Glossary
| TERM | DEFINITION |
|---|---|
| Atticism | An expression characterized by conciseness and elegance. |
| Dialectic | Dialecticcan be defined as a debate intended to resolve a conflict between two contradictory (or polar opposites), or apparently contradictory ideas or elements logically, establishing truths on both sides rather than disproving one argument. |
| Draco | In 621 B.C., the citizens of Athens commissioned Draco, an elder citizen considered to be the wisest of the Greeks, to codify the laws, which had remained an oral form of custom and tradition. He began the tradition of law, where cases were decided on clearly enunciated crimes and penalties determined by statute rather than by the whims of the nobility. His laws helped constitute a surge in Athenian democracy. |
| Elocutionary Movement | Elocutionary Movement is a movement that focused primarily on delivery. It not only involved the voice, but also incorporated the entire person with facial expressions, gesture, posture and movement. |
| Epistemology | Epistemology is the study of the origin, nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge. |
| Marcus Fabius Quintilianus | Marcus Fabius Quintilianus, also referred to as Quintilian, was a celebrated orator, rhetorician, Latin teacher and writer who promoted rhetorical theory from ancient Greece and from the height of Roman rhetoric. |
| Marcus Tullius Cicero | Marcus Tullius Cicero is considered to be the greatest of the Roman orators, and was, among other things, a lawyer, politician, and philosopher. |
| Oratory | The ability to speak with rhetorical skill and eloquence. |
| Pericles | Responsible for the installation of a pure democracy to maintain popular support, a liberalized judicial system to include poor citizens so that they could serve on juries, and the establishment of a popular legislative assembly to review annually all laws. In addition, he established the right for any Athenian citizen to propose or oppose a law during assembly. Pericles’ democracy established the need for training in public speaking. |
| Philosophical Relativism | Philosophical relativism is the concept that points of philosophical views have no absolute truth or validity, having only relative subjective value according to differences in perception and thought. |
| Renaissance | The Renaissance is the name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. |
| René Descartes | René Descartes is one of the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. He was also an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician who attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction. |
| Rhetoric | Rhetoric is the faculty of discovering in the particular case all the available means of persuasion. |
| Sophists | 5th century B.C. Greek philosophers and teachers who speculated on theology, metaphysics, and the sciences, and who were characterized by Plato as superficial manipulators of rhetoric and dialectic (thefreedictionary.com) |
| St. Augustine | St. Augustine had been a teacher of rhetoric before converting to Christianity in 386, and is considered to be the only major thinker on rhetoric associated with the Middle Ages. |
| Syllogism | A syllogism is a deductive form of argument, proceeding from a generalization to a specific application. It is a systematic arrangement of arguments consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. |
| Zeno of Elea | Zeno of Elea was a 5th century B.C. Greek mathematician and philosopher of the Eleatic school who is considered to be the inventor of dialectical reasoning. |
References
Atkins, J.W.H. (1952). Literary Criticism in Antiquity. London: Methuen.
Barrett, H. (1987). The Sophists: Rhetoric, Democracy, and Plato’s Idea of Sophistry. Novato, CA; Chandler & Sharp Publishers.
Bowra, C.M. (1957). The Greek Experience. New York: The New American Library
Campbell, G. (1776). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Bitzer, L., ed. (1963). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Clark, D. L. (1957). Rhetoric in Greco- Roman Education. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Cooper, L. (1952). The Greek Genius and Its Influence. Ithaca, N.Y.
Corbett, E.P.J. (1965). Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dick, H.C., ed. (1955). Selected Writings of Francis Bacon. New York: Modern Library.
Ehninger, D., ed. (1963). Richard Whately, Elements of Rhetoric. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Fearnside, W.W. (1980). About Thinking. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prenticed-Hall, Inc.
Freeley, A.J. & Steinberg, D.L. (2005). Argumentation and Debate, 11th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Freeman, K. (1963). The Murder of Herodes. New York: W.W. Norton, Inc.
Foss, S.K.; Foss, K.A.; Trapp, R. (1991). Contemporary Perspectives on Rhetoric. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Grimaldi, W.M.A. (1980). Aristotle, Rhetoric I: A Commentary: New York: Fordham University Press.
Guthrie, W.K.C. (1956). Plato, Protagoras and Meno. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books.
Harvey, I. (1951). The Technique of Persuasion. London: The Falcon Press.
Honeycutt, L. (2007). http://honeyl.public.iastate.edu/qui ntilian/index.html
Howell, W.S. (1956). Logic and Rhetoric in England, 1500-1700. New York: Russell & Russell.
Ijsseling, S. (1976). Rhetoric and Philosophy in Conflict: An Historical Survey. The Hague: Martinus.
Golden, J.L.; Berquist, G.F.; Coleman, W.E. (1983). The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 3rd ed.. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt.
Gwynn, Aubrey. Roman Education from Cicero to Quintilian. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926.
Inch, E.S.; Warnick, B.; Endres, D. (2006). Critical Thinking and Communication. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Kennedy, G. (1963). The Art of Persuasion in Greece. Princeton: University Press.
Larson, Charles, U. (1995). Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility. 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
Murphy James J. and Katula, R.A. (1995). A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric. 2nd ed. Davis: Ca. Hermagoras Press.
Oliver, R.T. (1950). Persuasive Speaking. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.
Quintilian. (1987). Carbondale: Illinois University Press. “Revised and enlarged version of On the early education of the citizen-orator, published by Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1965.”
Reike, R.D.; Sillars, M.O.; Peterson, T.R. (2005). Argumentation and Critical Thinking. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Robertson, D.W. (1958). Saint Augustine on Christian Doctrine. New York: Library of Liberal Arts.
Rolfe, J.C. (1963). Cicero and His Influence. New York: Cooper Square.
Virtualology.com (2007). Retrieved on January 26, 2007 from http://www.virtualology.com/rheto ricaltheory/peterramus.com/
photo credits
P. 1 The Parthenon by Lisa Schreiber
P. 2 Pericles’ Funeral Oration by Phillip von Foltz http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Discur so_funebre_pericles.PNG
P. 3 Parc de Versailles. Isocrates, Pierre Granier (1684-1688) ; Photo by Coyau http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parc_ de_Versailles,_Rond- Point_des_Philosophes,_Isocrate,_Pierre_Granier_ MR1870_04.jpg
P. 4 The School of Athens [Plato and Aristotle] by Raffaello http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sanzi o_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg
P. 4 Cicero Denounces Catiline by Cesare Maccari (1840 – 1919) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo ns/a/a3/Maccari-Cicero.jpg
P. 5 Quintillian by Unknown http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quinti lian.jpg
p. 6 Saint Augustine by Sandro Bottecelli http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_ Augustine_Portrait.jpg
P. 7 Shakespeare by John Taylor ? http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shake speare.jpg
P. 7 Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer by Unknown http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo ns/5/5b/Friedrich_Immanuel_Niethammer.jpg P. 8 Francis Bacon by Unknown http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commo ns/6/65/Francis_Bacon.jpg
P. 8 Renes Descartes by Frans Hals (1649 – 1700) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frans_ Hals_-_Portret_van_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes.jpg P. 9 Hugh Blair by John Kay http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hugh_ Blair.jpg
P. 9 Thomas Sheridan by Roger Ingpen http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thom as_Sheridan.jpg
P. 10 Diogenes brings a plucked chicken to Plato by Anonymous http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anony mous_- _Diogenes_brings_a_plucked_chicken_to_Plato.jpg P. 10 Cicero by Unlnown http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cicero .jpg