{"id":10368,"date":"2017-02-27T23:26:06","date_gmt":"2017-02-27T23:26:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/masterybusiness2xngcxmasterspring2016\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=10368"},"modified":"2019-01-05T01:41:47","modified_gmt":"2019-01-05T01:41:47","slug":"reading-scheduling-tools","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/chapter\/reading-scheduling-tools\/","title":{"raw":"Reading: Scheduling Tools","rendered":"Reading: Scheduling Tools"},"content":{"raw":"[caption id=\"attachment_10369\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"600\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/02\/27222414\/1200px-Moscow_Izmailovo_hotel_complex_evening_14575121847.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-10369\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/02\/27222414\/1200px-Moscow_Izmailovo_hotel_complex_evening_14575121847-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Izmailovo Hotel complex at night.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a> Izmailovo Hotel complex, Moscow, Russia[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAs you might expect, operations managers find that complex processes involve complex\u00a0planning and scheduling. Consider\u00a0the Izmailovo Hotel in Moscow shown in the photograph at the right. Built to house athletes during the 1980 Olympics, the complex has 7,500 guest rooms and is the largest hotel in the world. Think about cleaning all those rooms\u2014in four thirty-story-high towers\u2014or checking in the thousands of guests. No small operation! Although the Izmailovo doesn't produce a tangible good, it relies on\u00a0many of the same operations management principles used in manufacturing to stay in business. To increase operational efficiency in complex processes like those of running\u00a0a giant hotel, operations managers use three common planning tools: Gantt charts, PERT, and the critical path method (CPM).\r\n<h2>Gantt Charts<\/h2>\r\nA Gantt chart\u2014named after the designer Henry Gantt\u2014is an easy-to-use graphical tool that helps operations managers schedule the activities and determine the status of projects. Devised by Gantt in the 1910s, this chart illustrates the start and finish dates of the elements\u00a0of a project. Modern Gantt charts also show the dependency relationships between activities. Although now regarded as a common planning technique, Gantt charts were considered revolutionary when they were first introduced.\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/02\/28002853\/32260033073_a61b906a2d_k.jpg\"><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-10375\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/02\/28002853\/32260033073_a61b906a2d_k-300x161.jpg\" alt=\"Three different, ornate, brightly colored birdhouses.\" width=\"500\" height=\"268\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nLet\u2019s look at a Gantt chart for producing\u00a0a birdhouse. Suppose the following activities are\u00a0required to build and package each birdhouse:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Determine which birdhouse the customer has ordered<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Trace pattern onto wood<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cut the pieces of wood from the birdhouse pattern<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Assemble the pieces into a birdhouse<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Paint birdhouse<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Attach decorations to the birdhouse<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Prepare a shipping carton<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pack birdhouse into shipping carton<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Prepare customer invoice<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Prepare packing slip and shipping label<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Deliver carton to shipping department<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nBelow is the corresponding Gantt chart:\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_10464\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"900\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/02181704\/Gantt_Project_Version_2_pdf_-_Google_Drive.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-10464\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/02181704\/Gantt_Project_Version_2_pdf_-_Google_Drive-300x133.jpg\" width=\"900\" height=\"399\" \/><\/a> Figure 1. Gantt Chart[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAs you can see, the tasks\u00a0on the\u00a0list are displayed against time. On the left of the chart are all the tasks, and along the top is the time scale. A bar represents each work task; the position and length of the bar indicate\u00a0the start date, duration, and end date of the task. At a glance, we can determine the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>What the various activities\u00a0are<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When each activity\u00a0begins and ends<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How long each activity\u00a0lasts<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Where activities\u00a0overlap with other ones, and by how much<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The start and end date of the whole project<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>PERT<\/h2>\r\nGantt charts are useful when the production process is simple and the activities are not interdependent. For more complex schedules, operations managers use PERT, which stands for \"program evaluation and review technique.\" This\u00a0is a method of analyzing the tasks involved in completing a given project, especially the time needed to complete each task and to identify the minimum time needed to complete the total project. PERT was developed primarily to simplify the planning and scheduling of large and complex projects. The key to this technique\u00a0is that it organizes activities in the most efficient sequence. It can also help managers determine the critical path, which is discussed below.\r\n<h2><strong>Critical Path Method (CPM)<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nThe critical path method (CPM) is a step-by-step technique for process planning that identifies\u00a0critical and noncritical tasks in order to prevent time-frame problems and process bottlenecks. The CPM is ideally suited to operations consisting of numerous activities that interact in a complex manner. It's often used in conjunction with PERT.\r\n\r\nThe essential technique for using CPM is to construct a model of the project that includes the following:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>A list of all activities needed to complete the project<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The time that each activity will take to complete,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The dependencies between the activities and,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Logical end points such as milestones or deliverable items.