References

Albert, E. (2013). Many more women delay childbirth into 40s due to career constraints. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved from http://www.jsonline.com/news/health/many-more-women-delay-childbirth-into-40s-due-to-career-constraints- b9971144z1-220272671.html

American Pregnancy Association. (2015). Epidural anesthesia. Retrieved from http://americanpregnancy.org/labor-and- birth/epidural/

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-V).

Washington, DC: Author.

American Society of Reproductive Medicine. (2015). State infertility insurance laws. Retrieved from

http://www.reproductivefacts.org/insurance.aspx

Berger, K. S. (2005). The developing person through the life span (6th ed.). New York: Worth. Berk, L. (2004). Development through the life span (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Bortolus, R., Parazzini, F., Chatenoud, L., Benzi, G., Bianchi, M. M., & Marini, A. (1999). The epidemiology of multiple births.

Human Reproduction Update, 5, 179-187.

Bray, I., Gunnell, D., & Smith, G. D. (2006). Advanced paternal age: How old is too old? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(10), 851-853. Doi: 10.1136/jech.2005.045179

Brazelton, T. B., & Nugent, J. K. (1995). Neonatal behavioral assessment scale. London: Mac Keith Press.

Carrell, D. T., Wilcox, A. L., Lowry, L., Peterson, C. M., Jones, K. P., & Erikson, L. (2003). Elevated sperm chromosome aneuploidy and apoptosis in patients with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 101(6), 1229-1235.

Carroll, J. L. (2007). Sexuality now: Embracing diversity (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Surgeon’s general’s advisory on alcohol use during pregnancy. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd/documents/surgeongenbookmark.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Pelvic inflammatory disease. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/std/pid/stdfact-pid-detailed.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015a). Birthweight and gestation. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/birthweight.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015b) Genetic Counseling. Retrieved from:

http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/genetics/genetic_counseling.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015c). Preterm birth. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pretermbirth.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015d). Smoking, pregnancy, and babies. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/diseases/pregnancy.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/fasd

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). HIV/AIDS prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prevention.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016c). HIV transmission. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/transmission.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016d). STDs during pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/std/pregnancy/stdfact-pregnancy.htm

Conners, N.A., Bradley, R.H., Whiteside-Mansell, L., Liu, J.Y., Roberts, T.J., Burgdorf, K., & Herrell, J.M. (2003). Children of mothers with serious substance abuse problems: An accumulation of risks. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 29 (4), 743–758.

Cordier, S. (2008). Evidence for a role of paternal exposure in developmental toxicity. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 102, 176-181.

Eisenberg, A., Murkoff, H. E., & Hathaway, S. E. (1996). What to expect when you’re expecting. New York: Workman Publishing.

Figdor, E., & Kaeser, L. (1998). Concerns mount over punitive approaches to substance abuse among pregnant women. The Guttmacher report on public policy. 1(5), 3–5.

Fraga, M. F., Ballestar, E., Paz, M. F., Ropero, S., Setien, F., Ballestar, M. L., … Esteller, M. (2005). Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA), 102, 10604-10609. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0500398102

Gottlieb, G. (1998). Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review, 105, 792-802.

Gottlieb, G. (2000). Environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 93-97.

Gottlieb, G. (2002). Individual development and evolution: The genesis of novel behavior. New York: Oxford University Press. Gould, J. L., & Keeton, W. T. (1997). Biological science (6th ed.). New York: Norton.

Gregory, E. (2007). Ready: Why women are embracing the new later motherhood. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books. Hall, D. (2004). Meiotic drive and sex chromosome cycling. Evolution, 58(5), 925-931.

Health Resources and Services Administration. (2015). HIV screening for pregnant women. Retrieved from

http://www.hrsa.gov/quality/toolbox/measures/hivpregnantwomen/index.html

Jos, P. H., Marshall, M. F., & Perlmutter, M. (1995). The Charleston policy on cocaine use during pregnancy: A cautionary tale.

The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, 23(2), 120-128.

Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Scarmella, L. V., & Reiss, D. (2010). The early growth and development study: Using the prospective adoption design to examine genotype-interplay. Behavior Genetics, 40, 306-314. DOI: 10.1007/s10519- 010- 9353-1

MacDorman, M., Menacker, F., & Declercq, E. (2010). Trends and Characteristics of Home and Other out of Hospital Births in the United States, 1990-2006 (United States, Center for Disease Control). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr58;nvsr58_11.PDF

Maier, S.E., & West, J.R. (2001). Drinking patterns and alcohol-related birth defects. Alcohol Research & Health, 25(3), 168- 174.

