{"id":797,"date":"2015-11-03T16:52:43","date_gmt":"2015-11-03T16:52:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/zelixcst110\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=797"},"modified":"2015-11-03T16:55:55","modified_gmt":"2015-11-03T16:55:55","slug":"rhetorical-communication-study-guide","status":"web-only","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/chapter\/rhetorical-communication-study-guide\/","title":{"raw":"Rhetorical Communication Study Guide","rendered":"Rhetorical Communication Study Guide"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">\u201cfear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Physiological Symptoms of Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Heart pounding <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Clammy hands <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Sweat\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Stomach Butterflies <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Nervous Pacing <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Voice quiver\r\n<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Dry Mouth <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Shakes- hands and legs <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Rapid Breathing <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Dizzy and\/or light headed <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Myths about Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\r\n\t<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">People who suffer from speaking anxiety are neurotic\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Telling a joke or two is always a good way to begin a speech.\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Telling a joke or two is always a good way to begin a speech.\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Any mistake means that you have \u201cblown it.\u201d\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid speaking anxiety by writing your speech out word for word and memorizing it.\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Audiences are out to get you.\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">You will look to the audience as nervous as you feel.\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">A little nervousness helps you give a better speech. <\/span><span class=\"s2\">This is TRUE <\/span><span class=\"s1\">\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Sources of Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<table class=\"t1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Trait Anxiety <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">some people feel more uncomfortable than the average person regardless of the context, audience, or situation. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td3\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Context Anxiety <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td4\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">anxiety prompted by specific communication contexts <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Formality <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">As the formality of the communication context increases, the stakes are raised, sometimes prompting more apprehension. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Uncertainty <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">you don\u2019t know what to expect, so you are more nervous <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Novelty <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Anxiety becomes more of an issue in communication environments that are new to us <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Audience Anxiety <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Audience anxiety describes communication apprehension prompted by specific audience characteristics <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Situational Anxiety <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">the unique combination of influences generated by audience, time and context.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Reducing Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Speech-Related Considerations\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Think Positively\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Reducing Anxiety through Preparation\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Analyze Your Audience\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Adapt Your Language to the Oral Mode\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Practice in Conditions Similar to Those You Will Face When Speaking <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Watch What You Eat\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Reducing Nervousness during Delivery\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Maintain Your Sense of Humor\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Stress Management Techniques <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">General Purposes of speaking refers to the broad goal in creating and delivering a speech <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<table class=\"t1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td7\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Inform <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td8\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">this is about helping audience members acquire information that they do not already possess <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td9\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Persuade <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td10\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">we attempt to get listeners to embrace a point of view or to adopt a behavior that they would not have done otherwise <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td11\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Entertain <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td12\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">focused on the theme and occasion of the speech <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Selecting a Topic <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Common Constraints of Public Speaking <\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Purpose<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Audience <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Context<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\">Time Frame<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Selecting a Broad Subject Area <\/span>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Narrowing Your Topic<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Specific Purposes <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">A specific purpose starts with one of the three general purposes and then specifies the actual topic you have chosen and the basic objective you hope to accomplish with your speech. Basically, the specific purpose answers the who, what, when, where, and why questions for your speech. <\/span><\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h3><span class=\"s2\"><strong>Finding Resources<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Nonacademic Information Sources\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Books\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">General-Interest Periodicals\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Special-Interest Periodicals\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Newspapers and Blogs\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Encyclopedias\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Websites\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Academic Information Sources\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Scholarly Books and\/or Articles and\/or Web Information <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Computerized Databases <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Evaluating Resources <\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Date of Publication\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Author\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Publisher\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Academic or Nonacademic\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Quality of the Bibliography\/Reference Page <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Do People Cite the Work? <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3 class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid Plagiarism <\/span><\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Do your own work, and use your own words\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Allow yourself enough time to research the assignment\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Keep careful track of your sources and take careful notes\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Assemble your thoughts, and make it clear who is speaking\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">If you use an idea, quotation, paraphrase, or summary, then credit the source <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Cite sources correctly in the body and in the Works Cited (Reference Page)\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Quote accurately and sparingly\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Paraphrase carefully\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Do not patchwrite (patchspeak)\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Summarize, don\u2019t auto-summarize\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Do not rework another student\u2019s speech or buy one <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid Academic Fraud <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Don\u2019t Mislead Your Audience <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Give Author Credentials\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Use Primary Research Ethically <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Importance of an Introduction <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Gain Audience Attention and Interest <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">State the Purpose of Your Speech\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Establish Credibility\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Provide Reasons to Listen<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\">Preview Main Ideas<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\">Reference to Subject, Audience, Events, Occassion<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Quotation, Historical Reference, Anecdote ,Startling Statement <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Question (Rhetorical is the preferred type)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\">Humor<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\">Personal Reference<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p6\">Express Your Specific Purpose<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclusions Matter <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Signals the