{"id":7601,"date":"2022-06-01T21:13:14","date_gmt":"2022-06-01T21:13:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=7601"},"modified":"2022-07-25T19:12:54","modified_gmt":"2022-07-25T19:12:54","slug":"making-cause-and-effect-connections","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/chapter\/making-cause-and-effect-connections\/","title":{"raw":"Making Cause and Effect Connections","rendered":"Making Cause and Effect Connections"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Explain and justify the connections between the causes and effects of the Great Depression<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen we talk about the relationship between causes and effects in a historical context, the concepts of time and place are paramount. History happens at many different chronological \u201clevels\u201d and on many different scales. The effects of some historical events can be felt for decades or even centuries, while others might only be felt for a few months or years. Some of these effects might only be seen on a small, local scale, others are felt on a national or regional level. Still others have global or even interplanetary implications, such as the Moon Landing and the launch of the Hubble Telescope!\r\n<h2>Short-Term Effects and Long-Term Results<\/h2>\r\nIn this activity, we will distinguish between the shorter-term, direct effects of historical events versus the longer term, sometimes more indirect, results.[footnote]Although the words \u201ceffect\u201d and \u201cresult\u201d have similar meanings, in this activity we will use them as labels within the context of the Great Depression and its aftermath.[\/footnote]\r\n\r\nIf we return to our example of the watermelon and rubber band experiment, the short-term effects of the watermelon explosion could be that you have a lot of clean up work to do, you have lots of watermelon to eat, and you are now all out of rubber bands. The long-term results of your watermelon experiment could be that your parents ban you from conducting anymore viral video experiments in their yard, you are picking up rubber band pieces for two months, or maybe you even find a watermelon plant growing on your front lawn one day due to some far-flung seeds.\r\n<h3>Hindsight is 20\/20<\/h3>\r\nRemember, some of these effects or results are relatively foreseeable: you knew when you started that you would have to clean up the mess from your experiment and that there would probably be some edible watermelon leftover. Some of the long-term results, however, may have been harder to see coming, like the ban on further fruit experimentation in the yard or the surprise watermelon vine. It is important to remember this idea when talking about historical events, because sometimes we look at history through our modern lens and wonder \u201chow could people have thought that was a good idea?\u201d\r\n\r\nWe must remember that, in the midst of a crisis like the Great Depression, people were making decisions that may have had long-term consequences which they were unable to foresee<strong>.<\/strong> For example, some of the legislation passed during the Great Depression in an attempt to stabilize failing banks also played a role in the 2007-2009 \u201cGreat Recession.\u201d President Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1932 on the promise that he would end the crisis, had one of the greatest impacts of any President on American history because many of his policies have lingered around to this day. It is easy for us to look at the past with our 20\/20 hindsight; some of the things they did may seem strange to us because we can see the long-term consequences of those actions, but we must remember that they did not have that gift of premonition.\r\n<h3>Effects of Historical Events<\/h3>\r\nWhen we talk about <strong>effects<\/strong> in the context of this Hack and the Great Depression, we are first looking at the direct effects that were almost immediately felt after 1929, such as the massive bank runs which began in early 1930 and had an immediate and devastating effect on the savings accounts of American families. These were the types of everyday problems faced by the American populace, such as poverty and homelessness. Some of these effects were felt over a longer period of time, but were still directly linked to the stock market crash and subsequent Depression, such as the Dust Bowl and the unemployment rate, which did not go back under 10% until 1941.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>results<\/strong> of the Great Depression can also be thought of as \u201clessons learned.\u201d These are the events, movements, ideas, or conditions that came into existence because of the Depression, but were maybe not direct results of the stock market crash or subsequent financial crisis. In a historical context, results are often measures taken in order to try and end a situation or they are measures taken in order to prevent a similar event from happening again in the future. Results could be things that took place before the Depression even ended, such as the repeal of Prohibition, or they could have occurred over a longer period of time, such as the cultural and political shifts in American society that took place during and after the Great Depression and were manifested in programs like Roosevelt\u2019s New Deal.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b164aa6c-83ff-464d-aa31-67259bee1005\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn this activity, you will learn about the short-term effects and the long-term results of the Great Depression and exercise your critical thinking skills in matching these effects and results to the previous historical events that caused or precipitated them. But before we look at the effects and results of the Great Depression, let\u2019s return to the completely fictional story of the flat tire from the previous page. We have determined the vulnerabilities and triggers which led to the situation of your Kia Sportage being in the shop for several weeks, leaving you with a $1200 bill to pay. Now we will look at the direct effects and the longer-term results of this situation.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Worked Example: The Flat Tire Saga, Part 2<\/h3>\r\n<h2>What are the effects of your Kia Sportage breaking down?<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The\u00a0most direct and obvious effect is that <strong>you will not have a car for two weeks<\/strong>, since driving on a broken axle could be dangerous. You still have to get to work and classes, not to mention running errands, so you must rely on your friends, coworkers, Uber\/Lyft, and the public transportation system to get around. This will cost you extra money, since you will have to give your friends gas money or pay for a ride-share. Public transportation might be cheaper, but can often be unreliable or difficult to access, if it even exists in your town at all. Relying on your friends for rides could also make you late for work, school, or other obligations, putting you at risk of being fired (depending on how kind your boss is).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The other immediate effect of your car being in the shop is that <strong>you must pay for it<\/strong>. If you mechanic allows you to make payments, you may be in luck, as long as they don\u2019t charge interest or a fee, but they can also report you to a collection agency if you fail to make the payments. If you borrow money from another source, like a family member or a short-tern lender, in order to make a lump sum payment, you will still have to pay that money back and most short-term loans carry a high interest rate. No matter what you decide, you will have to pay for the repairs and it could end up costing you much more than just the $1200 you owe the mechanic if you end up borrowing money.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Another effect, although a longer-term one, is that <strong>you may have to purchase a new vehicle<\/strong> sooner than you planned. Some people may even choose to simply scrap their damage Kia Sportage and buy a new car right then and there, since the repairs cost more than you originally paid for it. However, if you decide to go ahead with the repairs thinking that you can get another couple of years out of the car, you will need to start saving and planning for that purchase.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>What are the results of your Kia Sportage breaking down?<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>What have you learned from this situation? What will you do to prevent this from happening again in the future? The most important thing you probably learned was that your car needs <strong>regular maintenance and upkeep.<\/strong> Driving on worn out tires, particularly when you are on bad roads, will lead to issues sooner or later, so it is best to keep up with getting your tires replaced, rotated, and having your vehicle\u2019s alignment checked regularly, even if you car is older. These are results that can be seen in the immediate aftermath of your car problems, since you will hopefully be more careful with your Kia when you get it back, especially after spending so much money having it repaired. You will also most likely want to <strong>purchase a car jack, lug wrench, and tire patching kit,<\/strong> and other emergency equipment to keep in your vehicle.