{"id":7276,"date":"2022-05-14T03:30:03","date_gmt":"2022-05-14T03:30:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=7276"},"modified":"2022-09-28T03:49:41","modified_gmt":"2022-09-28T03:49:41","slug":"debating-the-role-of-the-u-s-in-foreign-affairs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/debating-the-role-of-the-u-s-in-foreign-affairs\/","title":{"raw":"Debating the Role of the U.S. in Foreign Affairs","rendered":"Debating the Role of the U.S. in Foreign Affairs"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Use historical analysis skills to participate in civil discourse about current events such as the United State's role in world affairs<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn this module, you have identified domestic and international challenges that we face in the modern age while analyzing controversial issues such as immigration, terrorism, and the role of government. This historical hack is going to put your analytical\u00a0skills to work by analyzing two perspectives on the United States' role in world affairs and presenting your informed opinion in a civil discussion and Rogerian argument. Don\u2019t know what that is? That\u2019s okay, you\u2019ll find out soon!\r\n\r\nHow can you present your opinion while respecting and acknowledging opposing sides? How can you discuss controversial issues in a civil manner? Though discussing modern-day challenges and world affairs may be intensified with emotions, this hack will help you communicate your informed opinion in a respectful and civil manner.\r\n<h2>Civil Discourse<\/h2>\r\nUnderstanding major challenges that we all face in modern society\u00a0is important when communicating your opinion in civil discourse.\u00a0<strong>Civil discourse<\/strong> is a type of informative and educational conversation to learn from different perspectives and sources.\r\n\r\nIn an age where much of what we communicate can be skewed or misperceived online, civil discourse is more important than ever. Being able to practice the art of civil discourse gives us a chance to understand those we may disagree with and learn from their perspective. Understanding how to have these conversations gives us an opportunity to approach controversial conversations\u00a0in a spirit of\u00a0respect and understanding.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\r\nWatch this Ted talk by world debate champion Julia Dhar as she gives some advice on how to find common ground about controversial topics. In it, she stresses the importance of civil discourse and approaching conversations with understanding and respect. You don't have to watch this entire video. In fact, <strong>just focus on the video recording between the time stamp <\/strong><strong>3:58 and 9:00 as that is the content we will be discussing.<\/strong>\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=phgjouv0BUA\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/HowtodisagreeproductivelyandfindcommongroundJ.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cHow to disagree productively and find common ground | Julia Dhar\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nWhat does Julia Dhar mean by \u201cshared reality\u201d?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"3\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"112095\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"112095\"]Shared reality is something that can be generally agreed upon, such as the right to an education, equality, or safety.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>The Role of the U.S. in International Affairs<\/h2>\r\nLet\u2019s imagine that you are strongly opposed to U.S. intervention on the world stage. Among other reasons, you think that 1) It costs America too much money. America already spends too much on the military, to the detriment\u00a0of spending more on much-needed domestic issues 2) It shouldn\u2019t fall to America to police the world when there are international organizations better suited to this task. You argue these things with your friend.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u201cSure, it\u2019s expensive and a burden on America, but how can you just let people in other countries suffer under unjust invasions or extreme dictators, knowing that America could step in to help?\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">You say: \u201cIt\u2019s not always that simple. If it were that easy, we would help, but what if we support the wrong cause or the wrong leader\u2014do you remember Vietnam? And it\u2019s one thing to provide financial support, like in recent wars in Syria or Ukraine, but our long, drawn-out war in Afghanistan should have taught us that forcing change on another nation doesn\u2019t always work.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u201cMaybe, but, as they say in Spiderman, \u201cWith great power comes great responsibility.\u201d The United States still has the strongest military in the world, and we should help those who are being oppressed.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">You say: \u201cSo you think we should get in everyone\u2019s business all the time, whether they want us there or not?\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u201cThat\u2019s not what I said. We shouldn\u2019t intervene unless asked\u2026\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">You say: \u2026.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u2026<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">You say: \u201cI\u2019m sorry, but you\u2019re wrong about that.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u201cUGH, talking with you is so frustrating! You\u2019re wrong!\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn order to have more effective and educational conversations in response to topics such as international affairs, we will practice responding in civil discourse. Let's start by looking at these two different arguments about the role of the United States in international affairs. First, we see Claim A, which argues that the U.S. has an essential role in policing world affairs.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Claim A<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm234757472\">In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed only two years after the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, and the world changed dramatically. The 50-year Cold War struggle between the world\u2019s two superpowers ended peacefully. American policymakers had to decide what principles would guide U.S. foreign policy and how to exercise its power when faced with the new global paradigm.