End\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Aids Audience\u2019s Memory of Your Speech\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Restatement of the Thesis\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Review of Main Points\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Review of Main Points\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude with a Quotation, Summary, Visualize Future, Inspiration\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude with a Challenge, Advice, Appeal for Action (persuasion only) <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude by Proposing a Solution (persuasion only)\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude with a Question (usually Rhetorical)\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude with a Reference to Audience <\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Four Methods of Delivery <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<table class=\"t1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td13\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Impromptu <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td14\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">presentation of a short message without advance preparation <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td15\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p12\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Extemporaneous <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td16\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p12\"><span class=\"s1\">carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td17\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Manuscript <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td18\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual aids <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td17\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Memory <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td18\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Using Notes Effectively <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Understand the Purpose of Speaker Notes <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Include Only Key Words (no paragraphs) <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Hold Your Notes Naturally\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Prepare Notecards to Trigger Recall <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Write in Large Letters<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\">Using Notecards Effectively<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Good Delivery <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Posture, Body Movement, Facial Expressions <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Dress, Self-Presentation, Variety\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Practice Effectively, Seek Input from Others <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Conversational Style<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\">Eye Contact<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\">Effective Use of Vocalics\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Volume, Rate, Pitch, Pauses, <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Vocal Variety, Pronunciation<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p class=\"p13\"><span class=\"s1\">Good<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">Delivery<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">Is<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">a<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">Habit<\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Informative Speaking <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\r\n\t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Conveys knowledge <\/span><span class=\"s15\">\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Does not attempt to convince the audience that one thing is better <\/span><span class=\"s15\">\r\n<\/span><span class=\"s1\">than another <\/span><span class=\"s15\">\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Does not advocate a course of action <\/span><span class=\"s15\">\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Conveys accurate information <\/span><span class=\"s15\">\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Three goals\u2014accuracy, clarity, and interest <\/span><span class=\"s15\">\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid expressing opinion <\/span><span class=\"s15\">\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p14\"><span class=\"s1\">Informative Speaking Goals <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Making Information Clear and Interesting for the Audience <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Adjust Complexity to the Audience\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid Unnecessary Jargon\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Create Concrete Images<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\">Keep Information Limited<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Link Current Knowledge to New Knowledge <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Make It Memorable<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\">Make It Relevant and Useful<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p2\">Personalize Your Content<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Types of Informative Speeches <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<table class=\"t1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td19\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Object <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td20\" style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">People <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td21\" style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Event <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td22\" style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Concept <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td22\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Process <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td23\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Stink Bug <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td24\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Aristotle <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td25\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Super Bowl <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td26\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Karma <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td26\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Cell Division <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td27\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Skyline Drive <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td28\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Neymar <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td29\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">World Cup <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td30\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Freedom <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td30\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">FAFSA Application <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td class=\"td27\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Washington Monument <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td28\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">RGIII <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td29\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Battle of Gettysburg <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td30\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">The American Dream <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<td class=\"td30\" valign=\"middle\">\r\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Plastic Recycling <\/span><\/p>\r\n<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Key Terms <\/span><\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Trait Anxiety\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Context Anxiety\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Formality <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Uncertainty\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Novelty\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Audience Anxiety\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Situational Anxiety\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">General Purposes of Speaking <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Common Types of Informative Topics <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Behavior <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Attitude\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Value\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Belief\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Specific Purposes <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Plagiarism <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Ethos\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Thesis Statement <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Impromptu Speaking <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Extemporaneous Speaking <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Speaking from a Manuscript <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Speaking from Memory <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Vocalics\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Pitch\r\n<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Vocal Variety <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Pronunciation <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Physical Manipulation <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Jargon<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\">Abstract<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p4\">Concrete<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/oerfiles\/Communication\/Rhetorical+Communication+Study+Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">A PDF of this Rhetorical\u00a0Communication Study Guide can be downloaded here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>","rendered":"<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">\u201cfear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Physiological Symptoms of Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Heart pounding <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Clammy hands <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Sweat<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Stomach Butterflies <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Nervous Pacing <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Voice quiver<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Dry Mouth <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Shakes- hands and legs <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Rapid Breathing <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"s1\">Dizzy and\/or light headed <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Myths about Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h2>\n<ol class=\"ol1\">\n<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">People who suffer from speaking anxiety are neurotic<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Telling a joke or two is always a good way to begin a speech.