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Longer-term results may be that you become <strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">very careful about your driving and maintenance habits<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\"> in the future, even after you have parted with your Kia Sportage. While you might already be saving money for a new car, you also might realize that having an <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">emergency savings account<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\"> is a good idea, or you might decide to <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">invest money in AAA or another emergency services program<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">, in case something like this happens to you again. You may also decide that the atrocious conditions of the city roads contributed to your experience, so you might decide to <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">write a letter to the City Council<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\"> requesting that the roads around your apartment be repaired.<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow that you've identified the effects and results of the car situation, let's see if we can connect these repercussions with the causes from the previous page.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Connecting Effects and Results with Causes<\/h3>\r\nFor this activity, you will be matching the results and effects of this situation with their direct causes from the Worked Example in Part 1. Here were the list of causes:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Buying an old car<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Having high mileage in an old car<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Old tires<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Poor road conditions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lack of regular maintenance<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Getting a flat tire<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Driving on a flat tire<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Driving home over potholes and hitting the curb<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Driving a few weeks on a spare tire<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Shaking and wobbling car<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Not having enough money to get the car fixed<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nSometimes, these connections can be tenuous or difficult to make, but the exercise should require you to use your critical thinking skills to see the connections and then defend your answers. Try to put in the causes into the spaces in the chart.\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"col\">Effect or Result?<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 185.998px;\" scope=\"col\">Effect or Result (from Pt. 2)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 333.993px;\" scope=\"col\">Cause (from Pt. 1)<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 286.997px;\" scope=\"col\">Connection\/Justification\r\n(1-2 bullet points)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Effect<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">No car for two weeks.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"649809\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"649809\"]A flat tire, driving home over potholes and hitting the curb, then driving a few weeks on a spare tire.[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">Hitting the curb &amp; driving on the spare caused the axle damage.\r\nIf you had changed the tire at the gas station, your axle wouldn\u2019t have been damaged.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Effect<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">You must come up with $1200, plus extra money for rides.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"649810\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"649810\"]Driving home over potholes and hitting the curb, then driving a few weeks on a spare tire.[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">Hitting the curb &amp; driving on the spare caused the axle damage.\r\nIf you had changed the tire at the gas station, your axle wouldn\u2019t have been damaged.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Effect<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Purchase new vehicle sooner than planned.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"649811\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"649811\"]A lack of regular maintenance, poor road conditions, and\u00a0driving home over potholes and hitting the curb, then driving a few weeks on a spare tire. [\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">Your car had extra wear &amp; tear anyway, but the axle damage will probably require you to buy a new car sooner than later, whereas just having a flat tire would not have had that result.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Practice regular upkeep on Kia (and any future cars).<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"649812\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"649812\"]A lack of regular car maintenance [\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">You have learned that cars need regular maintenance.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Driving more carefully.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"649813\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"649813\"]Poor road conditions, and\u00a0driving home over potholes and hitting the curb, and not having enough money to get the car fixed. [\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">You have learned that road conditions &amp; your driving play an important role in your cars\u2019 condition &amp; drivability.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Keeping a car jack, lug wrench, and other emergency equipment in good working order &amp; in your vehicle at all times.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"649814\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"649814\"]Driving on the flat tire.[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">If you had proper equipment, you could have changed your tire on your own, or you could have waited for a friend with proper equipment to help you.\r\nYou have learned the importance of having those items in your own vehicle.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Starting an emergency savings account.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"649815\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"649815\"]Driving on a spare for a few weeks and not having enough money to get the car fixed. [\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">This decision is what cost you $1200 at the mechanic, so it is the cause of your future choice to be more responsible &amp; start an emergency savings.\r\nHad you changed your tire at the gas station, you would not have needed that $1200 on such short notice.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Signing up for AAA or another emergency vehicle service.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"649816\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"649816\"]Getting a flat tire[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">You have learned that any type of car emergency could happen at any time, so it is best to be prepared &amp; have a backup plan.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\r\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Becoming involved in local road condition activism.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"649817\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"649817\"]Poor road conditions and hitting potholes.[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">You have realized the importance of road conditions &amp; their relationship to your vehicle.\r\nYou decide that you don\u2019t want your Kia, or any future car, or any other person\u2019s car, to be affected by poor road conditions.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0a27d8d0-c1be-4c54-a6d7-06df2a6ddc31\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow that you've done this exercise related to our hypothetical car situation, let's do the same activity related to the Great Depression. By doing this, you'll hopefully come to recognize that there were both many causes and many effects and results of the Depression.