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm238023648\">For a short time after the end of the Cold War, the United States became a global hegemon, its political, economic, and military power unchallenged. Its dismantling of Saddam Hussein\u2019s Iraqi military to reverse the 1991 invasion of Kuwait demonstrated the might of the American war machine. America\u2019s economic power was even more formidable. The United States used its various forms of power to create a liberal democratic world order in the post\u2013Cold War world. In the words of Andrew Bacevich, America\u2019s \u201cultimate objective is the creation of an open and integrated international order based on principles of democratic capitalism, with the United States as the ultimate guarantor of order and enforcer of norms.\u201d This new world order of American power in support of global capitalism and political stability led to tremendous advancements. For example, even the surviving communist nations, like China, increasingly turned toward capitalism. By the late 1990s, the world\u2019s countries had tethered their economies together. This resulted in global economic prosperity, raising almost a billion previously poor people out of poverty, 400 million in China alone. Indeed, the percentage of the world\u2019s population living on less than a dollar a day declined from 40 percent in 1981 to 18 percent by 2004.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm227396224\">A funny thing happened with this world the United States had created\u2014something that American policy makers did not necessarily anticipate. As nations grew wealthier, they also became more assertive and independent of the United States and U.S.-supported institutions like the World Bank. Rather than a world of two powers competing for influence, or a lone superpower dictating terms to other nations, it appears the future may be a world of multiple nations working together to solve global problems, or perhaps fearful nations will wall themselves off from one another and pursue their own interests. In either scenario, it is vital that the United States remain a major player on the international stage.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm468852048\">The 2008 financial crisis nearly brought down the global economy, and, more particularly, the U.S. economy. Only massive government intervention and an influx of cash from nations like China avoided a total financial collapse. The crisis demonstrated that the United States was not\u00a0<span id=\"term847\" data-type=\"term\">unassailable<\/span>\u00a0and that it needed the global economy. For example, Chinese investors have poured trillions into American treasury bonds. The United States welcomed this foreign investment because it allowed the federal government to lower taxes while also financing a variety of programs. China, by 2008, held more than $2 trillion in treasury bonds. Hundreds of billions of dollars in trade between the two powerful nations is just one example of the interdependent world in which the United States and other countries now operate.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm211854608\">Although it is clear that the United States increasingly needs the world, it is also true that the world needs the United States. The global economy depends on the United States, and American dollars remain the world\u2019s most trusted currency. In terms of diplomacy, the United States has led in promoting and protecting democracy around the world. A belief in democracy\u00a0<span id=\"term848\" data-type=\"term\">undergirded<\/span>\u00a0America\u2019s entry into World War II,\u00a0<span id=\"term849\" data-type=\"term\">stymied<\/span>\u00a0the spread of communism, and resists terrorist groups like the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Although America\u2019s interventions have not always been well planned or successful, the overall trend has been in favor of allowing the peoples of the world to embrace democracy. This vision helped create modern democracies in Japan, Germany, and South Korea, to name a few, and American military power has long protected these and other nations. The world will continue to need the support of the United States to face challenges, including terrorism, global pandemics, and even climate change.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm219364048\">Unfortunately, and perhaps not unexpectedly, many nations seem to be turning away from globalization, embracing a narrowly defined nationalism. Indeed, populist, antiglobalization movements in Brazil, the Philippines, Hungary, Great Britain, and the United States have swept the planet in recent years. Some of this is attributable to a belief that global prosperity has not benefited the masses as much as it has a small number of wealthy elites. In particular, workers in countries who have lost jobs to global competitors have felt left behind. Such sentiments found expression in Donald Trump\u2019s surprising win in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the British exit from the European union, popularly known as \u201cBrexit.\u201d It is tempting to see such movements as a rejection of the global status quo, and certainly they are reflective of dissatisfaction with the globalization, but an increasingly integrated world makes isolation impossible, and the United States must continue to be a leader on the world stage.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nAfter reading Claim A above, which defends the right of the United States to demonstrate power as the world police, <strong>summarize three main ideas from Claim A\u00a0<\/strong>in the text box\u00a0below.\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"3\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"318011\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"318011\"]1) The global economy and the United States economy depend on each other. 2) The United States' international involvement has been based on the intention of protecting democracy. 3) The United States' involvement, though not without imperfect consequences, has more often than not resulted in the development of modern democracies. [\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/165b0e79-1a8d-458d-9c0d-64aafb8e2786\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nOkay, let's take a look at Claim B. In this argument, the author claims that the United States should scale back its influence and does not need to be as involved on the world stage.