In 1859, an Australian landowner named Thomas Austin released 24 rabbits into the wild for hunting. Because Australia had few predators and ample food, the rabbit population exploded. In fewer than ten years, the rabbit population numbered in the millions.

Uncontrolled population growth, as in the wild rabbits in Australia, can be modeled with exponential functions. Equations resulting from those exponential functions can be solved to analyze and make predictions about exponential growth. In this section we will learn techniques for solving exponential and logarithmic equations.

Exponential Equations

The first technique we will introduce for solving exponential equations involves two functions with like bases. Recall that the one-to-one property of exponential functions tells us that, for any real numbers b, S, and T, where [latex]b>0,\text{ }b\ne 1[/latex], [latex]{b}^{S}={b}^{T}[/latex] if and only if S = T.

In other words, when an exponential equation has the same base on each side, the exponents must be equal. This also applies when the exponents are algebraic expressions. Therefore, we can solve many exponential equations by using the rules of exponents to rewrite each side as a power with the same base. Then we use the fact that exponential functions are one-to-one to set the exponents equal to one another and solve for the unknown.

For example, consider the equation [latex]{3}^{4x - 7}=\frac{{3}^{2x}}{3}[/latex]. To solve for x, we use the division property of exponents to rewrite the right side so that both sides have the common base 3. Then we apply the one-to-one property of exponents by setting the exponents equal to one another and solving for x:

[latex]\begin{array}{l}{3}^{4x - 7}\hfill & =\frac{{3}^{2x}}{3}\hfill & \hfill \\ {3}^{4x - 7}\hfill & =\frac{{3}^{2x}}{{3}^{1}}\hfill & {\text{Rewrite 3 as 3}}^{1}.\hfill \\ {3}^{4x - 7}\hfill & ={3}^{2x - 1}\hfill & \text{Use the division property of exponents}\text{.}\hfill \\ 4x - 7\hfill & =2x - 1\text{ }\hfill & \text{Apply the one-to-one property of exponents}\text{.}\hfill \\ 2x\hfill & =6\hfill & \text{Subtract 2}x\text{ and add 7 to both sides}\text{.}\hfill \\ x\hfill & =3\hfill & \text{Divide by 3}\text{.}\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

Rewriting Equations So All Powers Have the Same Base

Sometimes the common base for an exponential equation is not explicitly shown. In these cases we simply rewrite the terms in the equation as powers with a common base and solve using the one-to-one property.

For example, consider the equation [latex]256={4}^{x - 5}[/latex]. We can rewrite both sides of this equation as a power of 2. Then we apply the rules of exponents along with the one-to-one property to solve for x:

[latex]\begin{array}{l}256={4}^{x - 5}\hfill & \hfill \\ {2}^{8}={\left({2}^{2}\right)}^{x - 5}\hfill & \text{Rewrite each side as a power with base 2}.\hfill \\ {2}^{8}={2}^{2x - 10}\hfill & \text{To take a power of a power, multiply the exponents}.\hfill \\ 8=2x - 10\hfill & \text{Apply the one-to-one property of exponents}.\hfill \\ 18=2x\hfill & \text{Add 10 to both sides}.\hfill \\ x=9\hfill & \text{Divide by 2}.\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

Example: Determining When an Equation has No Solution

Solve [latex]{3}^{x+1}=-2[/latex].

Show Solution

This equation has no solution. There is no real value of x that will make the equation a true statement because any power of a positive number is positive.

Analysis of the Solution

The figure below shows that the two graphs do not cross so the left side of the equation is never equal to the right side of the equation. Thus the equation has no solution.

Using Logarithms to Solve Exponential Equations

Sometimes the terms of an exponential equation cannot be rewritten with a common base. In these cases, we solve by taking the logarithm of each side. Recall that since [latex]\mathrm{log}\left(a\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(b\right)[/latex] is equal to a = b, we may apply logarithms with the same base to both sides of an exponential equation.

Equations Containing [latex]e[/latex]

One common type of exponential equations are those with base e. This constant occurs again and again in nature, mathematics, science, engineering, and finance. When we have an equation with a base e on either side, we can use the natural logarithm to solve it.

Extraneous Solutions

Sometimes the methods used to solve an equation introduce an extraneous solution, which is a solution that is correct algebraically but does not satisfy the conditions of the original equation. One such situation arises in solving when taking the logarithm of both sides of the equation. In such cases, remember that the argument of the logarithm must be positive. If the number we are evaluating in a logarithm function is negative, there is no output.

Logarithmic Equations

We have already seen that every logarithmic equation [latex]{\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)=y[/latex] is equal to the exponential equation [latex]{b}^{y}=x[/latex]. We can use this fact, along with the rules of logarithms, to solve logarithmic equations where the argument is an algebraic expression.

For example, consider the equation [latex]{\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(2\right)+{\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(3x - 5\right)=3[/latex]. To solve this equation, we can use rules of logarithms to rewrite the left side as a single log and then apply the definition of logs to solve for [latex]x[/latex]:

[latex]\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(2\right)+{\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(3x - 5\right)=3\hfill & \hfill \\ \text{ }{\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(2\left(3x - 5\right)\right)=3\hfill & \text{Apply the product rule of logarithms}.\hfill \\ \text{ }{\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(6x - 10\right)=3\hfill & \text{Distribute}.\hfill \\ \text{ }{2}^{3}=6x - 10\hfill & \text{Convert to exponential form}.\hfill \\ \text{ }8=6x - 10\hfill & \text{Calculate }{2}^{3}.\hfill \\ \text{ }18=6x\hfill & \text{Add 10 to both sides}.\hfill \\ \text{ }x=3\hfill & \text{Divide both sides by 6}.\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

Example: Using a Graph to Understand the Solution to a Logarithmic Equation

Solve [latex]\mathrm{ln}x=3[/latex].

