{"id":123,"date":"2015-11-09T23:44:53","date_gmt":"2015-11-09T23:44:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/zelixsdv100\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=123"},"modified":"2015-12-03T16:28:06","modified_gmt":"2015-12-03T16:28:06","slug":"types-of-thinking","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/chapter\/types-of-thinking\/","title":{"raw":"Types of Thinking","rendered":"Types of Thinking"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<div id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Understand that there are different types of thinking.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Identify how each type of thinking contributes to learning.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2><\/h2>\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch03_s01_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\">So what are the various types of thinking skills, and what kind things are we doing when we apply them? In the 1950s, Benjamin Bloom developed a classification of thinking skills that is still helpful today; it is known as <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Bloom\u2019s taxonomy<\/span><\/span>. He lists six types of thinking skills, ranked in order of complexity: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Figure 3.2 \"Types of Thinking Skills\" outlines each skill and what is involved in that type of thinking, as updated by Lorin Anderson and David Krothwohl.<span id=\"fwk-lochhaas-fn03_001\" class=\"im_footnote\">L. W. Anderson and David R. Krathwohl, eds., <em class=\"im_emphasis\">A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives<\/em> (Boston, MA: Allyn &amp; Bacon, 2001).<\/span><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_large im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 3.2<\/span> Types of Thinking Skills\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/colsuc\/section_06\/9a57cc14e39e880f3399bc8731fff3fb.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1230\/2015\/11\/03013807\/sm_9a57cc14e39e880f3399bc8731fff3fb.jpg\" alt=\"Table showing Bloom's Taxonomy Skills and Descriptions\" width=\"485\" height=\"689\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAll of these thinking skills are important for college work (and life in the \u201creal world,\u201d too). You\u2019ve likely had a great deal of experience with the lower-level thinking skills (yellow section). The midlevel skills are skills you will get a lot of practice with in college, and you may be well on your way to mastering them already. The higher-level thinking skills (red section) are the most demanding, and you will need to invest focused effort to develop them.\r\n<div id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_block\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercise: Thought Inventory<\/h3>\r\nThink about Figure 3.2 \"Types of Thinking Skills\". Are you using all six thinking skills? Reflect on your schoolwork in the past three weeks and identify specific examples where you used each of the thinking skills. Use the comment column to write notes about the skills that are second nature to you and those you would like to develop further.\r\n<div class=\"im_informaltable\">\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Skill Set<\/th>\r\n<th>How You Used It in the Past Three Weeks<\/th>\r\n<th>Comments<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Remembering and Recalling<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Understanding<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Applying<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Analyzing<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Evaluating<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Creating<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nLook at the lists of things you actually did in each case. Notice that there are certain verbs that apply to each skill set. When you see those verbs as a prompt in an assignment or an exam, you will know what kind of thinking the instructor expects from you. Table 3.1 \"Thinking Verbs\" lists some of the most common verbs associated with each thinking skill.\r\n<div id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_t01\" class=\"im_table\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Table 3.1<\/span> Thinking Verbs\r\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Skill Set<\/th>\r\n<th>Verbs<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1. Remembering and Recalling<\/td>\r\n<td>Bookmark, count, describe, draw, enumerate, find, google, identify, label, list, match, name, quote, recall, recite, search, select, sequence, tell, write<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2. Understanding<\/td>\r\n<td>Blog, conclude, describe, discuss, explain, generalize, identify, illustrate, interpret, paraphrase, predict, report, restate, review, summarize, tell, tweet<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3. Applying<\/td>\r\n<td>Apply, articulate, change, chart, choose, collect, compute, control, demonstrate, determine, do, download, dramatize, imitate, implement, interview, install (as in software), participate, prepare, produce, provide, report, role-play, run (software), select, share, show, solve, transfer, use<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4. Analyzing<\/td>\r\n<td>Analyze, break down, characterize, classify, compare, contrast, debate, deduce, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, infer, link, outline, relate, research, reverse-engineer, separate, subdivide, tag<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5. Evaluating<\/td>\r\n<td>Appraise, argue, assess, beta test, choose, collaborate, compare, contrast, conclude, critique, criticize, decide, defend, \u201cfriend\/de-friend,\u201d evaluate, judge, justify, network, post, predict, prioritize, prove, rank, rate, review, select, support<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6. Creating<\/td>\r\n<td>Adapt, animate, blog, combine, compose, construct, create, design, develop, devise, film, formulate, integrate, invent, make, model, modify, organize, perform, plan, podcast, produce, program, propose, rearrange, remix, revise, rewrite, structure<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThroughout this book, we give tips that will help you develop your thinking skills. You have read about the learning cycle and the importance of <em class=\"im_emphasis\">applying<\/em> your knowledge. You will learn tips for <em class=\"im_emphasis\">remembering<\/em> information from your notes and classes. Preparing for class requires you to <em class=\"im_emphasis\">analyze<\/em> what you know and what you need to learn. The sections on listening and reading will help you develop your <em class=\"im_emphasis\">understanding<\/em> skills. Look for those tips and practice them.