Search Results for: Chemical equation
5.3 Quantitative Relationships Based on Chemical Equations
Learning Objectives Calculate the amount of one substance that will react with or be produced from a given amount of another substance. A balanced chemical equation not only describes some of the chemical properties of substances—by showing us what substances react with what other substances to make what products—but also shows numerical relationships between the Read more »
5.2 Chemical Equations
Learning Objectives Define chemical reaction. Use a balanced chemical equation to represent a chemical reaction. Water (H2O) is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. Suppose we imagine a process in which we take some elemental hydrogen (H2) and elemental oxygen (O2) and let them react to make water. The statement: hydrogen and oxygen react to make Read more »
15.17 Chemical Properties of Amides: Hydrolysis
Learning Objective Identify the typical reaction that amides undergo. Generally, amides resist hydrolysis in plain water, even after prolonged heating. In the presence of added acid or base, however, hydrolysis proceeds at a moderate rate. In living cells, amide hydrolysis is catalyzed by enzymes. Amide hydrolysis is illustrated in the following example: Note Hydrolysis of Read more »
15.5 Chemical Properties of Carboxylic Acids: Ionization and Neutralization
Learning Objectives Name the typical reactions that take place with carboxylic acids. Describe how carboxylic acids react with basic compounds. Water-soluble carboxylic acids ionize slightly in water to form moderately acidic solutions. RCOOH+H2O⇄RCOO−+H3O+ Their aqueous solutions exhibit the typical properties of acids, such as changing litmus from blue to red. Note The anion formed when Read more »
13.4 Chemical Properties of Alkenes
Learning Objective Write equations for the addition reactions of alkenes with hydrogen, halogens, and water. Alkenes are valued mainly for addition reactions, in which one of the bonds in the double bond is broken. Each of the carbon atoms in the bond can then attach another atom or group while remaining joined to each other Read more »
12.7 Chemical Properties of Alkanes
Learning Objective Identify the main chemical properties of alkanes. Alkane molecules are nonpolar and therefore generally do not react with ionic compounds such as most laboratory acids, bases, oxidizing agents, or reducing agents. Consider butane as an example: Neither positive ions nor negative ions are attracted to a nonpolar molecule. In fact, the alkanes undergo Read more »
7.5 The Energy of Biochemical Reactions
Learning Objectives Relate the concept of energy change to chemical reactions that occur in the body. The chemistry of the human body, or any living organism, is very complex. Even so, the chemical reactions found in the human body follow the same principles of energy that other chemical reactions follow. Where does the energy that Read more »
6.4 Mole-Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Learning Objectives Use a balanced chemical reaction to determine molar relationships between the substances. In Chapter 5 “Introduction to Chemical Reactions”, you learned to balance chemical equations by comparing the numbers of each type of atom in the reactants and products. The coefficients in front of the chemical formulas represent the numbers of molecules or Read more »
5.4 Some Types of Chemical Reactions
Learning Objectives Classify a given chemical reaction into a variety of types. Although there are untold millions of possible chemical reactions, most can be classified into a small number of general reaction types. Classifying reactions has two purposes: it helps us to recognize similarities among them, and it enables us to predict the products of Read more »
11.1 Radioactivity
Learning Objective Define and give examples of the major types of radioactivity. We saw in Chapter 2 “Elements, Atoms, and the Periodic Table” that atoms are composed of subatomic particles—protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus and provide most of the mass of the atom, while electrons circle the nucleus Read more »