Show Solution

[latex]\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{ln}x=3\hfill & \hfill \\ x={e}^{3}\hfill & \text{Use the definition of }\mathrm{ln}\text{.}\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

Below is a graph of the equation. On the graph the x-coordinate of the point where the two graphs intersect is close to 20. In other words [latex]{e}^{3}\approx 20[/latex]. A calculator gives a better approximation: [latex]{e}^{3}\approx 20.0855[/latex].

The graphs of [latex]y=\mathrm{ln}x[/latex] and y = 3 cross at the point [latex]\left(e^3,3\right)[/latex] which is approximately (20.0855, 3).

Using the One-to-One Property of Logarithms to Solve Logarithmic Equations

As with exponential equations, we can use the one-to-one property to solve logarithmic equations. The one-to-one property of logarithmic functions tells us that, for any real numbers x > 0, S > 0, T > 0 and any positive real number b, where [latex]b\ne 1[/latex],

[latex]{\mathrm{log}}_{b}S={\mathrm{log}}_{b}T\text{ if and only if }S=T[/latex]

For example,

[latex]\text{If }{\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(x - 1\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(8\right),\text{then }x - 1=8[/latex]

So if [latex]x - 1=8[/latex], then we can solve for x and we get x = 9. To check, we can substitute x = 9 into the original equation: [latex]{\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(9 - 1\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(8\right)=3[/latex]. In other words, when a logarithmic equation has the same base on each side, the arguments must be equal. This also applies when the arguments are algebraic expressions. Therefore, when given an equation with logs of the same base on each side, we can use rules of logarithms to rewrite each side as a single logarithm. Then we use the fact that logarithmic functions are one-to-one to set the arguments equal to one another and solve for the unknown.

For example, consider the equation [latex]\mathrm{log}\left(3x - 2\right)-\mathrm{log}\left(2\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(x+4\right)[/latex]. To solve this equation, we can use the rules of logarithms to rewrite the left side as a single logarithm and then apply the one-to-one property to solve for x:

[latex]\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{log}\left(3x - 2\right)-\mathrm{log}\left(2\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(x+4\right)\hfill & \hfill \\ \text{}\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{3x - 2}{2}\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(x+4\right)\hfill & \text{Apply the quotient rule of logarithms}.\hfill \\ \text{}\frac{3x - 2}{2}=x+4\hfill & \text{Apply the one-to-one property}.\hfill \\ \text{}3x - 2=2x+8\hfill & \text{Multiply both sides of the equation by }2.\hfill \\ \text{}x=10\hfill & \text{Subtract 2}x\text{ and add 2}.\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

To check the result, substitute x = 10 into [latex]\mathrm{log}\left(3x - 2\right)-\mathrm{log}\left(2\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(x+4\right)[/latex].

[latex]\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{log}\left(3\left(10\right)-2\right)-\mathrm{log}\left(2\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(\left(10\right)+4\right)\hfill & \hfill \\ \text{}\mathrm{log}\left(28\right)-\mathrm{log}\left(2\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(14\right)\hfill & \hfill \\ \text{}\mathrm{log}\left(\frac{28}{2}\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(14\right)\hfill & \text{The solution checks}.\hfill \end{array}[/latex]

Key Equations

Key Concepts

• We can solve many exponential equations by using the rules of exponents to rewrite each side as a power with the same base. Then we use the fact that exponential functions are one-to-one to set the exponents equal to one another and solve for the unknown.
• When we are given an exponential equation where the bases are explicitly shown as being equal, set the exponents equal to one another and solve for the unknown.
• When we are given an exponential equation where the bases are not explicitly shown as being equal, rewrite each side of the equation as powers of the same base, then set the exponents equal to one another and solve for the unknown.
• When an exponential equation cannot be rewritten with a common base, solve by taking the logarithm of each side.
• We can solve exponential equations with base e by applying the natural logarithm to both sides because exponential and logarithmic functions are inverses of each other.
• After solving an exponential equation, check each solution in the original equation to find and eliminate any extraneous solutions.
• When given an equation of the form [latex]{\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(S\right)=c[/latex], where S is an algebraic expression, we can use the definition of a logarithm to rewrite the equation as the equivalent exponential equation [latex]{b}^{c}=S[/latex] and solve for the unknown.
• We can also use graphing to solve equations of the form [latex]{\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(S\right)=c[/latex]. We graph both equations [latex]y={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(S\right)[/latex] and [latex]y=c[/latex] on the same coordinate plane and identify the solution as the x-value of the point of intersecting.
• When given an equation of the form [latex]{\mathrm{log}}_{b}S={\mathrm{log}}_{b}T[/latex], where S and T are algebraic expressions, we can use the one-to-one property of logarithms to solve the equation S = T for the unknown.
• Combining the skills learned in this and previous sections, we can solve equations that model real world situations whether the unknown is in an exponent or in the argument of a logarithm.

Glossary

extraneous solution

a solution introduced while solving an equation that does not satisfy the conditions of the original equation