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Claim B<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm218284096\">The global threat landscape is not the same as it was during the Cold War, when two nuclear superpowers squared off, let alone in the wake of the World Wars, which devastated once-powerful nations. We now live in a multipolar environment and the sources of the threats are diverse and include Islamist terrorists, rogue nations, and\u00a0<span id=\"term850\" data-type=\"term\">revanchist<\/span>\u00a0nuclear superpowers (Note that revanchist comes from the French word for \"revenge\" and describes those who support territorial claims to land and hold an attitude that justifies reversing territorial losses). They threaten the global economy and the security of all nations, not merely the United States.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm244765504\">After World War II and postwar conflicts around the globe, weak and dependent nations rapidly developed into strong and able ones. For example, after the Korean War in the early 1950s, South Korea was devastated by war and was a poor nation in the 1950s with an agrarian-based economy. However, with hard work and assistance from the International Monetary Fund, it is now a rich democracy. Japan recovered from its World War II destruction and catapulted to rapid technological growth and the world\u2019s second largest economy in the 1980s. And although some European countries are laboring to find their economic footing after the stranglehold of communist rule, their futures as prosperous democracies look bright, and the economy of the European Union is comparable to that of the U.S. economy. And all these now peaceful and prosperous nations, although perhaps different culturally, have far more in common than not. Relative peace and reform have caused prosperity to reign and have had the effect of muting the ideologies that inspired nations to war and weakness in the past.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm212554432\">Although the sources of aggression and threats to the global community have changed, and many other nations have the means to help mitigate the shared dangers, the United States continues to exert itself exhaustingly across the globe to overextend its influence. It polices international waters, deters shared adversaries, and fights endless wars against terrorist organizations.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm180758576\">It is time for the United States to adapt and assume a more reserved role, one of\u00a0<span id=\"term851\" data-type=\"term\">parity<\/span>\u00a0among the community of nations. The United States should cede power, influence, and adjudicating authority to other nations and international bodies such as the United Nations and the International Criminal Court and allow nations the opportunity to defend themselves and their interests.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm464434816\">The cost of America\u2019s overextension is most evident in two ways. One is in the way and amount the United States spends on military programs. The United States spends approximately $700 billion each year on the Department of Defense. This is approximately 4 percent of the nation\u2019s gross domestic product, which is more than twice what North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries have committed, and few have reached, which would contribute to collective security. The reason this number is so high is because the United States insists on having far more commitments, including assurance of allies who have\u00a0<span id=\"term852\" data-type=\"term\">eschewed<\/span>\u00a0large militaries and nuclear weapons, choosing to rely on U.S. security guarantees.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm235683328\">The second way America\u2019s overextension is most evident is in the numbers of and reasons for overseas deployments. Although current overseas deployments are at their lowest since the late 1950s, they remain astonishingly high. There are more than 200,000 members of the U.S. military deployed overseas in more than 150 nations, and the number was significantly higher during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan after 2001.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm460996576\">Although many prospering nations appreciate the protection of the global commons and continued deterrence of multiple adversaries that the U.S. military provides, nations receive this benefit subsidized on the back of America\u2019s military and the American citizenry in the form of U.S. taxes and national debt, and on that of the U.S. military in the form of extended separation from loved ones due to lengthy overseas deployments and far too many lives lost at war.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm185804432\">If the United States scales back, assumes a more modest role in the world, and dedicates its resources and military to causes that more directly and immediately affect the American homeland itself, other nations, alliances, and international bodies will contribute more to mitigate the threats. When President Trump credibly threatened NATO countries with punishment for failing to contribute to collective security, those countries did increase their military funding commitments in 2018. The same could be said for South Korea in early 2019. One could also point to the United States scaling down its efforts to counter the Islamic State after the U.S. coalition\u2019s victory over the so-called caliphate in Syria. Now, 79 nations have formed the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS to keep ISIS from reforming the caliphate once the United States assumes a more reasonable role.