\r\n\r\nIn this chapter, we will focus on critical thinking (evaluating) and creative thinking. They deserve specific focus because they are likely to be the skills you have least practice with. These are the skills most helpful for success in college and in \u201creal life.\u201d Creative thinking will help you come up with possible solutions for problems and new ideas. Critical thinking will help you decide which of those ideas have most merit and deserve to be implemented.\r\n<div id=\"post-355\" class=\"post-355 chapter type-chapter status-publish hentry type-1\">\r\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<div class=\"im_section\">\r\n<div id=\"mclean-ch03_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\r\n<h3>KEY TAKEAWAYs<\/h3>\r\n<section>\r\n<div data-type=\"note\">\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>We use different types of thinking skills to address different requirements, and these skills are classified in Bloom\u2019s taxonomy.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>You have been using many thinking skills since childhood.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Two very important thinking skills you will need to develop for success in college and in life are critical (or evaluative) thinking and creative thinking.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>EXERCISES<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>List three verbs that are associated with application skills.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>What is another name for \u201cevaluation\u201d thinking skills?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>What thinking skills are associated with each of the following?\r\n<ol id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_l04\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n\t<li>Compose and design:<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Tweet and describe:<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Break down and discriminate:<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Rank and beta test:<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Enumerate and google:<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"post-citations sidebar\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"im_section\">\n<div id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>LEARNING OBJECTIVES<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand that there are different types of thinking.<\/li>\n<li>Identify how each type of thinking contributes to learning.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<h2><\/h2>\n<div id=\"mclean-ch03_s01_n01\" class=\"im_learning_objectives im_editable im_block\">So what are the various types of thinking skills, and what kind things are we doing when we apply them? In the 1950s, Benjamin Bloom developed a classification of thinking skills that is still helpful today; it is known as <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">Bloom\u2019s taxonomy<\/span><\/span>. He lists six types of thinking skills, ranked in order of complexity: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Figure 3.2 &#8220;Types of Thinking Skills&#8221; outlines each skill and what is involved in that type of thinking, as updated by Lorin Anderson and David Krothwohl.<span id=\"fwk-lochhaas-fn03_001\" class=\"im_footnote\">L. W. Anderson and David R. Krathwohl, eds., <em class=\"im_emphasis\">A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives<\/em> (Boston, MA: Allyn &amp; Bacon, 2001).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_large im_editable im_block\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 3.2<\/span> Types of Thinking Skills<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/colsuc\/section_06\/9a57cc14e39e880f3399bc8731fff3fb.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1230\/2015\/11\/03013807\/sm_9a57cc14e39e880f3399bc8731fff3fb.jpg\" alt=\"Table showing Bloom's Taxonomy Skills and Descriptions\" width=\"485\" height=\"689\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>All of these thinking skills are important for college work (and life in the \u201creal world,\u201d too). You\u2019ve likely had a great deal of experience with the lower-level thinking skills (yellow section). The midlevel skills are skills you will get a lot of practice with in college, and you may be well on your way to mastering them already. The higher-level thinking skills (red section) are the most demanding, and you will need to invest focused effort to develop them.<\/p>\n<div id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_block\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Exercise: Thought Inventory<\/h3>\n<p>Think about Figure 3.2 &#8220;Types of Thinking Skills&#8221;. Are you using all six thinking skills? Reflect on your schoolwork in the past three weeks and identify specific examples where you used each of the thinking skills. Use the comment column to write notes about the skills that are second nature to you and those you would like to develop further.<\/p>\n<div class=\"im_informaltable\">\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Skill Set<\/th>\n<th>How You Used It in the Past Three Weeks<\/th>\n<th>Comments<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Remembering and Recalling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Understanding<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Applying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Analyzing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Evaluating<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Creating<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Look at the lists of things you actually did in each case. Notice that there are certain verbs that apply to each skill set. When you see those verbs as a prompt in an assignment or an exam, you will know what kind of thinking the instructor expects from you. Table 3.1 &#8220;Thinking Verbs&#8221; lists some of the most common verbs associated with each thinking skill.