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nUsing these values, CPM calculates the longest path of planned activities (expressed in time) to logical end points or to the end of the project, and the earliest and latest that each activity can start and finish without making the project longer. This process determines which activities are \"critical\" (i.e., on the longest path) and which can be delayed without extending the overall project duration. Take a look at Figure 2, below. What was the critical path in our construction of a birdhouse?\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_10469\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1000\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/02182414\/Critical_Path_Diagram_-_New_Page_png.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-10469\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/02182414\/Critical_Path_Diagram_-_New_Page_png-300x166.jpg\" width=\"1000\" height=\"553\" \/><\/a> Figure 2. Critical Path[\/caption]\r\n\r\nOur critical path was the path that took the longest amount of time! This was sequence of activities that included the customer invoice and packing and shipping label (from the start to G to\u00a0H), which totaled\u00a0180 minutes. The problem is that even if we were\u00a0able to assemble and decorate the birdhouse faster,\u00a0the birdhouse would just and wait for the paperwork to be completed.<span style=\"color: #333333;\"> In other words, we can gain efficiency only by improving our performance in one or more of the activities along the critical path.\u00a0<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Did you know...?<\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">PERT was developed by the U.S. Navy. The Navy's Special Projects Office devised this\u00a0statistical technique for measuring and forecasting progress while they were designing the Polaris-Submarine weapon system and the Fleet Ballistic Missile capability.<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span style=\"color: #333333;\">CPM was first used for major skyscraper development in 1966 for the construction of\u00a0the former World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York City.[footnote]Kerzner, Harold (2003). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling (8th ed.)[\/footnote]<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_10369\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/02\/27222414\/1200px-Moscow_Izmailovo_hotel_complex_evening_14575121847.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10369\" class=\"wp-image-10369\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/02\/27222414\/1200px-Moscow_Izmailovo_hotel_complex_evening_14575121847-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the Izmailovo Hotel complex at night.\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-10369\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Izmailovo Hotel complex, Moscow, Russia<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As you might expect, operations managers find that complex processes involve complex\u00a0planning and scheduling. Consider\u00a0the Izmailovo Hotel in Moscow shown in the photograph at the right. Built to house athletes during the 1980 Olympics, the complex has 7,500 guest rooms and is the largest hotel in the world. Think about cleaning all those rooms\u2014in four thirty-story-high towers\u2014or checking in the thousands of guests. No small operation! Although the Izmailovo doesn&#8217;t produce a tangible good, it relies on\u00a0many of the same operations management principles used in manufacturing to stay in business. To increase operational efficiency in complex processes like those of running\u00a0a giant hotel, operations managers use three common planning tools: Gantt charts, PERT, and the critical path method (CPM).<\/p>\n<h2>Gantt Charts<\/h2>\n<p>A Gantt chart\u2014named after the designer Henry Gantt\u2014is an easy-to-use graphical tool that helps operations managers schedule the activities and determine the status of projects. Devised by Gantt in the 1910s, this chart illustrates the start and finish dates of the elements\u00a0of a project. Modern Gantt charts also show the dependency relationships between activities. Although now regarded as a common planning technique, Gantt charts were considered revolutionary when they were first introduced.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/02\/28002853\/32260033073_a61b906a2d_k.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-10375\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/02\/28002853\/32260033073_a61b906a2d_k-300x161.jpg\" alt=\"Three different, ornate, brightly colored birdhouses.\" width=\"500\" height=\"268\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s look at a Gantt chart for producing\u00a0a birdhouse. Suppose the following activities are\u00a0required to build and package each birdhouse:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Determine which birdhouse the customer has ordered<\/li>\n<li>Trace pattern onto wood<\/li>\n<li>Cut the pieces of wood from the birdhouse pattern<\/li>\n<li>Assemble the pieces into a birdhouse<\/li>\n<li>Paint birdhouse<\/li>\n<li>Attach decorations to the birdhouse<\/li>\n<li>Prepare a shipping carton<\/li>\n<li>Pack birdhouse into shipping carton<\/li>\n<li>Prepare customer invoice<\/li>\n<li>Prepare packing slip and shipping label<\/li>\n<li>Deliver carton to shipping department<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Below is the corresponding Gantt chart:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10464\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/02181704\/Gantt_Project_Version_2_pdf_-_Google_Drive.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10464\" class=\"wp-image-10464\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/02181704\/Gantt_Project_Version_2_pdf_-_Google_Drive-300x133.jpg\" width=\"900\" height=\"399\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-10464\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Gantt Chart<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As you can see, the tasks\u00a0on the\u00a0list are displayed against time. On the left of the chart are all the tasks, and along the top is the time scale. A bar represents each work task; the position and length of the bar indicate\u00a0the start date, duration, and end date of the task. At a glance, we can determine the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What the various activities\u00a0are<\/li>\n<li>When each activity\u00a0begins and ends<\/li>\n<li>How long each activity\u00a0lasts<\/li>\n<li>Where activities\u00a0overlap with other ones, and by how much<\/li>\n<li>The start and end date of the whole project<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>PERT<\/h2>\n<p>Gantt charts are useful when the production process is simple and the activities are not interdependent. For more complex schedules, operations managers use PERT, which stands for &#8220;program evaluation and review technique.&#8221; This\u00a0is a method of analyzing the tasks involved in completing a given project, especially the time needed to complete each task and to identify the minimum time needed to complete the total project. PERT was developed primarily to simplify the planning and scheduling of large and complex projects. The key to this technique\u00a0is that it organizes activities in the most efficient sequence. It can also help managers determine the critical path, which is discussed below.