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm181963872\">In addition, the International Criminal Court was created in 2002 to prosecute war criminals, such as those responsible for genocide. The United States does not need to be the world\u2019s policeman when that job already exists for this entity that also has the advantage of impartiality. The United Nations has repeatedly and effectively punished rogue regimes and war criminals for violations of international norms. It has powerfully condemned nations such as Syria when the Assad government used illegal chemical weapons, and it has passed sanctions against the world\u2019s bad actors, including the North Korean regime for its\u00a0<span id=\"term853\" data-type=\"term\">illicit<\/span>\u00a0nuclear missile program. When international bodies and coalitions speak with one voice, it carries far more credibility and effectiveness than a single voice representing only that of the American government. It is time for the United States to recognize this and shift to a more reasonable place in the world. Such a shift makes much more sense for global stability and American security and economic interests in the twenty-first century.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nAfter reading Claim B, which defends the position of the United States stepping back in its role as the world police, <strong>summarize three main ideas from Claim B<\/strong>\u00a0in the text box\u00a0below.\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"3\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"581823\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"581823\"]1) It is in the best interest of\u00a0global society for the United States to transition their global power to an international organization such as the United Nations. 2) The United States overexertion of power is evident in its military spending and overseas military presence. 3) If the United States scales back its international involvement, other nations will step up to protect and defend international security.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/37260ebc-59b5-45f0-8e68-f48780310a28\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nLet's take a look at some more arguments surrounding America's international affairs to practice the concepts we're learning about civil discourse. Did you know that the United States has over 800 military bases?\u00a0Check out this video that addresses the reasoning behind the United States' global military presence.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gU8rQWh_qtc\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/WhydoestheUShave800militarybasesaroundtheworl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWhy does the US have 800 military bases around the world?\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9c4c4c05-ee2f-442e-b3d8-26f605b475a9\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video features arguments that express the humanitarian concerns for the United States in maintaining its power as the world's police officer.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8207373&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=jAeJf8vX1G4&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-5c134754-jAeJf8vX1G4\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/ShouldtheUnitedStatesbetheWorld'sPolicemanAnswerfromJulianneSmith.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cShould the United States be the World's Policeman? (Answer from Julianne Smith)\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nLet's practice. In the box below, answer the following question: What kind of instance, outside of warfare, may call for America to intervene as the world police?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"3\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"979551\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"979551\"]Sample Answer: There are several instances that may require American intervention without leading to warfare such as monetary and resource aid, providing assistance in natural disasters and refugee crises, and using embargoes and trade to negotiate peace.\u00a0[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Activity #1<\/h3>\r\nFinding a shared reality in the midst of an intense academic discussion can be difficult but is still important when understanding viewpoints that oppose our own beliefs. As you can see from the videos, professionals still have a difficult time agreeing on the role that America should take on in a global society.\r\n\r\nWhat might be a shared reality that could unite opposing perspectives during\u00a0<strong>civil discourse<\/strong> regarding America's role as the world police?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"3\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"645987\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"645987\"]Sample Answer: Concerns of safety and humanity or protecting democracy and domestic concerns.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\nWhat are your personal thoughts on the role of the United States as a police officer in world affairs?\r\n\r\n[practice-area rows=\"3\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Use historical analysis skills to participate in civil discourse about current events such as the United State&#8217;s role in world affairs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>In this module, you have identified domestic and international challenges that we face in the modern age while analyzing controversial issues such as immigration, terrorism, and the role of government. This historical hack is going to put your analytical\u00a0skills to work by analyzing two perspectives on the United States&#8217; role in world affairs and presenting your informed opinion in a civil discussion and Rogerian argument. Don\u2019t know what that is? That\u2019s okay, you\u2019ll find out soon!<\/p>\n<p>How can you present your opinion while respecting and acknowledging opposing sides? How can you discuss controversial issues in a civil manner? Though discussing modern-day challenges and world affairs may be intensified with emotions, this hack will help you communicate your informed opinion in a respectful and civil manner.<\/p>\n<h2>Civil Discourse<\/h2>\n<p>Understanding major challenges that we all face in modern society\u00a0is important when communicating your opinion in civil discourse.\u00a0<strong>Civil discourse<\/strong> is a type of informative and educational conversation to learn from different perspectives and sources.<\/p>\n<p>In an age where much of what we communicate can be skewed or misperceived online, civil discourse is more important than ever. Being able to practice the art of civil discourse gives us a chance to understand those we may disagree with and learn from their perspective. Understanding how to have these conversations gives us an opportunity to approach controversial conversations\u00a0in a spirit of\u00a0respect and understanding.