abbr,address,article,aside,audio,b,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,em,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,object,ol,p,pre,q,samp,section,small,span,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,ul,var,video{padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;vertical-align:baseline;background:transparent;border:0;outline:0}html{height:100%}body{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-box-direction:normal;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;min-height:100%;margin:0;font-size:1em;line-height:1.8;color:#1f1f1d;text-align:left;background:url("../images/bg.png") repeat 0 0 #f9f9f9}nav,section{display:block}a{color:#870d0d}a:hover{text-decoration:none}dl,ol,p,ul{margin-bottom:15px}ul{list-style:outside none}ol ol,ul ul{margin-left:15px}blockquote{padding:1px 5px 5px 50px;margin-bottom:20px;background:url("../images/blockquote-open.png") no-repeat 10px 10px #f4f4f3}blockquote p{padding:20px 20px 0 10px;margin:15px;font-size:.95em}.wrapper{-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;height:auto;margin:0 auto}#wrap{position:relative;z-index:20;width:940px;margin:0 auto 60px}.footer,.push{min-height:5em;clear:both}#header{margin:0 auto 40px}#content{position:relative;z-index:10;width:520px;min-height:420px;padding:30px 60px;margin:0 auto 60px;background-color:#fff;-webkit-box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #ddd;box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #ddd}#content ul{list-style:disc}#content .wp-caption,#content .wp-nocaption,#content img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.single #content{min-height:350px;margin-bottom:0}.buttons{width:347px;height:40px;margin:40px auto 20px;overflow:hidden}.buttons li{display:inline}.button-red{float:left;padding:5px 10px;margin-right:15px;font:.75em Oswald,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #000;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;background-color:#820808;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#a62c2c),to(#820808));background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#a62c2c 0,#820808);background-repeat:repeat-x;border:1px solid #4d0a0a;border-radius:6px;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 0 #c77a7a inset;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 0 #c77a7a}.button-red:hover{background-color:#5c0102;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#801e1e),to(#5c0102));background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#801e1e 0,#5c0102)}.button-red:active{background-color:#a62c2c;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#820808),to(#a62c2c));background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#820808 0,#a62c2c)}.screen-reader-text{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0}.search-results{margin:0}.search-results h2{font-weight:700}.search-results .more-tag{color:#870d0d}.nav-container{margin-bottom:40px}.nav-container nav{position:relative;z-index:100;width:100%;min-height:50px;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;background:rgba(0,0,0,.8);-webkit-box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #aeaeae;box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #aeaeae}.sub-nav-left,.sub-nav-right{position:absolute;top:0}.sub-nav-left{left:0;height:50px;overflow:hidden}.sub-nav-right{right:0;width:130px}.pressbooks-logo{float:left;padding:2px 10px 1px 30px;margin:0;font:1em Oswald,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;line-height:2.6em;text-transform:uppercase}.pressbooks-logo a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}h1.book-title{width:520px;padding:10px 60px 0;margin:0 auto;font-size:1.2em;line-height:1.6em;text-align:center}h1.book-title a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none}.sub-nav{position:relative;z-index:1;min-height:25px;padding:10px 0 5px;margin:-5px 0 0;background:#fdfffa;-webkit-box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #ddd;box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #ddd}.author-wrap{width:520px;padding:0 60px;margin:0 auto;text-align:center}.author-wrap h3{display:inline;font-size:.75em;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0}.searchform{float:right;margin-right:30px}.buy{display:block;float:right;width:46px;margin:10px 10px 0 0}.buy a{float:right;margin-right:0}#sidebar{position:absolute;top:20px;right:0;width:74px;padding:0 0 0 4px;margin:10px 74px 0 0;line-height:1.1em;text-align:center}#sidebar a{font:.6em/1em Lucida Grande,Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Sans,Verdana,Tahoma,sans-serif;color:#4a4a4a;text-decoration:none}#booknav{position:relative;margin:-5px 0 0;background:#fff;border-radius:0 6px 6px 0;-webkit-box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #ddd;box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #ddd}#booknav li{height:70px}#booknav li:first-child{padding-top:10px}#booknav li:last-child{padding-bottom:10px}#booknav li.active,#booknav li:hover{background:#eee}#booknav li a{display:block;height:20px;padding-top:40px}.about-btn a,.admin-btn a,.home-btn a,.read-btn a,.toc-btn a{background-image:url("../images/sprite.png");background-repeat:no-repeat}.admin-btn a{background-position:30px -187px}.home-btn a{background-position:-20px -187px}.toc-btn a{background-position:-121px -187px}.read-btn a{background-position:-178px -187px}.about-btn a{background-position:-255px -187px}#about .about-btn,#tableofcontents .toc-btn,#toc{background:#eee}#toc{position:relative;z-index:50;display:none;width:180px;padding:10px 10px 10px 20px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-132px;border-radius:6px;-webkit-box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #ddd;box-shadow:2px 2px 2px #ddd}#toc .close{display:block;float:right;width:20px;height:20px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:100%;white-space:nowrap;background:url("../images/sprite.png") 0 -50px}#toc ul{margin-left:0;text-align:left}#toc h4{margin:5px 0 2px;font:.8em Lucida Grande,Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Sans,Verdana,Tahoma,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;text-align:left}#toc h4 a{font:inherit}#toc ul ul{padding-bottom:5px;border-bottom:1px dotted #999}#toc ul ul:last-of-type{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom:0}#toc .chapter,#toc h4{padding-left:10px;text-indent:-10px}#toc .dashicons{color:#aeaeae}#toc h4:hover .dashicons{color:#777}.edit-link{display:block;float:left;width:80px;margin:120px 0 0 -115px;font:700 13px Open Sans Condensed,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-right:1px solid #eee;border-left:1px solid #ccc;-webkit-transform:rotate(-90deg);transform:rotate(-90deg)}.edit-link a{display:block;padding:5px 0;color:#c03;text-decoration:none;background-color:#fcfcfc}.edit-link a:hover{color:#fcfcfc;background-color:#c12328}.posts-navigation{position:fixed;top:58%;left:50%;width:700px;margin-left:-350px}.nav-previous{position:absolute;top:45%;left:0}.nav-previous a{display:block;width:42px;height:43px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:100%;white-space:nowrap;background:url("../images/sprite.png") 0 -573px no-repeat}.nav-previous a:hover{background-position:-56px -573px}.nav-next{position:absolute;top:45%;right:0}.nav-next a{display:block;width:42px;height:43px;overflow:hidden;text-indent:100%;white-space:nowrap;background:url("../images/sprite.png") 0 -506px no-repeat}.nav-next a:hover{background-position:-56px -506px}.share-wrap-single{width:620px;margin:2px auto 40px}.share-single{position:relative;width:auto;padding-top:5px;overflow:hidden;background:transparent;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none}.share-single li{float:left;padding:5px 5px 5px 0;margin:0 10px 0 0;line-height:1}.share-single .twitter{padding-top:3px;margin:3px 15px 0 0}.share-single .facebook{padding-top:3px;margin:3px 10px 0 0}.share-single .email a{display:block;width:30px;height:21px;margin:0;text-indent:-9999px;background:url("../images/sprite.png") -147px -96px no-repeat}.blank-page{display:none}.buy-book{margin-top:30px;font-size:.875em}.buy-page li{padding:5px 10px;margin:0 0 20px}.buy-page img{max-width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:middle;background:transparent;border:0}.logo{display:inline-block;width:100px;margin-right:30px;text-align:right}#inline-toc h4{margin:25px 0 5px;font-family:Oswald,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:1.2em;font-style:normal;text-align:center}#inline-toc ul{margin-left:0}.denied-title{margin-bottom:15px;font-size:1.4em;color:#4d0a0a}.denied-text a{padding:5px;font-family:Oswald,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.7em;color:#4a4a4a;text-decoration:none;background:#eee;border-radius:6px}.denied-text a:hover{background:#aaa}.footer{font:.75em/1.5em Open Sans Condensed,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:700;color:#fff;background:#8d8d8d;background-image:url("../images/footer-shadow.png");background-repeat:repeat-x}.footer .inner{width:520px;padding:30px 60px;margin:auto}.footer .inner dl{margin:0 auto 40px;overflow:hidden;text-align:left}.footer .inner dd,.footer .inner dt{display:inline-block;width:48%;padding:0 10px}.footer .inner dt{text-align:right}.footer .inner dd{font-style:normal;font-weight:700}.cie-name{font-family:Oswald,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-weight:400;text-align:center}.cie-name a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.footer .license-attribution p{font-size:80%;text-align:center}.footer .license-attribution a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.footer .license-attribution img{background:none;border:0}#comments{width:520px;padding:30px 60px;margin:0 auto}h3#reply-title{margin-bottom:10px}h3#comments-title,h3#reply-title{font-size:1.1em;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-variant:normal}ol.commentlist{list-style:decimal}ol.commentlist li{padding:10px 15px;background:#eee;border:1px solid;border-color:#fff #ccc #ccc #dedede}ol.commentlist li.odd{background:#fff;border-left:1px solid #dedede}ol.commentlist li:before{display:none}.comment-author{font-size:.8em}img.avatar{float:left;width:auto;margin:0 10px 10px 0}cite.fn{display:block;font:1.2em Open Sans Condensed,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style:normal}.comment-body{clear:both}.reply a{padding:2px 3px;font:.75em Oswald,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #000;cursor:pointer;background-color:#222;border:1px solid #000;border-radius:6px}.reply a:hover{background-color:#000;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#2c2c2c),to(#000));background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#2c2c2c 