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Activity #2<\/h3>\r\nAs you read through this table, try to determine if these events or trends were effects or results of the Great Depression, as they are defined above and try to connect them to specific causes that you read about in Part 1. In the table below, identify each outcome as either an <strong>effect<\/strong>\u00a0or a <strong>result<\/strong>, based on the descriptions above. Note that labeling each term correctly is not a big deal here, but you want to think carefully about the outcomes to understand the short- and long- term implications of the Great Depression. You may even disagree with some of the answers as they are listed\u2014that's okay, too! As long as you can justify your response and support it with evidence, you are on the right track.\r\n<table style=\"width: 1442px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Outcome<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\"><strong>Effect or Result?<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Extremely high unemployment<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">Prior to the Great Depression, unemployment in the U.S. had been incredibly low due to war production and the big business boom. However, between the stock market crash in 1929 and the height of the Great Depression in 1933, the unemployment rate climbed from around 9% in 1930, to 15% in 1931, and hit a high of 25% in 1933 at the peak of the crisis. It did not drop back down below 15% until 1937 and did not go back to pre-Depression levels (around 3%) until 1943, when World War II was in full swing and the U.S. had drastically ramped up war production again.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">[reveal-answer q=\"120020\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"120020\"]Effect[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">2<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Homelessness &amp; the development of Hoovervilles<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">Around 2 million Americans became homeless during the Great Depression, and many more who lost their homes had to move in with relatives or neighbors. The result of this was the development of shantytowns in large urban centers, which were often referred to as \u201cHoovervilles,\u201d in a dig at President Herbert Hoover. The people living in these homeless encampments were forced to rely on charities or begging for food, clothing, and medicine. Most Hoovervilles were torn down or abandoned in the late 1930s, but some remained as late as 1941.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">[reveal-answer q=\"120021\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"120021\"]Effect[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">3<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Decrease in wages for workers<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">As unemployment rose, wages also fell, so any worker lucky enough to still have a job was making only a fraction of what they used to make. For example, wages for manufacturing workers dropped from about $27\/week in 1929 to around $18\/week in 1932, and some coal miners saw a 44% cut in wages between those years.[footnote]Wolman, Leo. 1933. \u201cWages During the Depression.\u201d National Bureau of Economic Research Bulletin 46 (May): 1-6. https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/chapters\/c2256\/c2256.pdf.[\/footnote] These cuts were fairly consistent across major industries except public utility workers.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">[reveal-answer q=\"120022\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"120022\"]Effect[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">4<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Organized crime<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">Petty crimes decreased during the Great Depression, since no one had anything worth stealing, but organized crime and violent crimes increased during the worst years of the crisis. In 1933, the nation\u2019s homicide rate hit the highest levels of the century.[footnote]Latzer, Barry. 2014. \u201cDo hard times spark more crime?\u201d Los Angeles Times, January 24, 2014. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/la-oe-latzer-crime-economy-20140124-story.html.[\/footnote] Bootlegging experienced a surge in popularity as people tried to make money by any means necessary, and many felt they needed a drink. However, when Prohibition was repealed in 1933, other organized crime like bank robberies, gambling, and prostitution increased. In fact, one of the most famous criminals of the time, the Chicago gangster Al Capone, was doing so well during the Depression that he opened soup kitchens to feed Chicago\u2019s homeless.[footnote]Klein, Christopher. 2021. \u201cMobster Al Capone Ran a Soup Kitchen During the Great Depression.\u201d HISTORY. https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/al-capone-great-depression-soup-kitchen.[\/footnote]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">[reveal-answer q=\"120023\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"120023\"]Effect[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">5<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Demographic changes: increased internal migration, decreased foreign immigration<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">Searching for work or new land, around three million families migrated across the U.S. during the Great Depression, while millions more single men left their homes and \u201crode the rails,\u201d or illegally jumped on freight trains in order to travel from one down to the next, looking for jobs. They were often met with even worse conditions in the cities where they ended up, as the whole nation was struggling with unemployment and homelessness.\r\nThe rest of the world was also suffering from economic depression, which reduced immigration numbers since not many foreigners could afford to travel to the U.S. However, the number of immigrants also dropped because America was no longer \u201cthe promised land\u201d where fortunes could be made. Additionally, U.S. immigration officials were instructed by the Hoover administration to scrutinize immigrants more closely in order to keep out those who might become \u201cpublic charges\u201d or those who might be willing to work for lower wages, thereby taking already scarce jobs away from American citizens.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">[reveal-answer q=\"120024\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"120024\"]Effect\/Result[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">6<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Changes in attitudes\/beliefs of Americans<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">During the Industrial Revolution and Gilded Age, the U.S. had been seen as a land of economic and social opportunity, where a person could possibly make a fortune overnight or climb to the top of the political or social ladder. The Great Depression was a clear demonstration that there were limits to America\u2019s economic greatness and that unchecked growth would eventually come crashing down. It was the end of an era, in many ways, because it was the first time that large numbers of American citizens had suffered widespread poverty, homelessness, and uncertainty, which permanently altered the national consciousness.\r\nAnother change was the attitude that Americans took toward government involvement in their lives. The Hoover administration had taken a very hands-off approach to economics and social policy, believing that the economy would regulate itself and that people should rely on one another during times of crisis. The Great Depression showed Americans that the economy could not, in fact, regulate itself and that it was hard to rely on your neighbors when they had also lost everything. Social welfare policy became more prominent with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and Americans\u2019 attitudes toward government regulation and welfare began to change when they saw how it lifted the nation out of the Depression.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">[reveal-answer q=\"120025\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"120025\"]Result\/Effect[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">7<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Changes to banking &amp; economic sector<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">In order to prevent a future crisis on the same level as the Great Depression, the U.S. government began to regulate the banking industry, starting with the United States Banking Act of 1933, which set regulations meant to protect consumers &amp; stabilize banks.\r\nThe Banking Act also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). This agency is responsible for ensuring that, when people deposit money into an American bank, that money will not be lost if the bank closes. If a bank were to close, every customer who had money deposited with that bank would receive a reimbursement from the federal government (up to a certain amount). Initially the FDIC insured deposits up to $2,500 (equal to around $50,000 in today\u2019s money), which was later raised to $5,000. Today, the FDIC insures deposits of up to $250,000.