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\n<p>Watch this Ted talk by world debate champion Julia Dhar as she gives some advice on how to find common ground about controversial topics. In it, she stresses the importance of civil discourse and approaching conversations with understanding and respect. You don&#8217;t have to watch this entire video. In fact, <strong>just focus on the video recording between the time stamp <\/strong><strong>3:58 and 9:00 as that is the content we will be discussing.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"How to disagree productively and find common ground | Julia Dhar\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/phgjouv0BUA?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/HowtodisagreeproductivelyandfindcommongroundJ.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cHow to disagree productively and find common ground | Julia Dhar\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>What does Julia Dhar mean by \u201cshared reality\u201d?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"3\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q112095\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q112095\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Shared reality is something that can be generally agreed upon, such as the right to an education, equality, or safety.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>The Role of the U.S. in International Affairs<\/h2>\n<p>Let\u2019s imagine that you are strongly opposed to U.S. intervention on the world stage. Among other reasons, you think that 1) It costs America too much money. America already spends too much on the military, to the detriment\u00a0of spending more on much-needed domestic issues 2) It shouldn\u2019t fall to America to police the world when there are international organizations better suited to this task. You argue these things with your friend.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u201cSure, it\u2019s expensive and a burden on America, but how can you just let people in other countries suffer under unjust invasions or extreme dictators, knowing that America could step in to help?\u201d<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">You say: \u201cIt\u2019s not always that simple. If it were that easy, we would help, but what if we support the wrong cause or the wrong leader\u2014do you remember Vietnam? And it\u2019s one thing to provide financial support, like in recent wars in Syria or Ukraine, but our long, drawn-out war in Afghanistan should have taught us that forcing change on another nation doesn\u2019t always work.\u201d<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u201cMaybe, but, as they say in Spiderman, \u201cWith great power comes great responsibility.\u201d The United States still has the strongest military in the world, and we should help those who are being oppressed.\u201d<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">You say: \u201cSo you think we should get in everyone\u2019s business all the time, whether they want us there or not?\u201d<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u201cThat\u2019s not what I said. We shouldn\u2019t intervene unless asked\u2026\u201d<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">You say: \u2026.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u2026<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">You say: \u201cI\u2019m sorry, but you\u2019re wrong about that.\u201d<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">They say: \u201cUGH, talking with you is so frustrating! You\u2019re wrong!\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In order to have more effective and educational conversations in response to topics such as international affairs, we will practice responding in civil discourse. Let&#8217;s start by looking at these two different arguments about the role of the United States in international affairs. First, we see Claim A, which argues that the U.S. has an essential role in policing world affairs.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Claim A<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm234757472\">In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed only two years after the fall of communism in Eastern Europe, and the world changed dramatically. The 50-year Cold War struggle between the world\u2019s two superpowers ended peacefully. American policymakers had to decide what principles would guide U.S. foreign policy and how to exercise its power when faced with the new global paradigm.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm238023648\">For a short time after the end of the Cold War, the United States became a global hegemon, its political, economic, and military power unchallenged. Its dismantling of Saddam Hussein\u2019s Iraqi military to reverse the 1991 invasion of Kuwait demonstrated the might of the American war machine. America\u2019s economic power was even more formidable. The United States used its various forms of power to create a liberal democratic world order in the post\u2013Cold War world. In the words of Andrew Bacevich, America\u2019s \u201cultimate objective is the creation of an open and integrated international order based on principles of democratic capitalism, with the United States as the ultimate guarantor of order and enforcer of norms.\u201d This new world order of American power in support of global capitalism and political stability led to tremendous advancements. For example, even the surviving communist nations, like China, increasingly turned toward capitalism. By the late 1990s, the world\u2019s countries had tethered their economies together. This resulted in global economic prosperity, raising almost a billion previously poor people out of poverty, 400 million in China alone. Indeed, the percentage of the world\u2019s population living on less than a dollar a day declined from 40 percent in 1981 to 18 percent by 2004.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm227396224\">A funny thing happened with this world the United States had created\u2014something that American policy makers did not necessarily anticipate. As nations grew wealthier, they also became more assertive and independent of the United States and U.S.-supported institutions like the World Bank. Rather than a world of two powers competing for influence, or a lone superpower dictating terms to other nations, it appears the future may be a world of multiple nations working together to solve global problems, or perhaps fearful nations will wall themselves off from one another and pursue their own interests. In either scenario, it is vital that the United States remain a major player on the international stage.