad0f-b3a1495e39e9\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_bd367989-282d-40c7-a17f-853dcc0ab1aa\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/bd367989-282d-40c7-a17f-853dcc0ab1aa?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_bd367989-282d-40c7-a17f-853dcc0ab1aa\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_18474a14-d4fa-4cb9-b49a-b003905b1730\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/18474a14-d4fa-4cb9-b49a-b003905b1730?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_18474a14-d4fa-4cb9-b49a-b003905b1730\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>YOUR TURN TO PONDER<\/h3>\n<p>Now, take time to PONDER on your own photo\u00a0 \u2013 to think deeper about the image before you. Examine the photograph you chose from the National Archives again.\u00a0This is an open-ended exercise, but you can use the space below to jot down your ideas.<\/p>\n<p>Why do you think this image was made?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>What\u2019s happening in the image?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>When do you think it was made?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>Who do you think was the audience for this image?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<p>What can you learn from examining this image?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c2\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>STEP 3: Research<\/h2>\n<p>The next step involves doing some additional research to determine if your observations and ponderings were on the right track and finding out more about what we can learn from the photo. When we research images, it&#8217;s like we are zooming out of the image to understand the broader context of the time period. Not only do we want to verify that the image is accurate, but we also want to put it within its appropriate historical context and learn more about when, where, and why the image was taken in the first place. Fortunately, you can start your research of images relatively simply by using the image search feature in your web browser. When in Google Chrome, just right-click the image and choose &#8220;Search Image with Google Lens.&#8221; Let&#8217;s walk through an example, using the same photograph from the previous example sections.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6825\" style=\"width: 959px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26171708\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.16.41-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6825\" class=\"wp-image-6825\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26171708\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.16.41-PM.png\" alt=\"Google right-click search results showing the option to &quot;search image with Google Lens&quot;\" width=\"949\" height=\"768\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6825\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Right-click on an image inside of Google Chrome to &#8220;Search Image with Google Lens&#8221; (Note that this was previously labeled &#8220;Search Google for Image.&#8221;)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>That will take you to your search results and to Google&#8217;s best visual matches. Note that this tool even lets you search within an image, so you can zoom in on specific aspects of the photograph to learn more.\u00a0If Google Lens does not provide the search results you need, another way to access the image search is to click the &#8220;Find Image Source&#8221; button above the photograph fo<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">r different results.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6826\" style=\"width: 1410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26172004\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.19.46-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6826\" class=\"wp-image-6826 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26172004\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.19.46-PM.png\" alt=\"Google lens search results showing several visual matches.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"714\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6826\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. This shows the search results after using Google lens, which can reveal more insights into your image. Sometimes this will give you the information you need from the &#8220;visual matches&#8221; section, or you may need to take a step further, which you can do by selecting the &#8220;Find Image Source,&#8221; button above the picture.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">If we click &#8220;Find Image Source&#8221; for our example photo Google pulls up results for &#8220;Omaha&#8221;, which gives us search results too broad and generic to know exactly what it is, but if we scroll down or look at the other links from the Google Lens results, then we are directed to multiple websites that use the same image.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6827\" style=\"width: 660px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26172658\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.26.32-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6827\" class=\"wp-image-6827\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5696\/2022\/03\/26172658\/Screen-Shot-2022-04-26-at-1.26.32-PM.png\" alt=\"Google search results showing visually similar images.\" width=\"650\" height=\"698\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-6827\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 5<\/strong>. These are the results from a Google lens search showing visually similar images. You can see here that we are getting a good idea of what the image is.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Click on these images to browse through websites, scanning for more information and context about the image.\u00a0 By researching these sites you should be able to gather important details about the photograph, such as, when it was taken, where it was taken, who the subjects are, who took the photo, etc.<\/p>\n<p>For example, if we click on the first visual match, it takes us to a website titled <a href=\"https:\/\/truewestmagazine.com\/gateway-to-the-west\/\">True West: History of the American Frontier<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>What is this a photograph of?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c4\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q458208\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q458208\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">From this website, we learn the photo was taken in Omaha, Nebraska during the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition. Specifically, it was taken on August 4, 1898, the opening day of the exposition and it depicts an Indian Day Parade. More than 2.6 million people visited the exposition, many to see Geronimo, one of 500 Indians from 35 tribes in attendance.