\r\nAnother part of the Banking Act, sometimes called the Glass-Steagall Act, forced banks to separate themselves into commercial or investment institutions. This prevented the type of cascading bank failures that happened during the Great Depression because commercial banks could not invest their customer\u2019s deposits and investment banks could no longer take deposits.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">[reveal-answer q=\"120026\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"120026\"]Result[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">8<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>The New Deal &amp; changes to social welfare<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">The New Deal was a massive package of various legislation passed by President Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939. The purpose was \u201cthe 3 R\u2019s: relief, recovery, and reform.\u201d Relief for those who were hit hardest, recovery through job creation, and reform of the systems that caused the crisis. The New Deal primarily focused on creating jobs through public works and programs, including the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Civil Works Administration, the Farm Security Administration, the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, and the Social Security Administration. The New Deal also created the first unemployment insurance and disability assistance. This is only a brief overview, as you will learn more about the New Deal in Module 9 of this course.<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">[reveal-answer q=\"120027\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"120027\"]Result[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h4>Activity #2 Directions<\/h4>\r\nNext, using the lists of causes of the Great Depression from the previous page, let's connect the causes to the outcomes. Note that some of the causes are also, in some cases, the outcomes. For example, financial panic, bank runs, and the Dust Bowl could easily be considered both causes and effects of the Great Depression. The causes of the Great Depression are listed again here:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Wealth inequality<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Speculation, easy credit, and buying on margin<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lack of banking regulations<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The deflationary spiral<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Federal Reserve<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Financial panic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Bank runs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>WWI<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Dust Bowl<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nDo not put too much emphasis on getting the \u201ccorrect\u201d answer. Your priority here should be to practice drawing solid, defensible connections between the causes and the effects\/results using critical thinking skills and your historical knowledge.\r\n\r\nYou may assign more than one cause, as long as you explain the connection and your justification for each answer individually. So, if you put connect two causes to \u201cExtremely high unemployment,\u201d you would need to write out at least a few bullet points justifying why you made that connection.\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th style=\"width: 25.3283%;\" scope=\"col\">Effect or Result of Great Depression<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 41.0326%;\" scope=\"col\">Causes of the Great Depression<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"width: 33.6391%;\" scope=\"col\">Connection\/Justification<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Extremely high unemployment<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"990474\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"990474\"]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Wealth inequality<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The deflationary spiral<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Financial panic<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Homelessness &amp; the development of Hoovervilles<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"222149\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"222149\"]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Speculation &amp; easy credit<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">The Dust Bowl<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Decrease in wages for workers<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"666216\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"666216\"]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Speculation &amp; easy credit<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Deflationary spiral<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">The Federal Reserve<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Bank runs<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Organized crime<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"235586\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"235586\"]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Demographic changes: increased internal migration, decreased foreign immigration<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"614634\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"614634\"]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The Dust Bowl<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">WWI<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Changes in attitudes\/beliefs of Americans<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"590860\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"590860\"]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Speculation, easy credit<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Bank runs<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The Federal Reserve<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Changes to banking &amp; economic sector<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"272828\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"272828\"]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Speculation, buying on the margin<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Lack of banking regulations<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The Federal Reserve<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Bank runs<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">The New Deal &amp; changes to social welfare<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"724334\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"724334\"]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The Dust Bowl<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\">[practice-area rows=\"2\"][\/practice-area]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<strong>Critical Thinking Questions\u00a0<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Did you label the New Deal &amp; other changes to social welfare as an effect or a result of the Great Depression? Explain your reasoning.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">What do you think the most lasting result of the Great Depression was, based on your study of this Module and the material in these exercises? Explain your reasoning<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain and justify the connections between the causes and effects of the Great Depression<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>When we talk about the relationship between causes and effects in a historical context, the concepts of time and place are paramount. History happens at many different chronological \u201clevels\u201d and on many different scales. The effects of some historical events can be felt for decades or even centuries, while others might only be felt for a few months or years. Some of these effects might only be seen on a small, local scale, others are felt on a national or regional level. Still others have global or even interplanetary implications, such as the Moon Landing and the launch of the Hubble Telescope!<\/p>\n<h2>Short-Term Effects and Long-Term Results<\/h2>\n<p>In this activity, we will distinguish between the shorter-term, direct effects of historical events versus the longer term, sometimes more indirect, results.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Although the words \u201ceffect\u201d and \u201cresult\u201d have similar meanings, in this activity we will use them as labels within the context of the Great Depression and its aftermath.\" id=\"return-footnote-7601-1\" href=\"#footnote-7601-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<p>If we return to our example of the watermelon and rubber band experiment, the short-term effects of the watermelon explosion could be that you have a lot of clean up work to do, you have lots of watermelon to eat, and you are now all out of rubber bands. The long-term results of your watermelon experiment could be that your parents ban you from conducting anymore viral video experiments in their yard, you are picking up rubber band pieces for two months, or maybe you even find a watermelon plant growing on your front lawn one day due to some far-flung seeds.