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm468852048\">The 2008 financial crisis nearly brought down the global economy, and, more particularly, the U.S. economy. Only massive government intervention and an influx of cash from nations like China avoided a total financial collapse. The crisis demonstrated that the United States was not\u00a0<span id=\"term847\" data-type=\"term\">unassailable<\/span>\u00a0and that it needed the global economy. For example, Chinese investors have poured trillions into American treasury bonds. The United States welcomed this foreign investment because it allowed the federal government to lower taxes while also financing a variety of programs. China, by 2008, held more than $2 trillion in treasury bonds. Hundreds of billions of dollars in trade between the two powerful nations is just one example of the interdependent world in which the United States and other countries now operate.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm211854608\">Although it is clear that the United States increasingly needs the world, it is also true that the world needs the United States. The global economy depends on the United States, and American dollars remain the world\u2019s most trusted currency. In terms of diplomacy, the United States has led in promoting and protecting democracy around the world. A belief in democracy\u00a0<span id=\"term848\" data-type=\"term\">undergirded<\/span>\u00a0America\u2019s entry into World War II,\u00a0<span id=\"term849\" data-type=\"term\">stymied<\/span>\u00a0the spread of communism, and resists terrorist groups like the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Although America\u2019s interventions have not always been well planned or successful, the overall trend has been in favor of allowing the peoples of the world to embrace democracy. This vision helped create modern democracies in Japan, Germany, and South Korea, to name a few, and American military power has long protected these and other nations. The world will continue to need the support of the United States to face challenges, including terrorism, global pandemics, and even climate change.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm219364048\">Unfortunately, and perhaps not unexpectedly, many nations seem to be turning away from globalization, embracing a narrowly defined nationalism. Indeed, populist, antiglobalization movements in Brazil, the Philippines, Hungary, Great Britain, and the United States have swept the planet in recent years. Some of this is attributable to a belief that global prosperity has not benefited the masses as much as it has a small number of wealthy elites. In particular, workers in countries who have lost jobs to global competitors have felt left behind. Such sentiments found expression in Donald Trump\u2019s surprising win in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the British exit from the European union, popularly known as \u201cBrexit.\u201d It is tempting to see such movements as a rejection of the global status quo, and certainly they are reflective of dissatisfaction with the globalization, but an increasingly integrated world makes isolation impossible, and the United States must continue to be a leader on the world stage.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>After reading Claim A above, which defends the right of the United States to demonstrate power as the world police, <strong>summarize three main ideas from Claim A\u00a0<\/strong>in the text box\u00a0below.<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"3\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q318011\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q318011\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">1) The global economy and the United States economy depend on each other. 2) The United States&#8217; international involvement has been based on the intention of protecting democracy. 3) The United States&#8217; involvement, though not without imperfect consequences, has more often than not resulted in the development of modern democracies. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_165b0e79-1a8d-458d-9c0d-64aafb8e2786\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/165b0e79-1a8d-458d-9c0d-64aafb8e2786?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_165b0e79-1a8d-458d-9c0d-64aafb8e2786\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Okay, let&#8217;s take a look at Claim B. In this argument, the author claims that the United States should scale back its influence and does not need to be as involved on the world stage.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Claim B<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm218284096\">The global threat landscape is not the same as it was during the Cold War, when two nuclear superpowers squared off, let alone in the wake of the World Wars, which devastated once-powerful nations. We now live in a multipolar environment and the sources of the threats are diverse and include Islamist terrorists, rogue nations, and\u00a0<span id=\"term850\" data-type=\"term\">revanchist<\/span>\u00a0nuclear superpowers (Note that revanchist comes from the French word for &#8220;revenge&#8221; and describes those who support territorial claims to land and hold an attitude that justifies reversing territorial losses). They threaten the global economy and the security of all nations, not merely the United States.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm244765504\">After World War II and postwar conflicts around the globe, weak and dependent nations rapidly developed into strong and able ones. For example, after the Korean War in the early 1950s, South Korea was devastated by war and was a poor nation in the 1950s with an agrarian-based economy. However, with hard work and assistance from the International Monetary Fund, it is now a rich democracy. Japan recovered from its World War II destruction and catapulted to rapid technological growth and the world\u2019s second largest economy in the 1980s. And although some European countries are laboring to find their economic footing after the stranglehold of communist rule, their futures as prosperous democracies look bright, and the economy of the European Union is comparable to that of the U.S. economy. And all these now peaceful and prosperous nations, although perhaps different culturally, have far more in common than not. Relative peace and reform have caused prosperity to reign and have had the effect of muting the ideologies that inspired nations to war and weakness in the past.