Functions of More Than Two Variables

Learning Outcomes

  • Recognize a function of three or more variables and identify its level surfaces.

So far, we have examined only functions of two variables. However, it is useful to take a brief look at functions of more than two variables. Two such examples are

[latex]f\,(x,\ y,\ z)=x^{2}-2xy+y^{2}+3yz-z^{2}+4x-2y+3x-6[/latex] (a polynomial in three variables)

and

[latex]g\,(x,\ y,\ t)=(x^{2}-4xy+y^{2})\sin{t}-(3x+5y)\cos{t}[/latex].

In the first function, [latex](x,\ y,\ z)[/latex] represents a point in space, and the function [latex]f[/latex] maps each point in space to a fourth quantity, such as temperature or wind speed. In the second function, [latex](x,\ y)[/latex] can represent a point in the plane, and [latex]t[/latex] can represent time. The function might map a point in the plane to a third quantity (for example, pressure) at a given time [latex]t[/latex]. The method for finding the domain of a function of more than two variables is analogous to the method for functions of one or two variables.

Example: Domains for Functions of Three Variables

Find the domain of each of the following functions:

  1. [latex]f\,(x,\ y,\ z)=\frac{3x-4y+2z}{\sqrt{9-x^{2}-y^{2}-z^{2}}}[/latex]
  2. [latex]g\,(x,\ y,\ t)=\frac{\sqrt{2t-4}}{x^{2}-y^{2}}[/latex]

Try It

Find the domain of the function [latex]h\,(x,\ y,\ t)=(3t-6)\,\sqrt{y-4x^{2}+4}[/latex].

Functions of two variables have level curves, which are shown as curves in the [latex]xy[/latex]-plane. However, when the function has three variables, the curves become surfaces, so we can define level surfaces for functions of three variables.

Definition


Given a function [latex]f\,(x,\ y,\, z)[/latex] and a number [latex]c[/latex] in the range of [latex]f[/latex] a level surface of a function of three variables is defined to be the set of points satisfying the equation [latex]f\,(x,\ y,\ z)=c[/latex].

Example: Finding a Level Surface

Find the level surface for the function [latex]f\,(x,\ y,\ z)=4x^{2}+9y^{2}-z^{2}[/latex] corresponding to [latex]c=1[/latex].

Try It

Find the equation of the level surface of the function

[latex]g\,(x,\ y,\ t)=x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}-2x+4y-6z[/latex]

corresponding to [latex]c=2[/latex], and describe the surface, if possible.

Watch the following video to see the worked solution to the above Try It

You can view the transcript for “CP 4.5” here (opens in new window).