<\/p>\n<div id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_t01\" class=\"im_table\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Table 3.1<\/span> Thinking Verbs<\/p>\n<table cellpadding=\"0\" style=\"border-spacing: 0px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Skill Set<\/th>\n<th>Verbs<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>1. Remembering and Recalling<\/td>\n<td>Bookmark, count, describe, draw, enumerate, find, google, identify, label, list, match, name, quote, recall, recite, search, select, sequence, tell, write<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2. Understanding<\/td>\n<td>Blog, conclude, describe, discuss, explain, generalize, identify, illustrate, interpret, paraphrase, predict, report, restate, review, summarize, tell, tweet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3. Applying<\/td>\n<td>Apply, articulate, change, chart, choose, collect, compute, control, demonstrate, determine, do, download, dramatize, imitate, implement, interview, install (as in software), participate, prepare, produce, provide, report, role-play, run (software), select, share, show, solve, transfer, use<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4. Analyzing<\/td>\n<td>Analyze, break down, characterize, classify, compare, contrast, debate, deduce, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, examine, infer, link, outline, relate, research, reverse-engineer, separate, subdivide, tag<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5. Evaluating<\/td>\n<td>Appraise, argue, assess, beta test, choose, collaborate, compare, contrast, conclude, critique, criticize, decide, defend, \u201cfriend\/de-friend,\u201d evaluate, judge, justify, network, post, predict, prioritize, prove, rank, rate, review, select, support<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6. Creating<\/td>\n<td>Adapt, animate, blog, combine, compose, construct, create, design, develop, devise, film, formulate, integrate, invent, make, model, modify, organize, perform, plan, podcast, produce, program, propose, rearrange, remix, revise, rewrite, structure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Throughout this book, we give tips that will help you develop your thinking skills. You have read about the learning cycle and the importance of <em class=\"im_emphasis\">applying<\/em> your knowledge. You will learn tips for <em class=\"im_emphasis\">remembering<\/em> information from your notes and classes. Preparing for class requires you to <em class=\"im_emphasis\">analyze<\/em> what you know and what you need to learn. The sections on listening and reading will help you develop your <em class=\"im_emphasis\">understanding<\/em> skills. Look for those tips and practice them.<\/p>\n<p>In this chapter, we will focus on critical thinking (evaluating) and creative thinking. They deserve specific focus because they are likely to be the skills you have least practice with. These are the skills most helpful for success in college and in \u201creal life.\u201d Creative thinking will help you come up with possible solutions for problems and new ideas. Critical thinking will help you decide which of those ideas have most merit and deserve to be implemented.<\/p>\n<div id=\"post-355\" class=\"post-355 chapter type-chapter status-publish hentry type-1\">\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<div class=\"im_section\">\n<div id=\"mclean-ch03_s01_s02_n01\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block\">\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-success\">\n<h3>KEY TAKEAWAYs<\/h3>\n<section>\n<div data-type=\"note\">\n<ul>\n<li>We use different types of thinking skills to address different requirements, and these skills are classified in Bloom\u2019s taxonomy.<\/li>\n<li>You have been using many thinking skills since childhood.<\/li>\n<li>Two very important thinking skills you will need to develop for success in college and in life are critical (or evaluative) thinking and creative thinking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"im_title\"><\/h3>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>EXERCISES<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>List three verbs that are associated with application skills.<\/li>\n<li>What is another name for \u201cevaluation\u201d thinking skills?<\/li>\n<li>What thinking skills are associated with each of the following?\n<ol id=\"lochhaas-ch03_s01_l04\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Compose and design:<\/li>\n<li>Tweet and describe:<\/li>\n<li>Break down and discriminate:<\/li>\n<li>Rank and beta test:<\/li>\n<li>Enumerate and google:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"post-citations sidebar\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-123\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Success in College. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":277,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Success in College\",\"author\":\"anonymous\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-123","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":118,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/123","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/277"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/123\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":473,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/123\/revisions\/473"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/118"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/123\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=123"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=123"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=123"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/zelixsdv100xmaster\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=123"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}