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm212554432\">Although the sources of aggression and threats to the global community have changed, and many other nations have the means to help mitigate the shared dangers, the United States continues to exert itself exhaustingly across the globe to overextend its influence. It polices international waters, deters shared adversaries, and fights endless wars against terrorist organizations.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm180758576\">It is time for the United States to adapt and assume a more reserved role, one of\u00a0<span id=\"term851\" data-type=\"term\">parity<\/span>\u00a0among the community of nations. The United States should cede power, influence, and adjudicating authority to other nations and international bodies such as the United Nations and the International Criminal Court and allow nations the opportunity to defend themselves and their interests.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm464434816\">The cost of America\u2019s overextension is most evident in two ways. One is in the way and amount the United States spends on military programs. The United States spends approximately $700 billion each year on the Department of Defense. This is approximately 4 percent of the nation\u2019s gross domestic product, which is more than twice what North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries have committed, and few have reached, which would contribute to collective security. The reason this number is so high is because the United States insists on having far more commitments, including assurance of allies who have\u00a0<span id=\"term852\" data-type=\"term\">eschewed<\/span>\u00a0large militaries and nuclear weapons, choosing to rely on U.S. security guarantees.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm235683328\">The second way America\u2019s overextension is most evident is in the numbers of and reasons for overseas deployments. Although current overseas deployments are at their lowest since the late 1950s, they remain astonishingly high. There are more than 200,000 members of the U.S. military deployed overseas in more than 150 nations, and the number was significantly higher during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan after 2001.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm460996576\">Although many prospering nations appreciate the protection of the global commons and continued deterrence of multiple adversaries that the U.S. military provides, nations receive this benefit subsidized on the back of America\u2019s military and the American citizenry in the form of U.S. taxes and national debt, and on that of the U.S. military in the form of extended separation from loved ones due to lengthy overseas deployments and far too many lives lost at war.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm185804432\">If the United States scales back, assumes a more modest role in the world, and dedicates its resources and military to causes that more directly and immediately affect the American homeland itself, other nations, alliances, and international bodies will contribute more to mitigate the threats. When President Trump credibly threatened NATO countries with punishment for failing to contribute to collective security, those countries did increase their military funding commitments in 2018. The same could be said for South Korea in early 2019. One could also point to the United States scaling down its efforts to counter the Islamic State after the U.S. coalition\u2019s victory over the so-called caliphate in Syria. Now, 79 nations have formed the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS to keep ISIS from reforming the caliphate once the United States assumes a more reasonable role.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm181963872\">In addition, the International Criminal Court was created in 2002 to prosecute war criminals, such as those responsible for genocide. The United States does not need to be the world\u2019s policeman when that job already exists for this entity that also has the advantage of impartiality. The United Nations has repeatedly and effectively punished rogue regimes and war criminals for violations of international norms. It has powerfully condemned nations such as Syria when the Assad government used illegal chemical weapons, and it has passed sanctions against the world\u2019s bad actors, including the North Korean regime for its\u00a0<span id=\"term853\" data-type=\"term\">illicit<\/span>\u00a0nuclear missile program. When international bodies and coalitions speak with one voice, it carries far more credibility and effectiveness than a single voice representing only that of the American government. It is time for the United States to recognize this and shift to a more reasonable place in the world. Such a shift makes much more sense for global stability and American security and economic interests in the twenty-first century.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>After reading Claim B, which defends the position of the United States stepping back in its role as the world police, <strong>summarize three main ideas from Claim B<\/strong>\u00a0in the text box\u00a0below.<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"3\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q581823\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q581823\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">1) It is in the best interest of\u00a0global society for the United States to transition their global power to an international organization such as the United Nations. 2) The United States overexertion of power is evident in its military spending and overseas military presence. 3) If the United States scales back its international involvement, other nations will step up to protect and defend international security.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_37260ebc-59b5-45f0-8e68-f48780310a28\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/37260ebc-59b5-45f0-8e68-f48780310a28?