<\/p>\n<h3>Hindsight is 20\/20<\/h3>\n<p>Remember, some of these effects or results are relatively foreseeable: you knew when you started that you would have to clean up the mess from your experiment and that there would probably be some edible watermelon leftover. Some of the long-term results, however, may have been harder to see coming, like the ban on further fruit experimentation in the yard or the surprise watermelon vine. It is important to remember this idea when talking about historical events, because sometimes we look at history through our modern lens and wonder \u201chow could people have thought that was a good idea?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>We must remember that, in the midst of a crisis like the Great Depression, people were making decisions that may have had long-term consequences which they were unable to foresee<strong>.<\/strong> For example, some of the legislation passed during the Great Depression in an attempt to stabilize failing banks also played a role in the 2007-2009 \u201cGreat Recession.\u201d President Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1932 on the promise that he would end the crisis, had one of the greatest impacts of any President on American history because many of his policies have lingered around to this day. It is easy for us to look at the past with our 20\/20 hindsight; some of the things they did may seem strange to us because we can see the long-term consequences of those actions, but we must remember that they did not have that gift of premonition.<\/p>\n<h3>Effects of Historical Events<\/h3>\n<p>When we talk about <strong>effects<\/strong> in the context of this Hack and the Great Depression, we are first looking at the direct effects that were almost immediately felt after 1929, such as the massive bank runs which began in early 1930 and had an immediate and devastating effect on the savings accounts of American families. These were the types of everyday problems faced by the American populace, such as poverty and homelessness. Some of these effects were felt over a longer period of time, but were still directly linked to the stock market crash and subsequent Depression, such as the Dust Bowl and the unemployment rate, which did not go back under 10% until 1941.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>results<\/strong> of the Great Depression can also be thought of as \u201clessons learned.\u201d These are the events, movements, ideas, or conditions that came into existence because of the Depression, but were maybe not direct results of the stock market crash or subsequent financial crisis. In a historical context, results are often measures taken in order to try and end a situation or they are measures taken in order to prevent a similar event from happening again in the future. Results could be things that took place before the Depression even ended, such as the repeal of Prohibition, or they could have occurred over a longer period of time, such as the cultural and political shifts in American society that took place during and after the Great Depression and were manifested in programs like Roosevelt\u2019s New Deal.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_b164aa6c-83ff-464d-aa31-67259bee1005\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/b164aa6c-83ff-464d-aa31-67259bee1005?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_b164aa6c-83ff-464d-aa31-67259bee1005\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>In this activity, you will learn about the short-term effects and the long-term results of the Great Depression and exercise your critical thinking skills in matching these effects and results to the previous historical events that caused or precipitated them. But before we look at the effects and results of the Great Depression, let\u2019s return to the completely fictional story of the flat tire from the previous page. We have determined the vulnerabilities and triggers which led to the situation of your Kia Sportage being in the shop for several weeks, leaving you with a $1200 bill to pay. Now we will look at the direct effects and the longer-term results of this situation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Worked Example: The Flat Tire Saga, Part 2<\/h3>\n<h2>What are the effects of your Kia Sportage breaking down?<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>The\u00a0most direct and obvious effect is that <strong>you will not have a car for two weeks<\/strong>, since driving on a broken axle could be dangerous. You still have to get to work and classes, not to mention running errands, so you must rely on your friends, coworkers, Uber\/Lyft, and the public transportation system to get around. This will cost you extra money, since you will have to give your friends gas money or pay for a ride-share. Public transportation might be cheaper, but can often be unreliable or difficult to access, if it even exists in your town at all. Relying on your friends for rides could also make you late for work, school, or other obligations, putting you at risk of being fired (depending on how kind your boss is).<\/li>\n<li>The other immediate effect of your car being in the shop is that <strong>you must pay for it<\/strong>. If you mechanic allows you to make payments, you may be in luck, as long as they don\u2019t charge interest or a fee, but they can also report you to a collection agency if you fail to make the payments. If you borrow money from another source, like a family member or a short-tern lender, in order to make a lump sum payment, you will still have to pay that money back and most short-term loans carry a high interest rate. No matter what you decide, you will have to pay for the repairs and it could end up costing you much more than just the $1200 you owe the mechanic if you end up borrowing money.<\/li>\n<li>Another effect, although a longer-term one, is that <strong>you may have to purchase a new vehicle<\/strong> sooner than you planned. Some people may even choose to simply scrap their damage Kia Sportage and buy a new car right then and there, since the repairs cost more than you originally paid for it. However, if you decide to go ahead with the repairs thinking that you can get another couple of years out of the car, you will need to start saving and planning for that purchase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>What are the results of your Kia Sportage breaking down?<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>What have you learned from this situation? What will you do to prevent this from happening again in the future? The most important thing you probably learned was that your car needs <strong>regular maintenance and upkeep.<\/strong> Driving on worn out tires, particularly when you are on bad roads, will lead to issues sooner or later, so it is best to keep up with getting your tires replaced, rotated, and having your vehicle\u2019s alignment checked regularly, even if you car is older. These are results that can be seen in the immediate aftermath of your car problems, since you will hopefully be more careful with your Kia when you get it back, especially after spending so much money having it repaired. You will also most likely want to <strong>purchase a car jack, lug wrench, and tire patching kit,<\/strong> and other emergency equipment to keep in your vehicle.<\/li>\n<li>Longer-term results may be that you become <strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">very careful about your driving and maintenance habits<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\"> in the future, even after you have parted with your Kia Sportage. While you might already be saving money for a new car, you also might realize that having an <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">emergency savings account<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\"> is a good idea, or you might decide to <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">invest money in AAA or another emergency services program<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">, in case something like this happens to you again. You may also decide that the atrocious conditions of the city roads contributed to your experience, so you might decide to <\/span><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">write a letter to the City Council<\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\"> requesting that the roads around your apartment be repaired.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now that you&#8217;ve identified the effects and results of the car situation, let&#8217;s see if we can connect these repercussions with the causes from the previous page.