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>YOUR TURN TO RESEARCH<\/h3>\n<p>It is your turn to conduct further research on a photograph.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Following the steps explained above, perform a Google Search on the image below.<\/li>\n<li>Then explore a few of the websites from the search results.<\/li>\n<li>Answer the question below.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div style=\"width: 726px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.docsteach.org\/\/images\/documents\/531103\/orig_531103_6971.jpg?v=gMkzdERVh\" alt=\"Soldiers on horseback in the snow.\" width=\"716\" height=\"477\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 6.<\/strong> Research this photograph.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_4b063196-b3e8-4bdf-8ccf-3836bee1e25f\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/4b063196-b3e8-4bdf-8ccf-3836bee1e25f?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_4b063196-b3e8-4bdf-8ccf-3836bee1e25f\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>STEP 4: WHY<\/h2>\n<p>Now that you&#8217;ve observed, pondered, and done some research on the image, you are ready to describe its significance. What does this image tell us about life, either then or now? How does it enhance our understanding of this time period? To help you with this, you can take the details you gleaned from the research step and conduct further Google searches. Then read through and study the information you find to consider what the photograph can teach you about the broader topic of the American West in the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>SIGNIFICANCE EXAMPLE<\/h3>\n<p>Going back to our photo example of the Indian Day Parade &#8211; based upon what we learned through our research in Step 3 we could next try a Google search for &#8220;Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition 1898,&#8221; or &#8220;Geronimo&#8221; or even &#8220;what was Omaha like in 1898?&#8221; This will bring up additional websites and sources that we can study to answer the question of significance.<\/p>\n<p>After clicking on and studying a few of these sites, we can attempt to grapple with the significance of the photograph. Consider the question below and type your answer in the text box provided.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What does this photograph of the Indian Day Parade in Omaha contribute to our understanding of the American West?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"\u201c4\u201d\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q458209\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q458209\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">The photograph helps us understand how far the development of the West had come by the end of the nineteenth century. The Exposition, a type of world&#8217;s fair at which the photo was taken, was put on to showcase to the world the progress and expansion the United States had made from the Midwest to the Pacific Ocean. The image helps us see the pride with which White Americans held westward expansion of their nation. On a darker note, the photo connects us to the tragic past of the West, as it included Native Americans literally on parade for exposition goers. There were other &#8220;living displays&#8221; of Native Americans within the Exposition as well. This reminds us that underneath the facade of progress lay the violent, grievous story of U.S.\/Indian relations.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Activity<\/h3>\n<p>Return to the photo you used from the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/research\/american-west\">National Archives American West collection<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Follow the Google Image search process outlined above in Step 3 to do further research on your chosen photograph.<\/li>\n<li>Compose a caption teaching us about your photograph. Try to include location, name of subjects in the image, date (at least the year), and any other details you find.<\/li>\n<li>Follow the Google search process suggested in Step 4 so you can explain why this photograph is significant\u2014how does it enhance our understanding of the American West? This should be at least 3 sentences long.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>This is an open-ended exercise, but you can use the space below to jot down your ideas.<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>The photographs taken of people, places, and events in the American West are an important collection of primary sources for United States History. These images offer historians a powerful tool with which to study this time period and place. By observing, pondering, and researching these photographs, we can unveil their significance. In doing so, we can learn a great deal about western expansion. That is the power of primary source photographs from any period &#8211; they offer us a unique lens into our history, bringing to life people and places from the past.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-5372\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Analyzing Photographs. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Megan Coplen for Lumen Learning. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/\">https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Analyzing Photographs and Prints. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Library of Congress. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Photographs_and_Prints.pdf\">https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Photographs_and_Prints.pdf<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Scouts at Wounded Knee. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: DocsTeach. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.docsteach.org\/documents\/document\/return-of-caseys-scouts-from-the-fight-at-wounded-knee-189091-soldiers-on-horseback-plod-through-the-snow\">https:\/\/www.docsteach.org\/documents\/document\/return-of-caseys-scouts-from-the-fight-at-wounded-knee-189091-soldiers-on-horseback-plod-through-the-snow<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-5372-1\">\u201cPhotographs as a Primary Source.\u201d Ackland Art Museum, 8 Feb. 2021, www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Pq7AmXCpbRc&amp;t=41s. <a href=\"#return-footnote-5372-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":19,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Analyzing Photographs\",\"author\":\"Megan Coplen for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory1\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Analyzing Photographs and Prints\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Library of Congress\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/static\/programs\/teachers\/getting-started-with-primary-sources\/documents\/Analyzing_Photographs_and_Prints.pdf\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Scouts at Wounded 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