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_37260ebc-59b5-45f0-8e68-f48780310a28\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s take a look at some more arguments surrounding America&#8217;s international affairs to practice the concepts we&#8217;re learning about civil discourse. Did you know that the United States has over 800 military bases?\u00a0Check out this video that addresses the reasoning behind the United States&#8217; global military presence.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-2\" title=\"Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gU8rQWh_qtc?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/WhydoestheUShave800militarybasesaroundtheworl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cWhy does the US have 800 military bases around the world?\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_9c4c4c05-ee2f-442e-b3d8-26f605b475a9\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/9c4c4c05-ee2f-442e-b3d8-26f605b475a9?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_9c4c4c05-ee2f-442e-b3d8-26f605b475a9\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video features arguments that express the humanitarian concerns for the United States in maintaining its power as the world&#8217;s police officer.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=8207373&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=jAeJf8vX1G4&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-5c134754-jAeJf8vX1G4\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/US+history+II\/ShouldtheUnitedStatesbetheWorld'sPolicemanAnswerfromJulianneSmith.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \u201cShould the United States be the World&#8217;s Policeman? (Answer from Julianne Smith)\u201d here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s practice. In the box below, answer the following question: What kind of instance, outside of warfare, may call for America to intervene as the world police?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"3\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q979551\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q979551\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Sample Answer: There are several instances that may require American intervention without leading to warfare such as monetary and resource aid, providing assistance in natural disasters and refugee crises, and using embargoes and trade to negotiate peace.\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Activity #1<\/h3>\n<p>Finding a shared reality in the midst of an intense academic discussion can be difficult but is still important when understanding viewpoints that oppose our own beliefs. As you can see from the videos, professionals still have a difficult time agreeing on the role that America should take on in a global society.<\/p>\n<p>What might be a shared reality that could unite opposing perspectives during\u00a0<strong>civil discourse<\/strong> regarding America&#8217;s role as the world police?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"3\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q645987\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q645987\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Sample Answer: Concerns of safety and humanity or protecting democracy and domestic concerns.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>What are your personal thoughts on the role of the United States as a police officer in world affairs?<\/p>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"3\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-7276\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Historical Hack: Civil Discourse. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Samantha Maier for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Is It in the Interest of the United States to Maintain Its International Obligations?. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/NgBFhmUc@11.2:fjLPgtiW@2\/16-19-%F0%9F%92%AC-Is-It-in-the-Interest-of-the-United-States-to-Maintain-Its-International-Obligations\">https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/NgBFhmUc@11.2:fjLPgtiW@2\/16-19-%F0%9F%92%AC-Is-It-in-the-Interest-of-the-United-States-to-Maintain-Its-International-Obligations<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/36004586-651c-4ded-af87-203aca22d946@11.2.<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>How to disagree productively and find common ground | Julia Dhar. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: TED. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=phgjouv0BUA\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=phgjouv0BUA<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: VOX. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gU8rQWh_qtc\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gU8rQWh_qtc<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><li>Should the United States be the World&#039;s Policeman? (Answer from Julianne Smith). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: McCain Institute. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jAeJf8vX1G4\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jAeJf8vX1G4<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>All Rights Reserved<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":16,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Is It in the Interest of the United States to Maintain Its International Obligations?\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/NgBFhmUc@11.2:fjLPgtiW@2\/16-19-%F0%9F%92%AC-Is-It-in-the-Interest-of-the-United-States-to-Maintain-Its-International-Obligations\",\"project\":\"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Download for free at http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/36004586-651c-4ded-af87-203aca22d946@11.2.\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Historical Hack: Civil Discourse\",\"author\":\"Samantha Maier for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"How to disagree productively and find common ground | Julia Dhar\",\"author\":\"TED\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=phgjouv0BUA\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Why does the US have 800 military bases around the world?\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"VOX\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gU8rQWh_qtc\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"arr\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Should the United States be the World\\'s Policeman? 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