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Connecting Effects and Results with Causes<\/h3>\n<p>For this activity, you will be matching the results and effects of this situation with their direct causes from the Worked Example in Part 1. Here were the list of causes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Buying an old car<\/li>\n<li>Having high mileage in an old car<\/li>\n<li>Old tires<\/li>\n<li>Poor road conditions<\/li>\n<li>Lack of regular maintenance<\/li>\n<li>Getting a flat tire<\/li>\n<li>Driving on a flat tire<\/li>\n<li>Driving home over potholes and hitting the curb<\/li>\n<li>Driving a few weeks on a spare tire<\/li>\n<li>Shaking and wobbling car<\/li>\n<li>Not having enough money to get the car fixed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sometimes, these connections can be tenuous or difficult to make, but the exercise should require you to use your critical thinking skills to see the connections and then defend your answers. Try to put in the causes into the spaces in the chart.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"col\">Effect or Result?<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 185.998px;\" scope=\"col\">Effect or Result (from Pt. 2)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 333.993px;\" scope=\"col\">Cause (from Pt. 1)<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 286.997px;\" scope=\"col\">Connection\/Justification<br \/>\n(1-2 bullet points)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Effect<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">No car for two weeks.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q649809\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q649809\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">A flat tire, driving home over potholes and hitting the curb, then driving a few weeks on a spare tire.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">Hitting the curb &amp; driving on the spare caused the axle damage.<br \/>\nIf you had changed the tire at the gas station, your axle wouldn\u2019t have been damaged.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Effect<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">You must come up with $1200, plus extra money for rides.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q649810\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q649810\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Driving home over potholes and hitting the curb, then driving a few weeks on a spare tire.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">Hitting the curb &amp; driving on the spare caused the axle damage.<br \/>\nIf you had changed the tire at the gas station, your axle wouldn\u2019t have been damaged.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Effect<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Purchase new vehicle sooner than planned.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q649811\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q649811\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">A lack of regular maintenance, poor road conditions, and\u00a0driving home over potholes and hitting the curb, then driving a few weeks on a spare tire. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">Your car had extra wear &amp; tear anyway, but the axle damage will probably require you to buy a new car sooner than later, whereas just having a flat tire would not have had that result.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Practice regular upkeep on Kia (and any future cars).<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q649812\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q649812\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">A lack of regular car maintenance <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">You have learned that cars need regular maintenance.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Driving more carefully.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q649813\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q649813\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Poor road conditions, and\u00a0driving home over potholes and hitting the curb, and not having enough money to get the car fixed. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">You have learned that road conditions &amp; your driving play an important role in your cars\u2019 condition &amp; drivability.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Keeping a car jack, lug wrench, and other emergency equipment in good working order &amp; in your vehicle at all times.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q649814\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q649814\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Driving on the flat tire.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">If you had proper equipment, you could have changed your tire on your own, or you could have waited for a friend with proper equipment to help you.<br \/>\nYou have learned the importance of having those items in your own vehicle.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Starting an emergency savings account.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q649815\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q649815\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Driving on a spare for a few weeks and not having enough money to get the car fixed. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">This decision is what cost you $1200 at the mechanic, so it is the cause of your future choice to be more responsible &amp; start an emergency savings.<br \/>\nHad you changed your tire at the gas station, you would not have needed that $1200 on such short notice.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Signing up for AAA or another emergency vehicle service.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q649816\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q649816\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Getting a flat tire<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">You have learned that any type of car emergency could happen at any time, so it is best to be prepared &amp; have a backup plan.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 65px;\" scope=\"row\">Result<\/th>\n<td style=\"width: 185.998px;\">Becoming involved in local road condition activism.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 333.993px;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q649817\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q649817\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Poor road conditions and hitting potholes.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 286.997px;\">You have realized the importance of road conditions &amp; their relationship to your vehicle.<br \/>\nYou decide that you don\u2019t want your Kia, or any future car, or any other person\u2019s car, to be affected by poor road conditions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_0a27d8d0-c1be-4c54-a6d7-06df2a6ddc31\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0a27d8d0-c1be-4c54-a6d7-06df2a6ddc31?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_0a27d8d0-c1be-4c54-a6d7-06df2a6ddc31\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now that you&#8217;ve done this exercise related to our hypothetical car situation, let&#8217;s do the same activity related to the Great Depression. By doing this, you&#8217;ll hopefully come to recognize that there were both many causes and many effects and results of the Depression.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Activity #2<\/h3>\n<p>As you read through this table, try to determine if these events or trends were effects or results of the Great Depression, as they are defined above and try to connect them to specific causes that you read about in Part 1. In the table below, identify each outcome as either an <strong>effect<\/strong>\u00a0or a <strong>result<\/strong>, based on the descriptions above. Note that labeling each term correctly is not a big deal here, but you want to think carefully about the outcomes to understand the short- and long- term implications of the Great Depression. You may even disagree with some of the answers as they are listed\u2014that&#8217;s okay, too! As long as you can justify your response and support it with evidence, you are on the right track.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 1442px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Outcome<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\"><strong>Effect or Result?<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Extremely high unemployment<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">Prior to the Great Depression, unemployment in the U.S. had been incredibly low due to war production and the big business boom. However, between the stock market crash in 1929 and the height of the Great Depression in 1933, the unemployment rate climbed from around 9% in 1930, to 15% in 1931, and hit a high of 25% in 1933 at the peak of the crisis. It did not drop back down below 15% until 1937 and did not go back to pre-Depression levels (around 3%) until 1943, when World War II was in full swing and the U.S. had drastically ramped up war production again.