0,#000);background-repeat:repeat-x}.reply a:active{background-color:#434343;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#222),to(#434343));background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#222 0,#434343);background-repeat:repeat-x}.required{color:#870d0d}.comment-notes{font-size:.875em}.comment-form-author,.comment-form-comment,.comment-form-email,.comment-form-url{margin-bottom:30px;overflow:hidden}.comment-form-author{margin-top:40px}.comment-form-comment{margin-bottom:10px}#commentform label{float:left;width:115px;padding-right:5px;font:1em Oswald,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;text-align:right}#commentform input,#commentform textarea{float:right;width:350px;border-radius:6px}#commentform input{height:30px;font-size:.875em}#respond .form-allowed-tags{width:350px;margin:10px 0 0 170px;font-size:.7em;line-height:1.2em;color:#bbb}.form-submit{margin:10px 0 0 170px}.form-submit input#submit{float:none;width:72px;padding-bottom:2px;font:.75em Oswald,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff;text-shadow:0 1px 0 #000;cursor:pointer;background-color:#820808;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#a62c2c),to(#820808));background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#a62c2c 0,#820808);background-repeat:repeat-x;border:1px solid #4d0a0a;-webkit-box-shadow:0 1px 0 0 #c77a7a inset;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 0 0 #c77a7a}.form-submit input#submit:hover{background-color:#5c0102;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#801e1e),to(#5c0102));background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#801e1e 0,#5c0102)}.form-submit input#submit:active{background-color:#a62c2c;background-image:-webkit-gradient(linear,left top,left bottom,from(#820808),to(#a62c2c));background-image:linear-gradient(180deg,#820808 0,#a62c2c)}pre{-webkit-text-size-adjust:140%}code{-webkit-text-size-adjust:160%}#access,.entry-meta,.entry-utility,.navigation,.widget-area{-webkit-text-size-adjust:120%}#site-description{-webkit-text-size-adjust:none}@media screen and (max-width:1024px){#content{font-size:1.1em}nav.sticky.mobile{position:static}#toc{margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-130px;background:#e0e0e0}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.h1.book-title{width:auto}.pressbooks-logo{padding:15px 0 0 20px}.pressbooks-logo a{display:block;width:40px;text-indent:-9999em;background:url("../images/sprite.png") -200px -50px no-repeat}#comments,#content,#wrap,.footer .inner{width:auto}#wrap{padding-top:50px}#content{margin:0 10px 60px;border-top:1px solid #f5f5f5}#sidebar{top:0;right:12px;width:auto;padding:0;margin:0}#booknav{float:right;margin-top:0;background-color:transparent}#booknav li:first-child{padding-top:0}#booknav li{float:left;width:70px;height:40px;padding-bottom:10px;margin-top:0;background:#fff;border-right:1px solid #e1e1e1;border-radius:6px 6px 0 0}#booknav li a{text-indent:-9999em}.admin-btn a{background-position:28px -184px}.home-btn a{background-position:-24px -184px}.toc-btn a{background-position:-124px -182px}#toc{position:relative;z-index:100;margin-top:47px;margin-left:0}#toc .close{width:100%;background-position:160px -50px}#toc h4{margin:25px 0 2px}.posts-navigation{left:0;width:100%;margin-left:0}}@media screen and (max-width:480px){.author-wrap,.searchform,h1.book-title{width:auto}.searchform{float:none;text-align:center}#content{padding:20px 10px 10px}.posts-navigation{top:auto;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:100vw;height:43px;padding:2px 0;margin-left:0;overflow:hidden;background-color:hsla(0,0%,98%,.8);-webkit-box-shadow:-1px -1px 1px #ccc;box-shadow:-1px -1px 1px #ccc}.nav-previous{top:2px;left:3px}.nav-next{top:2px;right:3px}#toc{position:absolute;right:0}.entry-title{width:auto}.share-wrap-single{width:100%;margin-right:0;margin-left:0;padding:0 1em}#commentform input,#commentform textarea{float:none;width:100%}#commentform label{float:none;width:auto;text-align:left}.comment-form-author,.comment-form-comment,.comment-form-email,.comment-form-url{overflow:visible}#respond .form-allowed-tags{width:auto;margin:0 auto}.form-submit{margin:10px auto 0}.footer .inner{padding:30px 10px}.footer .inner dt{padding-left:0}.footer .inner dd{padding-right:0}}@media screen and (max-device-width:320px){#wrap{padding-top:40px}#booknav li{width:40px;height:30px;margin:0 0 20px;text-align:center}.admin-btn a{background-position:12px -187px}.home-btn a{background-position:-38px -187px}.toc-btn a{background-position:-139px -186px}#toc .close{width:100%;background-position:160px -50px}#toc h4{margin:25px 0 2px}.entry-title{width:auto}#commentform input,#commentform textarea{width:90%}#comments{padding:30px 10px}}@media print{body{background:none}a{color:#1f1f1d}#wrap{position:relative;display:block;float:none;margin:0 auto;clear:both}#header{padding-bottom:18pt;border-bottom:2pt solid #000}.entry-content{font-size:14pt;line-height:1.6em}.entry-title{font-size:21pt}#branding img,#comments,#respond,#searchform,.comment-edit-link,.edit-link,.nav,.navigation,.page-link,.share-wrap-single,.sidebar,.widget-area{display:none}#container,#header,.footer{width:100%;margin:0}.footer,nav{color:#1f1f1d;background:#fff}#content{width:100%;padding:10px;margin:24pt 0 0}.wp-caption p{font-size:11pt}.home .sticky{border:0}.wrapper{height:auto;min-height:100px;margin:0 auto}}