{"id":601,"date":"2015-11-02T20:01:09","date_gmt":"2015-11-02T20:01:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/zelixcst110\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=601"},"modified":"2015-11-02T20:06:02","modified_gmt":"2015-11-02T20:06:02","slug":"perception-study-guide","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/chapter\/perception-study-guide\/","title":{"raw":"Perception Study Guide","rendered":"Perception Study Guide"},"content":{"raw":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1284\/2015\/11\/03111101\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-02-at-2.48.37-PM.png\"><img class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-602\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1284\/2015\/11\/03111101\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-02-at-2.48.37-PM.png\" alt=\"Three boxes connected by a clockwise circular arrow. They read Selection (labeled &quot;stimuli&quot;). Organization (labeled &quot;sort and categorize&quot;), and Interpretation (labeled &quot;assign meaning&quot;)\" width=\"546\" height=\"295\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>The halo <\/b>effect occurs when initial positive perceptions lead us to view later interactions as positive. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>The horn <\/b>effect occurs when initial negative perceptions lead us to view later interactions as negative. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Fundamental attribution error<\/strong>, which refers to our tendency to explain others\u2019 behaviors using internal rather than external attributions. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>External attributions<\/strong> connect the cause of behaviors to situational factors. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The <strong>self\u2010serving bias<\/strong> is a perceptual error through which we attribute the cause of our successes to internal personal factors while attributing\r\nour failures to external factors beyond our control. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">As we perceive others, we make impressions about their personality, likeability, attractiveness, and other characteristics. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">\u201cYou never get a second chance to make a good impression\u201d points to the fact that first impressions matter. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">First impressions are enduring because of the <strong>primacy effect<\/strong>, which leads us to place more value on the first information we receive about a person. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The<strong> recency effect<\/strong> leads us to put more weight on the most recent impression we have of a person\u2019s communication over earlier impressions. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">We make first impressions based on a variety of factors, including physical and <\/span><span class=\"s1\">environmental characteristics. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Sight<\/strong>. People in different cultures \u201cread\u201d art in different ways, differing in terms of where they start to look at an image and the types of information they perceive and process.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><b>Sound<\/b>. \u201cAtonal\u201d music in some Asian cultures is unpleasing; it is uncomfortable to people who aren\u2019t taught that these combinations of sounds are pleasing.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><b>Touch<\/b>. In some cultures it would be very offensive for a man to touch\u2014 even tap on the shoulder\u2014a woman who isn\u2019t a relative.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><b>Taste. <\/b>Tastes for foods vary greatly around the world. \u201cStinky tofu,\u201d which is a favorite snack of people in Taipei, Taiwan\u2019s famous night market,\u00a0<span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">would likely be very off\u2010putting in terms of taste and smell to many foreign tourists.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><b>Smell. <\/b>While US Americans spend considerable effort to mask natural body odor, which we typically find unpleasant, with soaps, sprays, and lotions, some other cultures would not find unpleasant or even notice what we consider \u201cb.o.\u201d Those same cultures may find a US American\u2019s \u201cclean\u201d (soapy, perfumed, deodorized) smell unpleasant.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Personality <\/b>refers to a person\u2019s general way of thinking, feeling, and behaving based on underlying motivations and impulses. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">T<\/span><span class=\"s1\">he Big Five Personality Traits <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Extraversion<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s interest in interacting with others.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Agreeableness<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s level of trustworthiness and friendliness.<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Conscientiousness<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s level of self\u2010organization and Motivation<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Neuroticism<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s level of negative thoughts regarding himself or herself. <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Openness<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s willingness to consider new ideas and perspectives. <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Key Terms <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Perception\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Perception Process <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Attribution\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Fundamental attribution error <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Self\u2010serving bias\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">selective attention\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">selective distortion<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\">halo and horn effects<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\">Personality<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">personality traits<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">The Big Five Personality Traits <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">primacy effect<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\">recency effect<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/oerfiles\/Communication\/Perception+Study+Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">A PDF of this Perception Study Guide is available for download here<\/a>.","rendered":"<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1284\/2015\/11\/03111101\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-02-at-2.48.37-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-602\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1284\/2015\/11\/03111101\/Screen-Shot-2015-11-02-at-2.48.37-PM.png\" alt=\"Three boxes connected by a clockwise circular arrow. They read Selection (labeled &quot;stimuli&quot;). Organization (labeled &quot;sort and categorize&quot;), and Interpretation (labeled &quot;assign meaning&quot;)\" width=\"546\" height=\"295\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>The halo <\/b>effect occurs when initial positive perceptions lead us to view later interactions as positive. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>The horn <\/b>effect occurs when initial negative perceptions lead us to view later interactions as negative. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Fundamental attribution error<\/strong>, which refers to our tendency to explain others\u2019 behaviors using internal rather than external attributions. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>External attributions<\/strong> connect the cause of behaviors to situational factors. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The <strong>self\u2010serving bias<\/strong> is a perceptual error through which we attribute the cause of our successes to internal personal factors while attributing<br \/>\nour failures to external factors beyond our control. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">As we perceive others, we make impressions about their personality, likeability, attractiveness, and other characteristics. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">\u201cYou never get a second chance to make a good impression\u201d points to the fact that first impressions matter. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">First impressions are enduring because of the <strong>primacy effect<\/strong>, which leads us to place more value on the first information we receive about a person. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The<strong> recency effect<\/strong> leads us to put more weight on the most recent impression we have of a person\u2019s communication over earlier impressions. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">We make first impressions based on a variety of factors, including physical and <\/span><span class=\"s1\">environmental characteristics. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Sight<\/strong>. People in different cultures \u201cread\u201d art in different ways, differing in terms of where they start to look at an image and the types of information they perceive and process.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><b>Sound<\/b>. \u201cAtonal\u201d music in some Asian cultures is unpleasing; it is uncomfortable to people who aren\u2019t taught that these combinations of sounds are pleasing.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><b>Touch<\/b>. In some cultures it would be very offensive for a man to touch\u2014 even tap on the shoulder\u2014a woman who isn\u2019t a relative.<\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><b>Taste. <\/b>Tastes for foods vary greatly around the world. \u201cStinky tofu,\u201d which is a favorite snack of people in Taipei, Taiwan\u2019s famous night market,\u00a0<span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">would likely be very off\u2010putting in terms of taste and smell to many foreign tourists.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><b>Smell. <\/b>While US Americans spend considerable effort to mask natural body odor, which we typically find unpleasant, with soaps, sprays, and lotions, some other cultures would not find unpleasant or even notice what we consider \u201cb.o.\u201d Those same cultures may find a US American\u2019s \u201cclean\u201d (soapy, perfumed, deodorized) smell unpleasant.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Personality <\/b>refers to a person\u2019s general way of thinking, feeling, and behaving based on underlying motivations and impulses. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">T<\/span><span class=\"s1\">he Big Five Personality Traits <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Extraversion<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s interest in interacting with others.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Agreeableness<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s level of trustworthiness and friendliness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Conscientiousness<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s level of self\u2010organization and Motivation<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Neuroticism<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s level of negative thoughts regarding himself or herself. <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><strong>Openness<\/strong>. Refers to a person\u2019s willingness to consider new ideas and perspectives. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Key Terms <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Perception<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Perception Process <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Attribution<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Fundamental attribution error <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Self\u2010serving bias<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">selective attention<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">selective distortion<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\">halo and horn effects<\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\">Personality<\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">personality traits<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">The Big Five Personality Traits <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">primacy effect<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\">recency effect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/oerfiles\/Communication\/Perception+Study+Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">A PDF of this Perception Study Guide is available for download here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-601\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introduction to Communication. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Extended Learning Institute of Northern Virginia Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/eli.nvcc.edu\/\">http:\/\/eli.nvcc.edu\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Adaption of Communication and Perception. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/a-primer-on-communication-studies\/s02-communication-and-perception.html\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/a-primer-on-communication-studies\/s02-communication-and-perception.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":277,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Introduction to Communication\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Extended Learning Institute of Northern Virginia Community College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/eli.nvcc.edu\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Adaption of Communication and Perception\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/a-primer-on-communication-studies\/s02-communication-and-perception.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-601","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":562,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/601","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/277"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/601\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":608,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/601\/revisions\/608"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/562"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/601\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=601"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=601"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=601"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=601"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}