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q120020\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q120020\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Effect<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Homelessness &amp; the development of Hoovervilles<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">Around 2 million Americans became homeless during the Great Depression, and many more who lost their homes had to move in with relatives or neighbors. The result of this was the development of shantytowns in large urban centers, which were often referred to as \u201cHoovervilles,\u201d in a dig at President Herbert Hoover. The people living in these homeless encampments were forced to rely on charities or begging for food, clothing, and medicine. Most Hoovervilles were torn down or abandoned in the late 1930s, but some remained as late as 1941.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q120021\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q120021\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Effect<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Decrease in wages for workers<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">As unemployment rose, wages also fell, so any worker lucky enough to still have a job was making only a fraction of what they used to make. For example, wages for manufacturing workers dropped from about $27\/week in 1929 to around $18\/week in 1932, and some coal miners saw a 44% cut in wages between those years.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Wolman, Leo. 1933. \u201cWages During the Depression.\u201d National Bureau of Economic Research Bulletin 46 (May): 1-6. https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/chapters\/c2256\/c2256.pdf.\" id=\"return-footnote-7601-2\" href=\"#footnote-7601-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> These cuts were fairly consistent across major industries except public utility workers.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q120022\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q120022\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Effect<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Organized crime<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">Petty crimes decreased during the Great Depression, since no one had anything worth stealing, but organized crime and violent crimes increased during the worst years of the crisis. In 1933, the nation\u2019s homicide rate hit the highest levels of the century.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Latzer, Barry. 2014. \u201cDo hard times spark more crime?\u201d Los Angeles Times, January 24, 2014. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/la-oe-latzer-crime-economy-20140124-story.html.\" id=\"return-footnote-7601-3\" href=\"#footnote-7601-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a> Bootlegging experienced a surge in popularity as people tried to make money by any means necessary, and many felt they needed a drink. However, when Prohibition was repealed in 1933, other organized crime like bank robberies, gambling, and prostitution increased. In fact, one of the most famous criminals of the time, the Chicago gangster Al Capone, was doing so well during the Depression that he opened soup kitchens to feed Chicago\u2019s homeless.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Klein, Christopher. 2021. \u201cMobster Al Capone Ran a Soup Kitchen During the Great Depression.\u201d HISTORY. https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/al-capone-great-depression-soup-kitchen.\" id=\"return-footnote-7601-4\" href=\"#footnote-7601-4\" aria-label=\"Footnote 4\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q120023\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q120023\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Effect<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Demographic changes: increased internal migration, decreased foreign immigration<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">Searching for work or new land, around three million families migrated across the U.S. during the Great Depression, while millions more single men left their homes and \u201crode the rails,\u201d or illegally jumped on freight trains in order to travel from one down to the next, looking for jobs. They were often met with even worse conditions in the cities where they ended up, as the whole nation was struggling with unemployment and homelessness.<br \/>\nThe rest of the world was also suffering from economic depression, which reduced immigration numbers since not many foreigners could afford to travel to the U.S. However, the number of immigrants also dropped because America was no longer \u201cthe promised land\u201d where fortunes could be made. Additionally, U.S. immigration officials were instructed by the Hoover administration to scrutinize immigrants more closely in order to keep out those who might become \u201cpublic charges\u201d or those who might be willing to work for lower wages, thereby taking already scarce jobs away from American citizens.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q120024\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q120024\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Effect\/Result<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Changes in attitudes\/beliefs of Americans<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">During the Industrial Revolution and Gilded Age, the U.S. had been seen as a land of economic and social opportunity, where a person could possibly make a fortune overnight or climb to the top of the political or social ladder. The Great Depression was a clear demonstration that there were limits to America\u2019s economic greatness and that unchecked growth would eventually come crashing down. It was the end of an era, in many ways, because it was the first time that large numbers of American citizens had suffered widespread poverty, homelessness, and uncertainty, which permanently altered the national consciousness.<br \/>\nAnother change was the attitude that Americans took toward government involvement in their lives. The Hoover administration had taken a very hands-off approach to economics and social policy, believing that the economy would regulate itself and that people should rely on one another during times of crisis. The Great Depression showed Americans that the economy could not, in fact, regulate itself and that it was hard to rely on your neighbors when they had also lost everything. Social welfare policy became more prominent with the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and Americans\u2019 attitudes toward government regulation and welfare began to change when they saw how it lifted the nation out of the Depression.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q120025\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q120025\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Result\/Effect<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">7<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>Changes to banking &amp; economic sector<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">In order to prevent a future crisis on the same level as the Great Depression, the U.S. government began to regulate the banking industry, starting with the United States Banking Act of 1933, which set regulations meant to protect consumers &amp; stabilize banks.<br \/>\nThe Banking Act also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). This agency is responsible for ensuring that, when people deposit money into an American bank, that money will not be lost if the bank closes. If a bank were to close, every customer who had money deposited with that bank would receive a reimbursement from the federal government (up to a certain amount). Initially the FDIC insured deposits up to $2,500 (equal to around $50,000 in today\u2019s money), which was later raised to $5,000. Today, the FDIC insures deposits of up to $250,000.<br \/>\nAnother part of the Banking Act, sometimes called the Glass-Steagall Act, forced banks to separate themselves into commercial or investment institutions. This prevented the type of cascading bank failures that happened during the Great Depression because commercial banks could not invest their customer\u2019s deposits and investment banks could no longer take deposits.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q120026\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q120026\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Result<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.75px;\">8<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 97.9514px;\"><strong>The New Deal &amp; changes to social welfare<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 518.568px;\">The New Deal was a massive package of various legislation passed by President Roosevelt between 1933 and 1939. The purpose was \u201cthe 3 R\u2019s: relief, recovery, and reform.