March of Dimes. (2009). Rh disease. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/rh-disease.aspx

March of Dimes. (2012a). Rubella and your baby. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/baby/rubella-and-your- baby.aspx

March of Dimes. (2012b). Stress and pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/stress-and- pregnancy.aspx

March of Dimes. (2012c). Teenage pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/materials/teenage-pregnancy.pdf

March of Dimes. (2012d). Toxoplasmosis. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/toxoplasmosis.aspx

March of Dimes. (2013). Sexually transmitted diseases. Retrieved http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/sexually- transmitted-diseases.aspx

March of Dimes. (2014). Pesticides and pregnancy. Retrieved from

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/pesticides-and-pregnancy.aspx

March of Dimes. (2015a). Depression during pregnancy. Retrieved from

http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/depression-during-pregnancy.aspx

March of Dimes. (2015b). Gestational diabetes. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/gestational- diabetes.aspx

March of Dimes. (2015c). High blood pressure during pregnancy. Retrieved from

http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/high-blood-pressure-during-pregnancy.aspx

March of Dimes. (2015d). Neonatal abstinence syndrome. Retrieved from

http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome-(nas).aspx

March of Dimes. (2016a). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Retrieved from

http://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/fetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorders.aspx

March of Dimes. (2016b). Identifying the causes of birth defects. Retrieved from

http://www.marchofdimes.org/research/identifying-the-causes-of-birth-defects.aspx

March of Dimes. (2016c). Marijuana and pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/marijuana.aspx

March of Dimes. (2016d). Pregnancy after age 35. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy-after-age-35.aspx

March of Dimes. (2016e). Prescription medicine during pregnancy. Retrieved from

http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/prescription-medicine-during-pregnancy.aspx

March of Dimes. (2016f). Weight gain during pregnancy. Retrieved from http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/weight- gain-during-pregnancy.aspx

Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M., Curtin, S. C., & Mathews, T. J. (2015). Births: Final data for 2013. National Vital Statistics Reports, 64(1), 1-65.

Mayo Clinic. (2014). Labor and delivery, postpartum care. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor- and-delivery/ in-depth/inducing-labor/art-20047557

Mayo Clinic. (2015). Male infertility. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male- infertility/basics/definition/con-20033113

Mayo Clinic. (2016). Episiotomy: When it’s needed, when it’s not. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy- lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/episiotomy/art-20047282

Morgan, M.A., Goldenberg, R.L., & Schulkin, J. (2008) Obstetrician-gynecologists’ practices regarding preterm birth at the limit of viability. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 21, 115-121.

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2013). Preeclampsia. Retrieved from

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx

National Institute of Health (2015). An overview of the human genome project. Retrieved from

http://www.genome.gov/12011238

National Public Radio. (Producer). (2015, November 18). In Tennessee, giving birth to a drug-dependent baby can be a crime

[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript.php?storyld=455924258

Nippoldt, T.B. (2015). How does paternal age affect a baby’s health? Mayo Clinic. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/getting-pregnant/expert-answers/paternal-age/faq- 20057873

Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Knopik, V. S., & Niederhiser, J. M. (2013). Behavioral Genetics (6th edition). NY: Worth Publishers.

Regev, R.H., Lusky, T. Dolfin, I. Litmanovitz, S. Arnon, B. & Reichman. (2003). Excess mortality and morbidity among small- for-gestational-age premature infants: A population based study. Journal of Pediatrics, 143, 186-191.

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (1997). Fetal awareness: Review of research and recommendations.

Retrieved from https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/fetal-awareness—review-of- research-and-recommendations-for-practice/

Stiles, J. & Jernigan, T. L. (2010). The basics of brain development. Neuropsychology Review, 20(4), 327-348. doi: 10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4

Streissguth, A.P., Barr, H.M., Kogan, J. & Bookstein, F. L. (1996). Understanding the occurrence of secondary disabilities in clients with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE). Final Report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), August. Seattle: University of Washington, Fetal Alcohol & Drug Unit, Tech. Rep. No. 96-06.

Sun, F., Sebastiani, P., Schupf, N., Bae, H., Andersen, S. L., McIntosh, A., Abel, H., Elo, I., & Perls, T. (2015). Extended maternal age at birth of last child and women’s longevity in the Long Life Family Study. Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopause Society, 22(1), 26-31.

Tong, V. T., Dietz, P.M., Morrow, B., D’Angelo, D.V., Farr, S.L., Rockhill, K.M., & England, L.J. (2013). Trends in Smoking Before, During, and After Pregnancy — Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, United States, 40 Sites, 2000–2010. Surveillance Summaries, 62(SS06), 1-19. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6206a1.htm

United States National Library of Medicine. (2014). In vitro fertilization. Retrieved from

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007279.htm

United States National Library of Medicine. (2015). Fetal development. Retrieved from

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002398.htm

United States National Library of Medicine. (2015). Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001563.htm

World Health Organization. (2010, September 15). Maternal Deaths Worldwide Drop by a Third, WHO. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/ 2010/maternal_mortality_20100915/en/index.html

Youngentob, S. L., Molina, J. C., Spear, N. E., & Youngentob, L. M. (2007). The effect of gestational ethanol exposure on voluntary ethanol intake in early postnatal and adult rats. Behavioral Neuroscience, 121(6), 1306-1315. doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.121.6.1306