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Critical Path Method (CPM)<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The critical path method (CPM) is a step-by-step technique for process planning that identifies\u00a0critical and noncritical tasks in order to prevent time-frame problems and process bottlenecks. The CPM is ideally suited to operations consisting of numerous activities that interact in a complex manner. It&#8217;s often used in conjunction with PERT.<\/p>\n<p>The essential technique for using CPM is to construct a model of the project that includes the following:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>A list of all activities needed to complete the project<\/li>\n<li>The time that each activity will take to complete,<\/li>\n<li>The dependencies between the activities and,<\/li>\n<li>Logical end points such as milestones or deliverable items.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Using these values, CPM calculates the longest path of planned activities (expressed in time) to logical end points or to the end of the project, and the earliest and latest that each activity can start and finish without making the project longer. This process determines which activities are &#8220;critical&#8221; (i.e., on the longest path) and which can be delayed without extending the overall project duration. Take a look at Figure 2, below. What was the critical path in our construction of a birdhouse?<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_10469\" style=\"width: 1010px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/02182414\/Critical_Path_Diagram_-_New_Page_png.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10469\" class=\"wp-image-10469\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/143\/2017\/03\/02182414\/Critical_Path_Diagram_-_New_Page_png-300x166.jpg\" width=\"1000\" height=\"553\" alt=\"image\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-10469\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Critical Path<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Our critical path was the path that took the longest amount of time! This was sequence of activities that included the customer invoice and packing and shipping label (from the start to G to\u00a0H), which totaled\u00a0180 minutes. The problem is that even if we were\u00a0able to assemble and decorate the birdhouse faster,\u00a0the birdhouse would just and wait for the paperwork to be completed.<span style=\"color: #333333;\"> In other words, we can gain efficiency only by improving our performance in one or more of the activities along the critical path.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Did you know&#8230;?<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">PERT was developed by the U.S. Navy. The Navy&#8217;s Special Projects Office devised this\u00a0statistical technique for measuring and forecasting progress while they were designing the Polaris-Submarine weapon system and the Fleet Ballistic Missile capability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #333333;\">CPM was first used for major skyscraper development in 1966 for the construction of\u00a0the former World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York City.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Kerzner, Harold (2003). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling (8th ed.)\" id=\"return-footnote-10368-1\" href=\"#footnote-10368-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-10368\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and adaptation. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Linda Williams and Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Moscow Izmailovo hotel complex evening. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Artem Svetlov . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Izmailovo_Hotel#\/media\/File:Moscow_Izmailovo_hotel_complex_evening_(14575121847).jpg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Izmailovo_Hotel#\/media\/File:Moscow_Izmailovo_hotel_complex_evening_(14575121847).jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Gantt Chart. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gantt_chart\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gantt_chart<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Program Evaluation and Review Technique. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Program_evaluation_and_review_technique\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Program_evaluation_and_review_technique<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Critical Path Method. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critical_path_method\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critical_path_method<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Homes for Sale. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Bennilover. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/75885098@N05\/32260033073\/\">https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/75885098@N05\/32260033073\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-ND: Attribution-NoDerivatives<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-10368-1\">Kerzner, Harold (2003). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling (8th ed.) <a href=\"#return-footnote-10368-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":26,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Moscow Izmailovo hotel complex evening\",\"author\":\"Artem Svetlov \",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Izmailovo_Hotel#\/media\/File:Moscow_Izmailovo_hotel_complex_evening_(14575121847).jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Gantt Chart\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gantt_chart\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Program Evaluation and Review Technique\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Program_evaluation_and_review_technique\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and adaptation\",\"author\":\"Linda Williams and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Critical Path Method\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critical_path_method\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Homes for Sale\",\"author\":\"Bennilover\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/75885098@N05\/32260033073\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-10368","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":91,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/10368","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/10368\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10477,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/10368\/revisions\/10477"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/91"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/10368\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10368"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=10368"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=10368"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/wmintrobusiness\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=10368"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}