\u201d Relief for those who were hit hardest, recovery through job creation, and reform of the systems that caused the crisis. The New Deal primarily focused on creating jobs through public works and programs, including the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Civil Works Administration, the Farm Security Administration, the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, and the Social Security Administration. The New Deal also created the first unemployment insurance and disability assistance. This is only a brief overview, as you will learn more about the New Deal in Module 9 of this course.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 172.856px;\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q120027\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q120027\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Result<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>Activity #2 Directions<\/h4>\n<p>Next, using the lists of causes of the Great Depression from the previous page, let&#8217;s connect the causes to the outcomes. Note that some of the causes are also, in some cases, the outcomes. For example, financial panic, bank runs, and the Dust Bowl could easily be considered both causes and effects of the Great Depression. The causes of the Great Depression are listed again here:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Wealth inequality<\/li>\n<li>Speculation, easy credit, and buying on margin<\/li>\n<li>Lack of banking regulations<\/li>\n<li>The deflationary spiral<\/li>\n<li>The Federal Reserve<\/li>\n<li>Financial panic<\/li>\n<li>Bank runs<\/li>\n<li>WWI<\/li>\n<li>The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\n<li>The Dust Bowl<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Do not put too much emphasis on getting the \u201ccorrect\u201d answer. Your priority here should be to practice drawing solid, defensible connections between the causes and the effects\/results using critical thinking skills and your historical knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>You may assign more than one cause, as long as you explain the connection and your justification for each answer individually. So, if you put connect two causes to \u201cExtremely high unemployment,\u201d you would need to write out at least a few bullet points justifying why you made that connection.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 25.3283%;\" scope=\"col\">Effect or Result of Great Depression<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 41.0326%;\" scope=\"col\">Causes of the Great Depression<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 33.6391%;\" scope=\"col\">Connection\/Justification<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Extremely high unemployment<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q990474\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q990474\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ul>\n<li>Wealth inequality<\/li>\n<li>The deflationary spiral<\/li>\n<li>The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\n<li>Financial panic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Homelessness &amp; the development of Hoovervilles<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q222149\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q222149\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Speculation &amp; easy credit<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">The Dust Bowl<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Decrease in wages for workers<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q666216\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q666216\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Speculation &amp; easy credit<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Deflationary spiral<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">The Federal Reserve<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Bank runs<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Organized crime<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q235586\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q235586\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Demographic changes: increased internal migration, decreased foreign immigration<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q614634\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q614634\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The Dust Bowl<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">WWI<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Changes in attitudes\/beliefs of Americans<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q590860\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q590860\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Speculation, easy credit<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Bank runs<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The Federal Reserve<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">Changes to banking &amp; economic sector<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q272828\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q272828\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Speculation, buying on the margin<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Lack of banking regulations<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The Federal Reserve<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Bank runs<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The stock market crash of 1929<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25.3283%;\">The New Deal &amp; changes to social welfare<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 41.0326%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q724334\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q724334\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Wealth inequality<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The Dust Bowl<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Financial panic<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The deflationary spiral<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.6391%;\"><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"2\"><\/textarea><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Critical Thinking Questions\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Did you label the New Deal &amp; other changes to social welfare as an effect or a result of the Great Depression? Explain your reasoning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">What do you think the most lasting result of the Great Depression was, based on your study of this Module and the material in these exercises? Explain your reasoning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-7601\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Historical Hack: Causes of the Great Depression. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lily Wills for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-7601-1\">Although the words \u201ceffect\u201d and \u201cresult\u201d have similar meanings, in this activity we will use them as labels within the context of the Great Depression and its aftermath. <a href=\"#return-footnote-7601-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-7601-2\">Wolman, Leo. 1933. \u201cWages During the Depression.\u201d National Bureau of Economic Research Bulletin 46 (May): 1-6. https:\/\/www.nber.org\/system\/files\/chapters\/c2256\/c2256.pdf. <a href=\"#return-footnote-7601-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-7601-3\">Latzer, Barry. 2014. \u201cDo hard times spark more crime?\u201d Los Angeles Times, January 24, 2014. https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/la-oe-latzer-crime-economy-20140124-story.html. <a href=\"#return-footnote-7601-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-7601-4\">Klein, Christopher. 2021. \u201cMobster Al Capone Ran a Soup Kitchen During the Great Depression.\u201d HISTORY. https:\/\/www.history.com\/news\/al-capone-great-depression-soup-kitchen. <a href=\"#return-footnote-7601-4\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 4\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":169554,"menu_order":16,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Historical Hack: Causes of the Great Depression\",\"author\":\"Lily Wills for Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"76e2ef38-bf54-4e93-a371-911c54e9b29e,ebb3bd53-878c-408d-bf19-d325aa2b8b35","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-7601","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":258,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/7601","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/169554"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/7601\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8943,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/7601\/revisions\/8943"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/258"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/7601\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7601"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=7601"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=7601"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-ushistory2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=7601"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}