Visual Aids for Presentation

Learning Objectives

Determine whether your presentation will be enhanced by a visual aid

Identify common missteps that lead to bad presentations

Before you just open up PowerPoint and begin creating slides, you should stop for a moment and consider what type of visual aid will best serve your purpose and if you even need an aid at all. Select a visual aid that adds to your presentation in a meaningful way, not one that is merely something pretty to look at or a substitute for thorough preparation.

Visual aids serve a unique role in a presentation, and you should consider the specific purpose and desired outcome of your speech when determining if, when, to what extent, and in what format you use visual aids.

Here’s a quick checklist to decide whether electronic visual aids (e.g., PowerPoint) are a good idea for your presentation:

  • If the presentation is an assignment for class or part of your job, are you required or expected to have visual aids?
    • If so, you should use visuals. Make sure you pay attention to any technical or formatting requirements.
  • Are the visuals you have in mind relevant to your topic?
    • In some cases, visuals almost go without saying. If you’re presenting on the artist Amy Sherald, it makes good sense to show examples of her work. If you’re just putting up a slide for the sake of having something on the screen, you should reconsider. Everyone loves a good cat meme, but if it has nothing at all to do with your topic, it’s not helping.
  •  Are the visuals appealing and suitable for the occasion?
    • A quick search for “bad PowerPoints” reveals how distracting bad visuals can be. Even worse are visuals that are inappropriate for the setting or offensive to the sensibilities of your audience.
  •  Can you keep the information simple enough for your viewers to grasp quickly?
    • If you need complicated text, data, facts, or figures, it might be a better option to give your audience a handout they can peruse later.
  •  Can all your viewers see your visuals from anywhere in the room?
    • If there’s no projector, for instance, just holding up your laptop isn’t going to cut it. Not being able to see the visuals easily is frustrating for everyone.
  •  Can you count on the technology to work? Do you have time to set it up and practice using it?
    • Spending 15 minutes trying to fix the A/V setup is a highly counter-productive way to start your speech.

Visuals can spark interest, build emotional connectionsclarify your words, explain abstract ideas, help draw conclusions, or increase understanding. Done well—simple, visible, relevant, memorable, and audience-focused—visual aids can have a profound impact on your audience and your overall message. Not just any visual will do, however. Each visual should be relevant to your message, convey an important point, be clearly understandable, and be visible by your entire audience. Visuals should be used to make concepts easier to understand and to reinforce your message. They should illustrate important points that are otherwise hard to understand.

Bad Presentations

Audience looking at powerpoint slide with a lot of text on it

This PowerPoint has way too much text on it! And the text is small . . . and red and pink! Chances are good a slide like this has lost the audience already.

Why are there still so many bad presentations? Wouldn’t you think that modern communication technology—considering the advances in graphics and communications software alone!—would lead to more compelling presentations? Interestingly, the problem is, to some extent, the technology. It’s estimated that 30 million PowerPoint presentations are created every day, with (seemingly) a majority of presenters opting for default layouts and templates. The problem is, we’re wired for story, not bullet points. A related failure is our use of available technology.

In 2001, Seth Godin wrote a wonderful—and instructive—rant on these points: Really Bad PowerPoint (and How to Avoid It), blaming Microsoft for countless ineffective presentations:

Microsoft has built wizards and templates right into PowerPoint. And those “helpful” tools are the main reason that we’ve got to live with page after page of bullets, with big headlines and awful backgrounds. Let’s not even get started on the built-in clip art.

In response to a question regarding “death by PowerPoint” on the TechTarget Network, Margaret Rouse provided this definition: “a phenomenon cause by the poor use of presentation software,” identifying the primary contributors of this condition as “confusing graphics, slides with too much text and presenters whose idea of a good presentation is to read 40 slides out loud.”

So how do we avoid causing “death by PowerPoint”—or by whatever presentation software we use? The common denominator of presentation mistakes is that they represent a failure of communication. This failure can be attributed to two errors: too much or too little. The error of too much is generally the result of trying to use slides as a teleprompter or a substitute to a report, or, it would seem, to bludgeon the audience into submission. Of course, this method tends to have an alternate effect, namely, prompting audience members to walk out or tune out, turning their attention instead to doodling or their device of choice.

What bad presentations have too little of is emotion. Presentation expert and author of the classic Presentation Zen (and four related books) Gar Reynolds captures the crux of the problem: “a good presentation is a mix of logic, data, emotion, and inspiration. We are usually OK with the logic and data part, but fail on the emotional and inspirational end.” There’s also a hybrid too-little-too much mistake, where too little substance and/or no design sensibility is—in the mind of the presenter—offset by transitions and special effects. Heed Seth Godin’s advice: “No dissolves, spins or other transitions. None.”

The 10/20/30 rule, generally attributed to venture capitalist Guy Kawasaki, is a good guideline to help you achieve a “just right” balance in your presentations. Geared for entrepreneurs pitching their business, his advice is a discipline that would improve the quality—and effectiveness—of most presentations. In brief, 10/20/30 translates to a maximum of 10 slides, a maximum of 20 minutes and a minimum of 30 point font.

A visual representation of the 10/20/30 rule as described in the text.

Your presentation should have no more than 10 slides, take no more than 20 minutes, and use type no smaller than 30 point font.

While this rule is a good starting point, it doesn’t overrule your audience analysis or understanding of your purpose. Sometimes, you may need more slides or have a more involved purpose—like training people in new software or presenting the results of a research study—that takes more than 20 minutes to address. In that case, go with what your audience needs and what will make your presentation most effective. The concept behind the 10/20/30 rule—to make new learning easy for your audience to take in, process and remember—should still be your guide even if you don’t follow the rule exactly.

David JP Phillips: How to Avoid Death by PowerPoint

In this speech, David JP Phillips explains how to optimize your slide presentation to help your audience focus on your message and get your point across.

You can view the transcript for “How to avoid death By PowerPoint | David JP Phillips | TEDxStockholmSalon” here (opens in new window).