{"id":38,"date":"2017-06-19T22:54:24","date_gmt":"2017-06-19T22:54:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/olemiss-writing100\/chapter\/commas-as-separators\/"},"modified":"2019-10-25T00:16:53","modified_gmt":"2019-10-25T00:16:53","slug":"commas-as-separators","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/chapter\/commas-as-separators\/","title":{"raw":"Commas As Separators","rendered":"Commas As Separators"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Recognize the standard uses of commas<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Demonstrate the standard uses of commas<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Transition Words<\/h2>\r\nTransition words add new viewpoints to your material; commas before and after transition words help to separate them from the sentence ideas they are describing. Transition words tend to appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, as in the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Therefore<\/strong>, the natural gas industry can only be understood fully through an analysis of these recent political changes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The lead prosecutor was prepared, <strong>however<\/strong>, for a situation like this.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWhen transition words\u00a0appear between two complete ideas, however, a period or semicolon is required beforehand:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Clint had been planning the trip with his kids for three months; however, when his boss\u00a0called and asked him to work, he couldn\u2019t say no.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Sam was retired. Nevertheless, he wanted to help out.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nAs you can see from these examples, a comma is always required after a transition word.\r\n<h2>Descriptive Phrases<\/h2>\r\nDescriptive phrases often need to be separated from the things that they describe. Descriptive phrases tend to come at the very beginning of a sentence, right after the subject of a sentence, or at the very end of a sentence:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Near the end of the eighteenth century,<\/strong> James Hutton introduced a point of view that radically changed scientists\u2019 thinking about geologic processes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>James Lovelock, <strong>who first measured CFCs globally<\/strong>, said in 1973 that CFCs constituted no conceivable hazard.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>All of the major industrialized nations approved, <strong>making the possibility a reality<\/strong>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIn each example, the phrase separated by the comma could be deleted from the sentence without destroying the sentence\u2019s basic meaning. If the information is necessary to the primary sentence meaning, it should not be set off by commas. Let\u2019s look at a quick example of this:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Jefferson\u2019s son, Miles, just started college.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Jefferson\u2019s son Miles just started college.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou would write the first sentence if Jefferson only has one son and his name is Miles. If Jefferson only has one son, then Miles is not needed information and should be set off with commas.\r\n\r\nYou would write the second sentence if Jefferson has multiple sons, and it is his son Miles who just got into college. In the second sentence, Miles is necessary information, because until his name is stated, you can\u2019t be sure which of Jefferson\u2019s sons the sentence is talking about.\r\n\r\nThis test can be very helpful when you\u2019re deciding whether or not to include commas in your writing.\r\n<h2>Adjacent Items<\/h2>\r\nAdjacent items are separated so that the reader can consider each item individually.\r\n<div class=\"textbox\">The river caught fire on July 4, 1968, in Cleveland, Ohio.<\/div>\r\nThe dates (July 4, 1968) and places (Cleveland, Ohio,) are juxtaposed, and commas are needed because the juxtaposed items are clearly different from each other. This applies to countries as well as states: \u201cParis, France, is beautiful this time of year.\u201d\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>practice<\/h3>\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/h5p.org\/h5p\/embed\/133990\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Recognize the standard uses of commas<\/li>\n<li>Demonstrate the standard uses of commas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Transition Words<\/h2>\n<p>Transition words add new viewpoints to your material; commas before and after transition words help to separate them from the sentence ideas they are describing. Transition words tend to appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence, as in the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Therefore<\/strong>, the natural gas industry can only be understood fully through an analysis of these recent political changes.<\/li>\n<li>The lead prosecutor was prepared, <strong>however<\/strong>, for a situation like this.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When transition words\u00a0appear between two complete ideas, however, a period or semicolon is required beforehand:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Clint had been planning the trip with his kids for three months; however, when his boss\u00a0called and asked him to work, he couldn\u2019t say no.<\/li>\n<li>Sam was retired. Nevertheless, he wanted to help out.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>As you can see from these examples, a comma is always required after a transition word.<\/p>\n<h2>Descriptive Phrases<\/h2>\n<p>Descriptive phrases often need to be separated from the things that they describe. Descriptive phrases tend to come at the very beginning of a sentence, right after the subject of a sentence, or at the very end of a sentence:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Near the end of the eighteenth century,<\/strong> James Hutton introduced a point of view that radically changed scientists\u2019 thinking about geologic processes.<\/li>\n<li>James Lovelock, <strong>who first measured CFCs globally<\/strong>, said in 1973 that CFCs constituted no conceivable hazard.<\/li>\n<li>All of the major industrialized nations approved, <strong>making the possibility a reality<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In each example, the phrase separated by the comma could be deleted from the sentence without destroying the sentence\u2019s basic meaning. If the information is necessary to the primary sentence meaning, it should not be set off by commas. Let\u2019s look at a quick example of this:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jefferson\u2019s son, Miles, just started college.<\/li>\n<li>Jefferson\u2019s son Miles just started college.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You would write the first sentence if Jefferson only has one son and his name is Miles. If Jefferson only has one son, then Miles is not needed information and should be set off with commas.<\/p>\n<p>You would write the second sentence if Jefferson has multiple sons, and it is his son Miles who just got into college. In the second sentence, Miles is necessary information, because until his name is stated, you can\u2019t be sure which of Jefferson\u2019s sons the sentence is talking about.<\/p>\n<p>This test can be very helpful when you\u2019re deciding whether or not to include commas in your writing.<\/p>\n<h2>Adjacent Items<\/h2>\n<p>Adjacent items are separated so that the reader can consider each item individually.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox\">The river caught fire on July 4, 1968, in Cleveland, Ohio.<\/div>\n<p>The dates (July 4, 1968) and places (Cleveland, Ohio,) are juxtaposed, and commas are needed because the juxtaposed items are clearly different from each other. This applies to countries as well as states: \u201cParis, France, is beautiful this time of year.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>practice<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/h5p.org\/h5p\/embed\/133990\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-38\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Style For Students Online.. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Joe Schall. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Pennsylvania State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/\">https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Penn State&#039;s College of Earth and Mineral Sciences&#039; OER Initiative. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":163,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation.\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Style For Students Online.\",\"author\":\"Joe Schall\",\"organization\":\"The Pennsylvania State University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/\",\"project\":\"Penn State\\'s College of Earth and Mineral Sciences\\' OER Initiative\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"0e30324c-30dc-479d-9390-044c70c4f25b, 8713e9fa-3972-45cc-8a0f-a7fe6b0f7708, 4fe97c2a-f70c-4461-ac13-d11a17d81651","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-38","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":23,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/163"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":984,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/revisions\/984"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/23"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/38\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wm-writingskillslab\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=38"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}