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Telling a joke or two is always a good way to begin a speech.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Any mistake means that you have \u201cblown it.\u201d<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid speaking anxiety by writing your speech out word for word and memorizing it.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">Audiences are out to get you.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">You will look to the audience as nervous as you feel.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li5\"><span class=\"s1\">A little nervousness helps you give a better speech. <\/span><span class=\"s2\">This is TRUE <\/span><span class=\"s1\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Sources of Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"t1\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td1\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Trait Anxiety <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td2\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">some people feel more uncomfortable than the average person regardless of the context, audience, or situation. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td3\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Context Anxiety <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td4\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">anxiety prompted by specific communication contexts <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Formality <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">As the formality of the communication context increases, the stakes are raised, sometimes prompting more apprehension. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Uncertainty <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">you don\u2019t know what to expect, so you are more nervous <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Novelty <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Anxiety becomes more of an issue in communication environments that are new to us <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Audience Anxiety <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Audience anxiety describes communication apprehension prompted by specific audience characteristics <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td5\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Situational Anxiety <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td6\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">the unique combination of influences generated by audience, time and context.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Reducing Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Speech-Related Considerations<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Think Positively<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Reducing Anxiety through Preparation<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Analyze Your Audience<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Adapt Your Language to the Oral Mode<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Practice in Conditions Similar to Those You Will Face When Speaking <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Watch What You Eat<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Reducing Nervousness during Delivery<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Maintain Your Sense of Humor<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Stress Management Techniques <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">General Purposes of speaking refers to the broad goal in creating and delivering a speech <\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"t1\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td7\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Inform <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td8\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">this is about helping audience members acquire information that they do not already possess <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td9\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Persuade <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td10\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">we attempt to get listeners to embrace a point of view or to adopt a behavior that they would not have done otherwise <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td11\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Entertain <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td12\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">focused on the theme and occasion of the speech <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Selecting a Topic <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Common Constraints of Public Speaking <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Purpose<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Audience <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Context<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\">Time Frame<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Selecting a Broad Subject Area <\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Narrowing Your Topic<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Specific Purposes <\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">A specific purpose starts with one of the three general purposes and then specifies the actual topic you have chosen and the basic objective you hope to accomplish with your speech. Basically, the specific purpose answers the who, what, when, where, and why questions for your speech. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"s2\"><strong>Finding Resources<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Nonacademic Information Sources<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Books<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">General-Interest Periodicals<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Special-Interest Periodicals<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Newspapers and Blogs<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Encyclopedias<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Websites<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Academic Information Sources<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Scholarly Books and\/or Articles and\/or Web Information <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Computerized Databases <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Evaluating Resources <\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Date of Publication<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Author<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Publisher<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Academic or Nonacademic<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Quality of the Bibliography\/Reference Page <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Do People Cite the Work? <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid Plagiarism <\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Do your own work, and use your own words<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Allow yourself enough time to research the assignment<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Keep careful track of your sources and take careful notes<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Assemble your thoughts, and make it clear who is speaking<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">If you use an idea, quotation, paraphrase, or summary, then credit the source <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Cite sources correctly in the body and in the Works Cited (Reference Page)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Quote accurately and sparingly<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Paraphrase carefully<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Do not patchwrite (patchspeak)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Summarize, don\u2019t auto-summarize<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Do not rework another student\u2019s speech or buy one <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid Academic Fraud <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Don\u2019t Mislead Your Audience <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Give Author Credentials<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Use Primary Research Ethically <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The Importance of an Introduction <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Gain Audience Attention and Interest <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">State the Purpose of Your Speech<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Establish Credibility<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Provide Reasons to Listen<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\">Preview Main Ideas<\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\">Reference to Subject, Audience, Events, Occassion<\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Quotation, Historical Reference, Anecdote ,Startling Statement <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">Question (Rhetorical is the preferred type)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\">Humor<\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\">Personal Reference<\/li>\n<li class=\"p6\">Express Your Specific Purpose<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclusions Matter <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Signals the End<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Aids Audience\u2019s Memory of Your Speech<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Restatement of the Thesis<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Review of Main Points<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Review of Main Points<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude with a Quotation, Summary, Visualize Future, Inspiration<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude with a Challenge, Advice, Appeal for Action (persuasion only) <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude by Proposing a Solution (persuasion only)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude with a Question (usually Rhetorical)<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p11\"><span class=\"s1\">Conclude with a Reference to Audience <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Four Methods of Delivery <\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"t1\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td13\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Impromptu <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td14\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">presentation of a short message without advance preparation <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td15\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p12\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Extemporaneous <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td16\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p12\"><span class=\"s1\">carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td17\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Manuscript <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td18\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In a manuscript speech, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual aids <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td17\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Memory <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td18\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Using Notes Effectively <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Understand the Purpose of Speaker Notes <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Include Only Key Words (no paragraphs) <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Hold Your Notes Naturally<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Prepare Notecards to Trigger Recall <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Write in Large Letters<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\">Using Notecards Effectively<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Good Delivery <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Posture, Body Movement, Facial Expressions <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Dress, Self-Presentation, Variety<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Practice Effectively, Seek Input from Others <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Conversational Style<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\">Eye Contact<\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\">Effective Use of Vocalics\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Volume, Rate, Pitch, Pauses, <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s1\">Vocal Variety, Pronunciation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p class=\"p13\"><span class=\"s1\">Good<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">Delivery<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">Is<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">a<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">Habit<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Informative Speaking <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul class=\"ul1\">\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Conveys knowledge <\/span><span class=\"s15\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Does not attempt to convince the audience that one thing is better <\/span><span class=\"s15\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span class=\"s1\">than another <\/span><span class=\"s15\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Does not advocate a course of action <\/span><span class=\"s15\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Conveys accurate information <\/span><span class=\"s15\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Three goals\u2014accuracy, clarity, and interest <\/span><span class=\"s15\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"li2\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid expressing opinion <\/span><span class=\"s15\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p14\"><span class=\"s1\">Informative Speaking Goals <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Making Information Clear and Interesting for the Audience <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Adjust Complexity to the Audience<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Avoid Unnecessary Jargon<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Create Concrete Images<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\">Keep Information Limited<\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Link Current Knowledge to New Knowledge <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Make It Memorable<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\">Make It Relevant and Useful<\/li>\n<li class=\"p2\">Personalize Your Content<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p7\"><span class=\"s1\">Types of Informative Speeches <\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"t1\" cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td19\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Object <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td20\" style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">People <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td21\" style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Event <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td22\" style=\"text-align: center;\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Concept <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td22\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span class=\"s1\">Process <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td23\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Stink Bug <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td24\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Aristotle <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td25\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Super Bowl <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td26\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Karma <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td26\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Cell Division <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td27\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Skyline Drive <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td28\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Neymar <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td29\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">World Cup <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td30\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Freedom <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td30\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">FAFSA Application <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"td27\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Washington Monument <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td28\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">RGIII <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td29\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Battle of Gettysburg <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td30\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">The American Dream <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td class=\"td30\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"p9\"><span class=\"s1\">Plastic Recycling <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">Key Terms <\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Communication Apprehension <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Trait Anxiety<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Context Anxiety<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Formality <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Uncertainty<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Novelty<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Audience Anxiety<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Situational Anxiety<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">General Purposes of Speaking <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Common Types of Informative Topics <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Behavior <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Attitude<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Value<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Belief<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Specific Purposes <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Plagiarism <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Ethos<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Thesis Statement <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Impromptu Speaking <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Extemporaneous Speaking <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Speaking from a Manuscript <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Speaking from Memory <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Vocalics<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Pitch<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Vocal Variety <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Pronunciation <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Physical Manipulation <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Jargon<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\">Abstract<\/li>\n<li class=\"p4\">Concrete<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/oerfiles\/Communication\/Rhetorical+Communication+Study+Guide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">A PDF of this Rhetorical\u00a0Communication Study Guide can be downloaded here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-797\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introduction to Communication. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Extended Learning Institute of Northern Virginia Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/eli.nvcc.edu\/\">http:\/\/eli.nvcc.edu\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Public Speaking: Practice and Ethics. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/public-speaking-practice-and-ethics\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/public-speaking-practice-and-ethics\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":277,"menu_order":32,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Introduction to Communication\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Extended Learning Institute of Northern Virginia Community College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/eli.nvcc.edu\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Public Speaking: Practice and Ethics\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/public-speaking-practice-and-ethics\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-797","chapter","type-chapter","status-web-only","hentry"],"part":644,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/797","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/277"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/797\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":800,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/797\/revisions\/800"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/644"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/797\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=797"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=797"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=797"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelicst110\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=797"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}